Mokulele lawe "Midway": i ka papa kuhikuhiE ano, me na mea kaua. US nā moku halihali mokulele

'O nā mea ho'okele mokulele, he mau moku hanohano ia e ho'okūkū ana i ka mana hakakā o ka moku'āina. 'O Midway he mea lawe mokulele i ho'onohonoho'ia ma luna o ka Navy US no 47 mau makahiki. Ua pa'a pono ka moku iā'Amelika a ua komo'o ia ma ka hakakā o Vietnam. I ka makahiki 1992, ua ha'alele'o ia i nā'auwa'a mokulele US Navy, a he'elima mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ho'ololi'ia'o ia i moku-hale kū'ai. I kēia lā, e'ike mākou i kēia moku nani, kona mo'olelo, nā lakohana, nā mea kaua a me nā mea'ē a'e he nui.

Ka mo'aukala o ka hana

Ma ka hana o ka hou papa o nā moku o ka US Moku lawe'auwaʻa lewa ma ka hope o 1941, ma hope o ke Kepani hoouka ma Pearl Harbor. No kekahi manawa, hiki'ole i ke aupuni US a me ka'oihana'au'au ke hō'ea i ka'aha kūkā ma luna o kahi'ano moku hou. Ua mana'o'o Franklin Roosevelt lāua'o Adimarala Ernest King i ka pono e kūkulu i nā mea lawe ukali li'ili'i. I kēia manawa, ua ho'oikaika nui'o Admiral Chester Nimitz i ke kūkulu'ia'ana o nā mea ho'okele wa'a me ka ho'okahuli'ana o 45,000 tons. 'O ka hopena, ua hiki iā Nimitz ke ho'okumu i ke alaka'i, a iā Dekemaba 1942, ua'āpono'o Roosevelt i kahi papahana e kūkulu i'elua mau mea ho'okele me ka ho'okahuli'ana i kahi o 40,000 tons.

Ma October 1943, i loko o ka wahi o Virginia i waiho mokulele lawe CV-41. He 17 mau mahina i hana'ia ai. I Malaki i ka makahiki 1945, ua mālama'ia kahi hō'ailona kūpono i ka wai o kahi mea ho'okele hou, e hā'awi nui ana i ka manaolana no ka US Navy.

Nā mea kōkua

Mamua o ka puka ana o ka mokukahu "Midway", o na mokukahu nui loa o Amelika he mau moku moku Essex. "Midway" i loa'a mai iā lākou kekahi mau hi'ohi'ona: ke'ano ho'olālā'ana, a me ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā mokulele a me nā "mokupuni". 'O ka'oko'a o waho,'o nā mea nui, he kapuahi nui a me ka hā'ule,'a'ole i loa'a iā "nā kaikua'ana".

Ho'onohonoho

'O nā ki'i mua o kahi mea ho'okele waiwai nui, kahi e pani ai i ka Essexam i kahi lā, ua ho'oulu hou'ia i nā makahiki 1940. 'O ka holomua'ana o ka holomua,'oiai'o ka hiki i ka makahiki 1942, he kūlana ko'iko'i nā mana'o no ka hana'ana i ka moku nui. 'O ka ho'okō'ana i kēia papahana i ho'oikaika nui'ia e nā hanana o ka Kaua Honua'elua. 'O nā mana'o nui loa i makemake'ia e ho'onui i ka kākau'ana o ka moku,'o ia ka make o ka moku Gloryes a me ke kaua ma Midway Atoll ('o ia ka inoa o ka mea lawe mokulele).

Ma muli o ka'oi o ka ikaika o ka moku hou ma mua o kona mau kūkini mua, ua hana'ia kekahi'ano ho'ohui kūikawā no ia mea. Ua ho'onohonoho'ia ka mea halihali mokulele i ka papa CV-B, a hiki i ka makahiki 1952, a hiki i ka holo'ana o nā mea lawe mokulele hou o ka USA, e ho'okō ana i ka pono o ka ho'ohui hou'ana.

Kūkulu

I kūkulu i kahi mea ho'okele wa'a "Midway",'o ka nui o ia mea i'oi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka pa'akikī, i ia mau lā'a'ole ia i ma'alahi no kahi kūlana ho'olālā e like me'Amelika. 'O nā mea kūpono e pono ai ke kūkulu, he hana kāpae malo'o ia, a laila he'u'uku loa. Akā, i ka manawa o ke kaulima'ana i nā kaha ki'i no ka mea lawe mokulele nui, ua ho'omaha'ia kahi wahi, kahi i kū'ole ai ka hana'ana i nā moku kaua Montana.

Ua kauoha'ia ka mea lawe mokulele me ka helu CVB-41 e kahi hui moku kāpili nui'o Newport News Shipbuilding. Ma ke ala, ua ho'ohana'ia ka inoa'o "Midway" i ka moku wale nō i ka makahiki'auhau'o 1944. Me ia pū, ua ho'ohālikelike'ia nā moku'ē a'e e nā moku'elua: "Franklin D. Roosevelt" a'o ka mea lawe mokulele "Coral Sea". Ua holo makaukau ka mea o kā mākou kama'ilio'ana 23 mau mahina ma hope o ka ho'ouna'ana. 'O ka Midway mokulele,'o kona lō'ihi he 295 mau mika, ua lilo'o ia i mea lanakila'Amelika. I kēlā manawa, ua no'ono'o'ia'o ia'a'ole he hui kaua ikaika wale nō, ua mākaukau e hana i nā'ano a pau, akā, he hana maoli nō ia o ka'oihana. 'O ka manawa kēia e'ike ai, mahalo i ka mea i loa'a ai ka mahalo nui o ka mea lawe mokulele "Midway".

Ka palekana

'O ka kākau'ia'ana o ka mea ho'okele wa'a e komo pū me ke kā'ei i kāko'o'ia a me'ekolu mau kā'ei i kāko'o'ia. Eia kekahi, ua kākau'ia kekahi ke'ena. Ua pale'ia ka paepae'auhe'e e kahi 87 mm o ke kā'ei kaua. Ma waho o ka paepae, ua pa'a ka moku i kahi palekana pa'a. Ua ho'olako'ia ka mea lawe mokulele me ka beliki pale kaua 193 mm ka'anoa, ka mea i kau'ole'ia ma luna o nā moku o kēia papa. Akā, eia kekahi mau nuances. I ka wā o ke kūkulu'ana, ua'ike'ia kahi'oihana ki'eki'e o ka moku i ka'ao'ao'ākau, a no laila, ua mālama'ia ka pale 193 mm wale nō ma ka'ao'ao starboard. Ma ka'ao'ao hema, ua emi iho ka 178 mm a'oki'oki'ia i lalo i 76 mm.

No ke kapa pale ma luna a'e o ka pūhaka nui,'a'ohe'ike pono i kēia. Wahi a kekahi hua'ōlelo, he 50 mm ka pale kaua, a ma kekahi - he 30 mau paona wale nō. Ho'opili'ia ke kā'ei i loko o ka hale kaona ma waena o nā pāpuni ma waena o 160 millimita. Ua mālama'ia ka mīkini ho'okele e ke kā'ei o ka pahu: ma nā'ao'ao - 193 mm; Ma mua a ma hope - 160 mm, mai luna mai - 127 mm, a mai ka lalo - 63 mm. Ua uhi'ia ka lumi kaua ma 165 mm armani ma nā'ao'ao a 87 mm ma luna. Ho'opomo'ia nā kī o nā pūnaewele mana nui i loko o nā paipu me kahi mānoanoa o 102 mm.

Ke holo nei nā'ano

'O ka mana o ka moku, he'ehā mau'ūpuni'oko'a e pili ana i ka "Westinghouse", e pili ana me nā pahu ho'oili "Dencock a Wilcox." Ua ho'oikaika nā motua i nā'āpana mush 5.5-mika me ka wikiwiki o ka pi'i'ana a hiki i 200 rpm. 'O ka nui o ka pahu he 10,000 mau kumukū'ai o ka moku i lawa i kahi 15,000 mile. I ka ho'olālā'ana i ka loa'a'ana o ka wahie li'ili'i, akā, ua ho'ololi pono ka ho'oili'ana o ka mea kaua. Aia nā pahu i loko o ke kakaka a me ka hope o ka mea lawe mokulele, ma nā ke'ena wai. Aia ka mana o ka mana i 26 mau papa. Ma kekahi'ao'ao, ua ho'onui'ia ka ikaika, a ma kekahi'ao'ao, ua pa'akikī ka'oihana. I ka wā e hiki mai ana,'a'ole i ho'ohana'ia kēia mana'o no ka mālama pono.

'O ka holo wikiwiki'ana o ka mea lawe mokulele he 33 mau pūpū, a'o ia wale nō ka mea maika'i loa i ka manawa e like me nā moku pōkole li'ili'i. He mea kūpono ho'i e mālama pono ana ka moku, a me nā lālā o ka papa "Essex" i ka wikiwiki i hō'ili'ili'ia. Ua hō'oia kēia ma ka huaka'i 4452 mile i hana'ia me ka wikiwiki o ka 32.5 knots.

Nā mea hana kōkua

'O nā papahana laulā ma'amau o ka moku he'elua catapaulia,'ekolu'ūla a me kekahi mau mea hana. Ma ke'ano like, ua ho'olako'ia nā'ano hou (i kēlā manawa,'oia'i'o) o Essex. Eia kekahi, ua ho'olako'ia ka mea lawe mokulele "Midway" i nā pūnaewele no ka ho'oulu'ana a me ke ka'a lawelawe. 'O ka Catalogpults H-Mk-IV-1 mahalo i kahi alahele elonui i hā'awi aku i ka mea ikaika i 145 km / h. 'O ka ho'ouku'ana o ka catapult i lawe wale i 60 mau kekona wale nō. 'O nā'ahahui, ua kāpae lākou i kahi lele he 13.5-ton e lele ana ma nā lele o 90 mph. 'Elua kūkini lele me nā'āpana o 16.5 / 14 m a me ke kani'ana o 12 t ma kahi papa. 'O ka pi'i'ana i luna he'ehā mau mika ki'eki'e a hāpai'ia 8 mau anoni.

'O ka mana o ka moku i ho'okomo'ia he 8 mau turbogenerators o nā mea'ē a'e me ka hiki i 1250 kW i kēlā me kēia. 'O ka kelepili mains he 440 V. Ua ho'okomo'ia nā pūnaewele i nā ke'ena wai e pili ana i ka hope o ka lumi ka'a. Eia kekahi, i loko o nā ke'ena kū'oko'a'elua i loa'a nā pahulapa diesel pilikia ma kahi piha o 2,850 kW. 'O ka hopena, ua pi'i ka mana piha o ka mea lawe mokulele i kahi kūlana o 12 850 kW. Ua ho'olako piha'ia nā'ōpena ulua'au i ka moku me ka wai no ka wala'au a me nā pono home.

Kahi noho

'O ka po'e holo o ka mea lawe mokulele,'a'ole wale nō ka moku wale nō, akā,'o nā mea lawelawe ho'i i nā mokulele. E like me nā kumumana'o o ka makahiki 1943, he 3443 mau kānaka. 'O kēia mau mea, he 2112 mau kānaka (2006 nā luina a me nā luna he 106) no ka po'e holo moku a he 1,331 mau kānaka i ka lewa ea. Eia kekahi, ua ho'olālā'ia he 140 mau wahi ho'olālā inā paha e lilo ka moku i kaula. Wahi a ka papahana, ua ho'olālā'ia ka moku no nā wahi he nui'ē a'e e pale i ka po'i. Eia na'e, ma ka makahiki 1947, aia 4,100 mau hoa, a he nui ka makemake o ka po'e ola. Eia na'e, ua loa'a nā mea lawe mokulele a pau o'Amelika Huipū'ia i ka pi'i'ana i kēlā manawa.

'O Armament

Ua lako'ia ka moku me nā pū puhi ikaika loa i ho'ohana'ia ma nā mea ho'okele wa'a. Aia ma waena o lākou he mau pu'ukūwalu he'umikumamāwalu o ka 127 kaukani, 21 - 40 a me 28 - 20. 'O nā mea'oihana o ka "Midway" ke'ano like'ole i ko lākou mau mua ma ke'ano o nā mea kaua o nā mokulele. Ma kahi o nā pū 127-millimita me ka lō'ihi o ka loilo he 38 mau kelihi, ua loa'a nā moku hou 127-mm mau MK-16. Ua ho'olālā'ia lākou no ka moku kaua'o Montana, ka mea i kūkulu'ole'ia. Ua ho'okomo'ia ka pū i loko o kahi ho'onohonoho hale kia'i a me nā'ano hoihoi. 'O ka mea holo mokulele "Midway" wale nō ka moku i loa'a nā pū MK-16. Ma hope mai, ho'okomo'ia lākou ma luna o ka po'e luku'apana Iapana'o "Murasame", akā ua lawe'ia kēia mau pū mai ka "Midway" i ka manawa o ka ho'ohui hou'ana i nā makahiki 50.

No ka mea e pili ana i ka pale kaua, ua lako'ia ka moku me nā "Bofors"'ehā'ehā o ka "Erlikons" he 40 a me ka ho'okahi o nā kālepa 20. I ka manawa o ka hui'ana i ka Navy US, he 18 mau pala kala me ka 21 mau kīhāhā'ehā.

Pākīpika

Mai ka makahiki 1945, e halihali ana ka mea lawe mokulele i ka po'e Chance Vought F4U Corsair. I'elua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kau ka Grumman F8F Bearcat a me Grumman F8F Bearcat ma luna o ka moku. I ka hala'ana o ke kanaono o ke kanaono ma luna o ka moku,'ike'ia ka mokulele Grumman F9F Panther. I ka makahiki 1956, ua ho'omaka'ia kā lākou lawelawe ma luna o kahi mea ho'okele mokulele e kēlā mokulele: F3H Demon, Loa'a F-8 Crusader, Douglas A-3 a me Douglas A-4 Skyhawk. 'O ka hope i ka makahiki 1970 i pani'ia e ka A-7 Corsair II.

I ka makahiki 1965, ua pani'ia nā mea kaua a pau me nā mea hou - McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. I ka makahiki 1986, ua pani'ia lākou e F / A-18 Hornet. I ka ho'omaka'ana o nā makahiki he kanahiku, ua hō'ea maila kahi mea ho'ohenehene a me ka mea hō'ailona Grumman A-6 Intruder. Ua ho'ohana pū'ia ka helikopter SH-2 Seasprite ma luna o ka moku ka'a, kahi i ho'ohana nui'ia no ka lawelawe'ana i ka moku a me ka lawe'ana i ka ukana. Ua hana'o ia ma nā wahi i hiki'ole ke ho'ohenehene i ka pana. I kēia lā,'o ka pū'ali holo'oko'a kekahi hapa o ka hō'ike o ka lele.

Nā Radars

'O nā mea hō'amala o ka mea holo mokulele Midway e ho'oma'ama'a'ole i ka'oihana'Essex. Ua komo i loko o'elua mau kikowaena hō'ailona no ka'ike'ana i nā hi'ona o ka makani,'elua mau pākuhi no ka'ike'ana i nā hi'ona ki'eki'e, kahi ki'eki'e o ke kelepila a me kahi nui o nā pūnaewele e ho'ā ana i ke ahi.

'O ka ho'ohui'ana

Ua ho'oma'ema'e pinepine'ia ka moku. Ua ho'omaka mua ka ho'ololi hou'ana i ka makahiki 1955. 'O kona pahuhopu ka ho'opanee'ana i ke ola o ka mea lawe mokulele a ho'onui i kona mana. Ua loa'a ka ho'olālā o ka moku i nā hanana he nui. 'O ka mea nui o lākou:

1. Ua ho'ololi'ia ka'ili o ka pae'ana he 8 mau mākelā e pili ana i ka axis longitudinal o ka mea lawe mokulele. Mahalo i kēia ho'okalakala'ana, ua hiki ke hiki i ka manawa ho'okahi a ha'alele i ka moku.
2. Ma mua a'e o nā pō'ino o ka mokuahi ma'amau, ua lako ka moku i'ekolu mau mana'oi a'e.
3. Ua ho'okūpa'a'ia ka polokalamu ho'olālā. I ka manawa ho'okahi, ua ho'ēmi'ia ka helu o nā'aha uila.
4. Ua ho'ouka'ia nā elevators o ka deck, ho'onui'ana i kā lākou kāohi hana.
5. 'O ka "Island" kahi i ho'onui'ia a ho'onui'ia i kahi mau lako hou.
6. Ua loa'a ka moku hou i ka moku.
7. Ua ho'ēmi'ia ka helu o nā lima ki'i lima i 8.
8. Ua pani'ia ka crane mokulele me kahi hou -'oi aku ka mana.
9. Ua ho'onui'ia ka nui o nā pahu waiā.
10. Ma kahi kokoke i ke kahawaiwai, ua ho'opau'ia kekahi kā'ei ho'olima.

'O kēia mau mea kēia i alaka'i'ia ai ka nui o nā tona o ka moku i 62,000 taona.

I ka hopena o ka makahiki 1966, ua hana hou'ia ka lua o ka ho'oponopono hou'ana o Midway ka mea lawe mokulele, a ua lilo i mea nui loa i ka mo'olelo o ka ho'ololi hou'ana o ka moku. Nā hualoa'a o ka ho'ohou:

1. Ho'olālā'ia nā ki'eki'ena me ka ho'onui i ka uku.
2. E ho'ēmi i ka helu o nā pa'i lua pele - a hiki i'elua.
3. 'O ka pūnaewele hō'ailona ho'omaha.
4. Ho'onui'ia i'elua manawa o ka papa lele.
5. 'O ke kau'ana o ka "mokupuni".

Mahalo i kēia mau mea hou, ua ho'omau ka moku i ka lawelawe a hiki i ka 90 mau. 'O ka ho'olālā no ka loli'ana he 202 miliona kālā.

Ka lawelawe

I ka malama'o Pepeluali 1946, ua lilo ka moku i kaula hae o ka māhele mua o nā mokulele. I Malaki o ia makahiki ho'okahi, ua ho'ā'o'ia nā meahana a me nā mea hana i hana'ia no ke kauwela ma'amau. I ka ho'omaka'ana o ka'ō'ō, ho'omaka'ia ka paepae V-2 mai ka moku.

'O ka ho'ā'o nui loa no ka mea lawe mokulele "Midway"'o ia ka hui Frostbite, i ho'omaka ai i ka ho'omākaukau'ana i nā pono no ka'oihana ma North North.

I ke kauwela o 1951, ua hana ka moku i nā ho'ā'o o ka lawe'ana i ka mokulele F9F-5 i ka Moana'Akelanika. I ka makahiki e hiki mai nei, ua komo'o Midway i nā hana me nā NATO. I ka makahiki 1954, ua holo ka moku i kahi holo a puni ka honua, a'o ka hopena'o ia ka moku'o Taiwan. Ma'ane'i, ma ke'ano he māhele o ka US Fifā'Ehiku, ua lilo ia i kumu no nā mokulele e uhi ai i ka ho'oku'u'ana mai ka mokupuni i ka wā o ka pilikia mua o Taiwan.

I Malaki 1965, ua ho'okū'ia ka mea ho'okele mokulele i nā mea kaua o North and South Vietnam. I ka nui, i ka wā o ke kaua i Vietnam, kaukani Midway lele i'ewalu mokulele. I ka makahiki 1971, ma hope o ka ho'ololi hou'ana, ua ho'i hou ka moku i Vietnam, kahi i ho'olimalima'ia ai e kona mokulele i nā kū moku. I ka hopena, no nā lawelawe Vietnamese, ua loa'a ka hō'ailona mai ka Pelekikena o'Amelika.

I ka makahiki 1975, ua komo ka moku i ka Operation Intermittent Wind. 'O'Apelila 29'O Liko-Ly - ka mea nui o ka'Āpana Koa o South Vietnam - ua ho'oku'u'ia ka'ohana ma ka mokulele Cessna O-1. I ke kū'ana i ke kai, ua hālāwai ka mokulele e ka mea lawe mokulele Midway. Ma hope o nā ho'ā'o'ana, ua ho'oili ka moku i ka lewa. Ua noi ka mea hope i kahi pae'ana. I mea e pono ai, pono i nā'elele e ho'oku'u i ka papa ho'oku'u i nā mokulele a me nā helikopter. Ua hā'ule kekahi o lākou i loko o ka wai. Ua holo maika'i ka mokulele ma luna o ka papa, a ua ho'omaika'i pono ke kāpena i ka pilote no kāna kūlana a me kona koa. 'O nā mea i ho'olei'ia i loko o ke kai e kū'ai i ka $ 10 miliona o ka US Marine. Ua mahalo nui'ia ka po'e holo o ka mea ukali e ke'ano o ka mea Vietnamese nui i kōkua pū iā ia i ka loa'a'ana o ka hana i ka nui o'Amelika.

I ka makahiki 80, ua ho'omau pinepine'ia'o "Midway" me kekahi hui o nā moku'ē a'e i nā hana e hō'ike i ka'oihana kaua US ma North Korea. I Malaki i ka makahiki 1981,'elua helikopter, kekahi hapa o ka hui lele holo mokulele, ua ho'opakele i 17 mau kānaka i'eha i ka hā'ule'ana o ka helikopter kūloko. Ua ho'oki'eki'e'ia nō ka helikopter ma luna o ka papa.

I ka mahina'o Iune 1990, he pilikia nui i luna o ka moku ka'a. Ma luna o ka moku he'elua mau pahū'ana, a lilo i ke ahi, e ho'onāukiuki ana no kahi o 10 mau hola. 'O ka mea i hopena, ua pepehi'ia'elua mau mākele a he 9 mau mea i'eha. Ua uhi'ia kēia hanana e ka'oi aku o kahi mau pailepa o ka honua. Ua lilo ka mea i hana i kahi pilikia nui, ua mana'o'ia e ho'omaha loa ka moku ma hope o ia.

I ka makahiki 1989-1991. Ua komo ka moku i ka hakakā me Iraq, ma ka Operation Desert Storm. I ka mahina'o Iune 1991, ua kōkua'o ia i nā kānaka o ka Philippines, i'ae'ia mai ka pio'ana o ka lua pele o Pinatubo.

Huli'o ia i kahi hale hō'ike'ike

I ka makahiki 1992, ua ho'oku'u'ia ka moku i ka'āina. A hiki i ka makahiki 1998 i loko o kahi moku kalo i ke kūlanakauhale'o Bremerton, Wakinekona. I ka malama'o Kepakemapa 2003, ua holo ka mea lawe mokulele i kāna huaka'i hope loa. 'O ka palena hope loa o ke alahele'o ka Broadway Pier ma waenakonu o San Diego, kahi i hana'ia ai kahi hale kū'ai mai ka moku. Ua mālama'ia ka wehe'ana ma ka lā 7 o Iune, 2004. No ka makahiki mua o ka'oihana hale hana, ua kipa'ia e nā kānaka he 870,000, a ua'oi aku ka'oi a'e o ka nui o nā mana'o o nā mana o ka papahana.

No ka mea, no laila, lōʻihi ka hana ana o ka moku i loaa lehulehu Ka hoʻolilo 'ia. Pookela mawaena o lakou i ka Pelekikena o ka aeie o ka mahalo. A he mau no hoi hoʻolilo 'ia' no kā lākou komo i loko o ka Wiekanama koa hana e hookuuia Kuwait, a me nā hana. Kekahi o ka hoʻolilo 'ia' e e hāʻawi aku ma mua o kekahi manawa.

ka hopena

Mokulele lawe "Midway", ke ano o ka a mākou nānā 'i keia la, ua lilo kekahi o na moku loa kaulana o ka US Moana. He, ma ka kekahi lima, impresses me kona nani, a nô kêia i ka mana o ke koa enehana kēia, a me ma ka 'ē aʻe - ka nani a mākou e pili ana i ka absurdity o ke kaua. War - hilahila a pau kanaka a pau. A ka mea makemake e nui aho ina na ieeeea? O dala ua hoʻopuka kālā,ʻaʻole i loko o koa noho ana, a i hou aku i mea maikaʻi kēia.