Meiosis a me kona kūlana. Ano kūlana o ka meiosis. Nā'ōlelo o ka meaola. Mea like mitosis a me ka meiosis

About ola meaola, ka mea, uaʻikeʻia ia mea, ha, e ai no, paʻi a me ka make, i kēia mea kā lākou liluwelo kuleana pili i. Akā, ma muli o ia mea he hana nā mea a pau hanaia? Ma ka lilo o ka hale palaka - keena, a i hanu, e ai, paʻi a me ka make. Akā, pehea aha keia hana?

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao

Ua Ua hakuʻia o nā pōhaku lepo, ālai 'a me nā moʻolelo. A me ke kino ke ke maheleia i kula haʻahaʻaa naehana - keena. A pau i ke 'ano o nā mea ola nei no o ia mau mea, i ke koena unuhi moe wale i loko o lākou ka helu a me ka type. Ka mea, he poe Muscle, iwi,ʻili, na nā loko - no laila, nui ka mea, oko i loko o kā lākou mau hookohu. Akā, nānā 'ole o ka hana i hanaʻia e kekahi a me kekahi halepaahao, a pau no ia i ka hooponopono ia e pili ana i ka ia. Mua o nā mea a pau, i kekahi "pōhaku lepo" i ka iwi, a hoʻonoho ma ka cytoplasm me kona organelles. Kekahi mau keena e ole i nuclei, ua kapaia prokaryotic ka mea, akā, e oi a emi 'ana o ka meaola haku o eukaryotic me kekahi nucleus ma i ka aaiaoe hōʻike ua waiho waho.

Organelles ke aupuni 'i loko o ka cytoplasm, ua e lauwili a me ka hana hoihoi, ka mea, hana nui i hana'. Ma holoholona keena pee endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, centrioles, lysosomes a me propulsion hehee wale. Me lakou e hele mai a pau na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hoʻopaʻa ai i ka functioning o ke kino.

aeea ha awina

E like me ua olelo, a pau ola ka hahai i, hanu ana, reproduces a me ka make. He oiaio o no ka mea a pau meaola,ʻo ia hoʻi, kanaka, holoholona, mea kanu, a no laila, ma luna, D., A me na keena. O kupaianaha, akā, kēlā "lepo" i ke ola o kona iho. Manawa i kona organelles ka mea, hookipa mai a recycles ka mahuaola, oxygen, e lawe aku oe i ka oi mai. Ua cytoplasm a endoplasmic reticulum hana i ka papa amo, mitochondria i kuleana me ka hanu 'ana, e like me ka ikehu. Golgi eiiieaena komo i loko o ka hoʻomāhuahua a me ka ia auoiaea keena o ka neoneo huahana. i ka mea'ē aʻe organelles i komo i loko o ka luna 'keʻano o ka hanaʻana. A ma ka kekahi kahua o ke aeea ola kalapona hoʻomaka e puunaue, alaila, he mea ka kaʻina o nā'ōlelo. He waiwai noʻonoʻo 'ana i loko o hou au mamuli.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka halepaahao mahele

Kumu kāki i - kekahi o nā kuʻina o? Acaeoey o ka meaola ola. ʻO ia pili i ke keena. Ma ka kekahi kahua o ke ola kalapona ka mea, e komo i loko o ka moku'āina ka wā e lilo makaukau e Kamakawiwo Ole. Prokaryotic keena wale puunaueia i elua, kikooia aku, a laila, ho okumu i ka'ākeʻakeʻa mai. Kēia kaʻina mea puni, a kokoke pau maopopo ma ka hana kookoo-hoʻokino koʻohune.

No eukaryotic aeee i ke kulana o oi huikau. Ka mea, KamakawiwoʻOle maʻekoluʻano likeʻole, i kapaʻia amitosis, mitosis a me ka meiosis. Kēlā me kēia o kēia mau alanui i kona mau ano, ia mea hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o ka uaʻano o ka halepaahao. amitosis Ua Ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka loa alodio, ka mea, ua i kapaʻia ma ke ala aeaie fission. A hiki aku ka mea, he a pāpālua hoʻi o ka DNA lātoma. Eia naʻe, i ke ku e kālī uaʻaʻole i hanaʻia, no laila, i kēia iaoia mea loa energetically ka hoʻokele waiwai. Amitosis malama i unicellular meaola, oiai multicellular'aʻaʻa hoʻopulapula ma nā maomeka. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i kekahi manawa, malama, a ma ka hoemi mitotic ha awina, no kekahi laʻana, ma oʻo nā'aʻaʻa.

I kekahi manawa, i ka pololei mahele pohala aku ai me keʻano o ka mitosis, akā, i kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema manaʻo ia mea he kaʻawaleʻano papa hana. I ka papa o kēia kaʻina hana, a hiki i na keena kahiko mea pohihihi keia. Next e e noonoo meiosis a me kona kūlana, mitosis kaʻina like hoʻi me mea like a me nä mea ma waena o kēia mau kiʻina hana. Ke hoʻohālikelike me ka noonoo ole mahele ka mea, ua oi eiiieaena a me Ka Uluwehi O Ke. He mea oi loa aku hoi oiaio ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele, no laila, i ke kūlana o ka meiosis ano o ka loa piha.

An nui kūlana ma aeea mahele e centrioles - kekahi organelles, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO aia kokoke i ka Golgi luna '. Kēlā me kēia 'ole ninoieo o microtubules 27 Hoʻohui' ia ma 'ekolu. I ka pau 'ole i ka paukūʻolokaʻa shape. Nā centrioles i pili 'ole i loko o ke kahua o ka kālī keena ma ke kaʻina hana o kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mahele, a e e kūkā mai no hoi ia.

mitosis

Ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka halepaahao loli aʻe. Kekahi ola ana i ka mau o ka lā, akā, kekahi hiki ke wahi i loa-i noho ai, no ka mea, o ko lākou piha loli ia lŘlŘ loa kākaʻikahi. A kokoke a pau o kēia mau keena paʻi Via mitosis. Ka hapa nui o ia mea ma waena o ka mahele au ua ma luna o kaʻawelike 10-24 hola. Mitosis iho ninoaaeyao he uuku wā o ka manawa - i loko o nā holoholona ma kahi o 0.5-1 hola, a me na mea kanu e pili ana 2-3. Kēiaʻano papa hana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka ulu ana o ka halepaahao heluna kanaka a me nā'ōlelo'ālike i loko o kā lākou aaiaoe iie huahelu. Pela i malama i ka ka hoʻomauʻana o ka hanauna i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Ma keia hihia, i ka helu ana o chromosomes koe ka ia. Kēiaʻano papa hana o ka loa e like me ka ano o ka'ōlelo i loko o eukaryotic keena.

I ka waiwai o kēia 'ano o ka mahele, he nui - kēia kaʻina kōkua i ka ulu a me ka regenerate nā'aʻaʻa, no ia mea, he mea he kūpono' ana o ka mea a pau meaola. Eia hou, ka mea, o ke kumu o ka mitosis asexual nā'ōlelo. A me kekahi hiʻona - i ka neʻeʻana o ke keena a me ka hope o ua obsolete. Nolaila, ke manaoio nei no i ka mea i ka meiotic ke kahua ka paʻakikī i, laila kona kūlana mea nui maluna hewa. Ua o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kekahi mau oihana, a me ko lakou nui a me ka irreplaceable.

Mitosis ninoieo o kekahi mau kūlana, pu ole, i loko o kā lākou mau morphological hiʻona. Ka moku'āina ma i ka halepaahao ua i hoomakaukauia no kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mahele, i kapaia o interphase, a me ke kaʻina iho ua puunaueia ka 5 kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a e e noʻonoʻo i hou au mamuli.

Nā kūlana o ka mitosis

Oiai ma ka interphase aeea prepares no mahele: ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka DNA a me nā polokina. Kēia kahua Ua maheleia i mau, ma i he mea ulu o ka holoʻokoʻa 'ole a me ka chromosome a pāpālua hoʻi. Ma keia wahi, o ka halepaahao noho mai i ka 90% o ka holoʻokoʻa ola kalapona.

Ka i koe, 10% lawe 'ana i ke ku e ua maheleia i loko o 5 mau kapuwai. At mitosis o ka mea kanu aeee ua hoi, kuu Preprophase, i mea nalo i loko o nā mea a pau nā hihia. Ke kahua o ka hou nā hale, o ka Kora naʻEsau ua hoʻoneʻe i ke kikowaena. Hana preprophase koa, e koho i ka manaoia paena o ka wā e hiki mai māhele.

Ma nō nā keena mitosis kaʻina mea like penei:

Papa 1

Ma hope o ka pau ana o ka mahele 'ike cytokinesis aaiaoe ia lŘlŘ ole cytokinesis. Kēia manawa pili ana i ke kahua o ke kino o ke kaikamahine keena mai ka opu o ka makuwahine. Pela organelles ua nui puunaueia ma ka hapalua, he hiki ia 'ia, i ka paku ua hana. Cytokinesis ua i kaʻawale ia ma ke kaʻawale pae, e like me ka rula, e noonoo pono ia e like me ka hapa o ka telophase.

No laila, i loko o ka loa hana hoihoi keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili i chromosomes e lawe aaiaoe ike. He aha ka mea, a no ke aha la i ai nui ka mea,?

About chromosomes

E like me ka loaa i ka iki manaʻo o aaiaoe?, Kanaka ike i na mea he nui ma Hawaiʻi keiki kakou nana i kalele iho ma luna o ko lakou mau makua. Me ka hooulu ana o ka kālaimeaola, ua lilo i mea akaka ia ma keia ai i kino ike ua waiho ia ma kela a me keia halepaahao, a ua hala ma luna o kekahi hapa o ka ia i na hanauna e hiki.

I ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia ka mea, ua ike chromosomes - hale oia hoi o ka lōʻihi DNA nā lātoma. Keia ua i hiki i ka hana hou ana o microscopes, a hiki i kēia manawa 'oe ke ike ia wale nō i ke ku e. Loa pinepine aie me ka loaʻa o Kelemānia nä känaka 'epekema V. Fleming, ka mea i hoonohonoho wale a pau e i ua aoia hoi ma mua ona, akā, i ka pilina:ʻo ia ua kekahi o ka mea mua, e noiʻi ana ke kelepona hele' ole, meiosis a me kona kūlana, e like me dala i ka makahiki "mitosis". Ke loa manaʻo o "chromosome" Ua manaoia ma hope nā kānakaʻepekema - he German histologist G. Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried av Waldeyer-Hartz.

chromosome 'ole i ka manawa ia ka mea e maopopo i nanaia, mea he mea - ka mea, i na chromatids elua e hui ma ka waena o ka centromere. He He maopopo kaʻina o nā nucleotides a Radio nui i kūlana ma ka halepaahao ka hoʻonuiʻana. Ultimately chromosome nana i prophase a me ka metaphase, ia ia i e pono e ike, e like nō hoʻi me ka palapala H.

I ka 1900 ka mea, uaʻike Mendel mau kānāwai, hōʻike no nā loina o ka EYI o hereditary kāna moʻolelo. A laila, ua lilo i mea akaka i ka chromosomes - keia mea i kekahi mea me ka a ka aaiaoe hōʻike ua hoolilo. I ka wā e hiki mai, i nā kānakaʻepekema lawelawe 'ia i ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua e hoao hoi ia. A laila, ua lilo i kumuhana o ke ao a me ka hopena ma luna o ia i ka buyout aeea mahele.

meiosis

Akä naÿe i kēiaʻano papa hana mitosis ultimately hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka mau keena me ka lākou o nā chromosomes 2 manawa uuku ma mua o ka mua. Pela ke kaʻina hana o ka meiosis o ka pae hoʻololi mai diploid e haploid, ai mua mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nukelea fission, a ma ka lua o ka - ka halepaahao holoʻokoʻa. Hoihoi hou ana i ka piha 'ia paha o nā chromosomes ia lŘlŘ ma o ka hou kuʻi nukeliu o gametes. Aie i ka emi ana i loko o ka helu ana o chromosomes, keia iaoia ua nō hoakaka like me ka ka ho'ēmiʻana-aeea mahele.

Meiosis a me kona kūlana aʻo na kaulanaʻepekema me V. Fleming, E. Strasburgrer VI Belyaev a me na mea e ae. I ka like o kēia kaʻina hana i loko o na keena o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona, ua nō hele ma - pela ka mea, ua huikau. Initially, kēia kaʻina ua manaoia he Lolina o mitosis, nae, aneane koke ma hope o ka puka aku la no i kaʻawale me he kaʻawaleʻano papa hana. Ano o ka meiosis a me konaʻimi naʻauao waiwai i mua lawa hōʻike Augustus Shakas i ka makahiki 1887. Mai laila, i ke ao o ka meiosis kaʻina nui holo, akā, no ka mea, ua ulu i ole i ua hōʻoleʻia kāna.

Meiosis uaʻaʻole ia e hookahuli ai i ka germ laina, eia nae na keʻano o ka hanaʻana i pili loa aku. Ma ke kahua o ke keka keena, ka pae'āina nā maomeka, akā, ma laila nō kekahi nuiʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou. Meiosis ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā kapuwai o ka māheleʻana i kēlā me kēia no i ninoieo o ka papa kūlana eha, i ka pōkole mokuāhana ma waena o lākou. Ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka mea a pau kaʻina hana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka nui o ka DNA i loko o ka nucleus, a me ka' ole o ka chromosomal hui. Ma mau, ia mea nui oi lōʻihi maoli nō hoʻohālike au i ka mitosis.

Incidentally, kekahi o ka mea nui kumu nui? Ueo 'ano - ia meiosis. E kau ana o chromosomes like me ka hopena o ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele ua i nā'āpanaʻelua, no laila, ua loaʻa nō hou ana o nā'ōewe, loa palena papaha hoonui i ka adaptability a me ka adaptability o meaola, like me ka hopena o ka loaa ana i kekahi kau o nā kailaʻae a me ka ano.

Nā kūlana o ka meiosis

E like me ua oleloia, o ka ka ho'ēmiʻana-aeea mahele ua conventionally puunaueia i loko o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Kēlā me kēia no kēia kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ua puunaueia ka 4. A o ka mua o ka pae meiosis - prophase aʻu, ma ka huli, subdivided i loko o 5 mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mai ka like o kēia kaʻina mau, ka mea hiki ke kaʻawale, a na mea e ae i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Ano, i kaʻike i ka kēia kūlana o ka meiosis:

Papa 2

No laila, ka mea, ua maopopo i ke kūlana o ka meiosis mahele Ua nui oi paʻakikī ma mua o ke kaʻina hana o ka mitosis. Akā, e like me ua oleloia, i kēia 'aʻole e ho'ēmi iho i ka liluwelo kūlana o kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mahele, no ka mea, i kekahi mau hana.

Ma ke ala, meiosis a me kona kūlana i malama i loko o kekahi o ka simplest. Naʻe, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO e komo ai hoʻokahi wale nō i ke ku e. Ua Ua ea ae ia ia i ka hookahi-ke kahua palapala hope hoʻomohala i loko o ka laekahi, elua-ka anu u.

Oko ao a me nā mea like ma waena o mitosis a me ka meiosis

Ma mua kilohi ia mea i na oko ma waena o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i maopopo, no ka mea, e pau loa ia i kekahi mau maomeka. Eia naʻe, heʻoi Ka Ikepili hōʻike i oko o ka mitosis a me ka meiosis i ole ai global, ka mea, e ho'ōla alakai i ke kahua o ka hou keena.

Mua o nā mea a pau ia mea e pono ke kamailio e pili ana i ka mea i like ma waena o kēia mau maomeka. I mea wale nō mau ihoiho: ma ka ia pae kaʻina, e like me ia mua mahele ia lŘlŘ nāʻano o ka DNA replication. ʻOiai ua like pili ana meiotic prophase au ma mua o i keia kaʻina uaʻaʻole maopopo pau, pau ma luna o kekahi o na substages mua. A kaʻina o nā kūlana, naʻe like ia, akā, ma ka mea, e lawe ana wahi i loko o ka hanana ka mea, e aole i hiki maopopo coincide. No laila, similarity mitosis a me ka meiosis mea ole, no ka lehulehu.

Ka oko ao i nui oi aku. Mua o nā mea a pau, mitosis ia lŘlŘ ma somatic keena, oiai meiosis ua pili loa i pili i ke kahua o ka gametes a me sporogenesis. Nā kūlana o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana iā lākou iho nō,ʻaʻole hoakaka coincide. No ka laʻana, ka mea ma kela aoao-ma ma ka mitosis ia lŘlŘ i interphase, a laila,ʻaʻole e mau ana. I ka lua o ka hihia, naʻe, i kēia kaʻina i e anaphase o meiosis. 'ōewe recombination i kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe mahele ua ole ana i lawe mai, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea, aole ia e pāʻani i kekahi kūlana ma ka evolutionary kūpono' ana o ka meaola, a me ka malama ana o ke kūʻai '-? ueo' ano. I ka helu o ke kūpono ma mitotic keena -ʻelua, a me ka mea i genetically'ālike i ka maternal ano, a i ka diploid 'ia paha o nā chromosomes. Ma meiosisʻokoʻa. Ka hopena o ka meiosis - 4 haploid keena, a oko mai o ka makua. Eia kekahi, nā maomeka lauwili nunui ma ka lōʻihi, a me ka mea, ua pili ole wale i ka likeʻole i loko o ka helu o ka mahele anuu, akā, i ka lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia kahua. No ka laʻana, ka mea mua prophase o meiosis mau nui hou, no ka mea, i keia manawa he mea synapsis, a holo no. I ka mea kumu ka mea, ua hoi puunaueia i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

Nohona ma mea like o ka mitosis a me ka meiosis pono uuku hoʻohālike au i kā lākou mau oko ao mai kekahi i kekahi. I hookahuli ai i kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana aneane hiki ole i. No ia manawa i oi kāhāhā i ka ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele i mua ua noʻonoʻo i kekahiʻano o ka mitosis.

Ka hopena o ka meiosis

E like me ua oleloia, ma hope o ke kaʻina hana o ka meiosis ma mua o maternal keena me ka diploid chromosome i eha haploid palapala. A ina ua kamailio e pili ana i ka oko ao ka mitosis a me ka meiosis - keia mea i ka loa nui. Loaa o ke koi 'ia ka helu, ma ka hihia o ka germ aeee ia lŘlŘ ma hope o fertilization. Penei, a me kela mea keia mea hou hanauna 'aʻole i ana a me ka palua ana o ka helu ana o chromosomes.

Eia kekahi, i ka meiotic recombination ia lŘlŘ nā'ōewe. Ma ke kaʻina o nā'ōlelo, i kēia hiki aku i ka malama ana i ke kūʻai '-? Ueo' ano. No laila, i ka mea e hiki hoahanau a me na kaikuahine o kekahi manawa nui okoa mai kekahi i kekahi - o ka hopena o ka meiosis.

Ma ke ala, i ka sterility o kekahi hybrids i loko o ka holoholona honua - Ua hoi ka pilikia ana o ka ho'ēmiʻana mahele. Ka mea i na chromosomes o na makua o ke okoa? Ueo hiki ole ke komo i loko o conjugation, a nolaila, i ke kahua o ka kiʻekiʻe-papa viable germ aeee mea,ʻaʻole hiki. Penei, ia mea meiosis o ke kumu o ka evolutionary? Acaeoey o nā holoholona, mea kanu a me nā meaola.