Nā hana o Gorky: he i ka papa inoa. Maxim Gorky: i kakahiaka nui pilialoha hana

Ka nui Russian kākau moʻolelo Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) Ua hānau March 16, 1868 ma Nizhny Novgorod - make June 18, 1936 ma Gorki. I kekahi kakahiaka nui elemakule, "I hele aku ai i na kanaka", ma kana mau olelo. He noho paakiki, moe ihola i loko o slums iwaena o ka poe palaualelo, auwana ana, keʻakeʻa ma occasional apana o ka berena. He paʻa nui nā panalāʻau e, kipa i ka Don, ma Ukraine, ma ka Volga'āina, i loko o kaʻaoʻao hema o Bessarabia, ka Caucasus a me Crimea.

e hoomaka ana

'Imi komo i loko o ka lawelawe a me ka mau hana, no ka i ka mea, ua pinepine ae la oia, ua hopu. I ka 1906, hele aku la kahi'ē, ma kahi āna i lilo i ka holomua kākau kā lākou mau hana. I ka 1910, Gorky lilo kaulana, kana hana i ka nui hoihoi. Mua, i ka 1904, hoomaka iho la makou e haʻalele noho pilikia pauku, a laila, i ka puke "Ka awaawa". Nā hana o Gorky hoihoi nā loea kālai'āina a me ka lehulehu huahelu. Kekahi o lakou manao i ka mea kākau moʻolelo mea, ua noa Hawaii i nā hanana likeʻole e hiki ma ka aina. A pau i kakau iho Maxim Gorky, hana no o ka hale kiaka a journalistic (essay), pōkole nā moʻolelo, a nunui-moʻolelo, resonated a ua pinepine pu e Anati-aupuni ho'ākāka. Iloko o ka 1st World War, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i ka ke akea Anati-militarist pale mai. ʻOiʻenehana o 1917, halawai mai me ke ohohia i ka makahiki, a me kona mau keʻena i loko o Petrograd huli i ka turnout no nā loea kālai'āina. Pinepine, Maxim Gorky, nona na hana i lilo increasingly topical, hana me nā hōʻike manaʻo o kāna hana iho i mea e pale aku misinterpretation.

wale aku

I ka 1921, ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoouna kahi'ē no ka 'inikua lapaʻau. ʻEkolu makahiki i koe, Maxim Gorky noho ma Helsinki, Palaka a me Pelelina, laila, neʻe akula iā Italy, a noho i loko o Sorrento. Aia hoomaka ae la oia i ka lehulehu ākea o kona mau memoirs no Lenin. I ka makahiki 1925, ua palapala mai i ke puke "Ka Artamonov Business". na hana a pau o ka Gorky i ia manawa i politicized.

E hoʻi i ka Rusia

1928 lilo i haliu ae la ia wahi no ka Gorky. Ma ke kono ana o Stalin, oia hoi i Rusia, a ma ka mahina Pńk'pika mai ia kulanakauhale aku ia kulanakauhale aku, e halawai pu me kanaka, loaa ka ike lea i na e piʻi like i loko o ka hana, kiaʻi like Socialist no? Ieoaeunoaa e hoʻomōhala ai. A laila, Maxim Gorky haʻalele no Italy. Naʻe, i loko o ka hope (1929), hookahi manawa hou e hele mai i Rusia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me keia manawa kipa Solovki Special manao Camp. Waikiki, ke'ōlelo mai na lau loa maikaʻi. Ma keia holo ana Gorky i oleloia Alexander Solzhenitsyn i loko o kona puke "Ka Gulag pae'āina."

Ka hope hoʻi o ka mea kākau i loko o ka Soviet Union i wahi i loko o October 1932. Mai ia manawa Gorky ola i loko o ka mua hale Ryabushinsky ma Spiridonovka, ma kona dacha ma Gorki, a hele ma ka hoomaha ana ma ka Crimea.

First Ahaolelo Lahui o ka mea kākau

Kekahi manawa ma hope, i ka mea kākau moʻolelo loaa kauoha pili aupuni, mai Stalin, ka mea i haawiia ia ia me ka makaukau o ka 1st Ahaolelo Lahui o Soviet kākau moʻolelo. Ma ka malamalama o keia noi, Maxim Gorky hana kekahi mau hou nupepa a me Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke, produces i ka moʻo o ka puke ma luna o ka mōʻaukala o ka Soviet nā hale hana, na kaua a me nā hanana o ka Soviet wā. I ka Ia manawa i kākau ai i ka hula "Yegor Bulychev a Others", "ea i a me na mea e ae." Kekahi hana o Gorky, kākau mua, hoʻohana pū ka mea, i loko o ka wa hoomakaukau ia no ka First Ahaolelo o ka mea kākau, a i wahi ma August makahiki 1934. Ma ka Ahaolelo Lahui,ʻano nui kamaʻilioʻaha hui mea, ua wae mai ka wā e hiki mai alakaʻi o ka Union o Soviet mea kākau, i hana mai i ka palapala, ai pauku ma ka 'ano moʻokalaleo Ke. Gorky ka hana i uku hoʻolohe ma ka 1st Ahaolelo o nā mea kākau, nae, oia i koho Luna hoomalu o ka papa. Nohona ma, ka hanana i noʻonoʻo i ka pomaikai, a me Stalin kino hoomaikai aku la ia Maksima Gorkogo no me ka mahina hana.

hiʻona

Gorky, kana mau hana ma luna o nā makahiki, kena ae la hoopaapaa awaawa iwaena o ka intelligentsia, ho'āʻo i ka lawe 'ana i loko o ke kūkā o kona mau buke, a oi loa aku hoi o ka hana keaka. Mai manawa e manawa i ka mea kākau, e hele i ka hale keaka, kahi i hiki ike no lakou iho i kanaka i ole indifferent i kana hana. No ka no ka nui o ka mea kākau moʻolelo Maxim Gorky, nona na hana i maopopo i ke kanaka, he pono, lilo iho la ia i alakaʻi mele o ke hou ola kekahi. Kino mahele hele aku la i ka hōʻike kekahi mau manawa, heluhelu a reread i ka puke.

I hana pilialoha awaawa

mea kākau o ka hana hiki ke maheleia i loko o kekahi mau waeʻano. Gorky ka i kakahiaka nui hana i pilialoha, he sentimental. Ka mea, ua i ikeia ka rigidity o pili aupuni e hoʻolaha, a i impregnated me ka hope moʻolelo a me nā novels mea kākau.

Kona mua pōkole moʻolelo mea kākau "haku ai Chudra" - he Gypsy fleeting aloha. 'Aʻole no ka fleeting i "aloha ua hiki mai, a hele", akā, no ka mea, mau ae la ia wale kekahi po, me he hookahi hoopa aku. Au i noho ai ke aloha i loko o ka ua me ka no i ke kino. A laila, i ke kaikamahine i ka make ma ka lima o ka mea i aloha ai kekahi i make i ka haʻaheo gypsy hale kanawai, i ukali ia ia iho loiko zobar - holo pu ma ka lewa, ka lima i loko o ka lima.

Terrific moʻolelo, he mea hiki ole ka ikaika kakou kamailio ana. I ka moʻolelo "haku ai Chudra" ua no na makahiki, ua ku i keʻano o Maksima Gorkogo ka mua wahi i loko o ka "kakahiaka hana o Gorky."

Mea kākau nui o kaʻu hana i loko o kona wa opiopio. I hana pilialoha awaawa - i ka moʻo o ka moʻolelo, huapalapala a pau Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache a me na mea e ae.

He pōkole moʻolelo e pili ana i ka uhane superiority o oukou e hoonoho kahaha. "Chelkash" - i ka moʻolelo o ka maʻamau ke kanaka, e hali ana i ke kiʻekiʻe aesthetic pono. Pakele ai mai ka home, vagrancy, complicity i loko o ka hewa nui. Halawai elua - kekahi pū ma ka commonplace, kekahi alakaʻi o hihia. Huāhuā, mistrust, makemake i ka haahaa subservience, ka makau a me ka subservience Gavrila kū'ē i ka ikaika, pakiko-hilinai, ke aloha o ke ku okoa ana Chelkash. Eia naʻe Chelkash ke kaiāulu kanaka, 'aʻole e pono ai, i kue i Gavrila. Romantic pathos intertwined me ka lono kaumaha. Description o ke ano o ka moʻolelo e kekahi lāʻau malumalu i loko o ka pākū o ka Awaits.

Ma ka moʻolelo "haku ai Chudra", "Old Isergil" a me ka hope, i loko o "ka Song o ka manu lele" Hahai I ways "ka huhu o ke koa." Ka mea kākau e ukuhi i ka huapalapala ma ka noho pilikia ana, a laila, me kekahi kūpili, e alakai ia lakou ma ka hope loa. Halaman a hoihoi 'hana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo nui, i ka moʻolelo mea unpredictable.

Hana noʻeau Gorky "Old Isergil" oia no kekahi mau wahi. Ke ano o kona moʻolelo mua - ke keiki o kaʻaeto, a me ka wahine, pahi-maka Larry hooku iho la ia kanaka p', incapable o kiekie manaʻo. A i kona lohe i ke kauä i inevitably i, e uku no ka mea i lawe kekahi i olelo ia disbelief, i ka i ana ia "mākou makemake i ka noho māihi." hoʻowahāwahā People mea, ua hoahewa i ka loneliness. Pride Larry ua ona ia ia.

Danko i emi haaheo, akā, ua pili ia i kanaka me ke aloha. No ia mea, produces ke ku okoa ana e pono e manaoio ia ia tribesmen. I loko nō o ka make māinoino o ka doubters ana oia mea hiki ke alakai i ka ohana o primeval ulu lāʻau, ka mea opiopio alihi kaua mau i ke ala, huki kanaka a. A i ka wā a pau koa a pau ma luna o ka wane, a me ka laau, aole ia e pau, Danko haehae ihola i kona umauma, i mai i kekahi ahi naau, a ho'ā i lapalapa i ke ala e alakai ia lakou i ka hoakaka. Aloha ole kanaka, pakele i ka noho kauwa ole ana,ʻaʻole e nānā ana ma ka olelo o Danko, ia ia e hina a make iho la. People holo aku, holo aku hahi lapalapa naau a me ka mea haihai uliuli hunaahi.

Romantic hana o Gorky haʻalele ka indelible mark i loko o koʻu naʻau. Heluhelu empathize a me na koa, me ka unpredictability o ka'āina e malama i ka hoʻopilikia, a me ka pau ana o pinepine unexpected. Ma waho o ka pilialoha hana o Gorky oko walaau ole pono e unobtrusive, akā, e hana oe kahaha.

Ke theme like o kanaka ku okoa ana dominates i loko o ka hana i kakahiaka nui o ka mea kākau moʻolelo. Ku I o Gorky ku okoa ana-puni, a ua hiki makaukau i ka haawi aku i kona ola no ka pono, e koho i ko lakou iho naue like.

Ka poem "Make a me ke kaikamahine" - he vivid mamuli o ka hoʻoponopono-mōhai i loko o ka inoa o ke aloha. Young, piha o ke ola ia mea, e hana me ka make, no ka mea, i kekahi po o ke aloha. Ua Ua kokoke no ia e make me ka minamina i loko o ke kakahiaka, wale e hui hou ai me kou punahele.

King, ka mea, e hoomanao ia ia iho a pau-mana, e hoolilo mai ke kaikamahine i ka make wale nō, no ka mea, e hele mai hoʻi, mai ke kaua, ma ka inoino naʻau i loko, aʻo ia i makemake ia hauʻoli akaaka. Make i hookoe Love, ia wa e ola ana, a "menina me ka pahi," ua mua ma luna o ka mea,ʻaʻohe mana.

Romanticism mea i noho i loko o "Na Song o kaʻale Petrel." Haʻaheo manu Ua noa, ia mea e like me kaʻeleʻele ka uwila, loaa ma waena o ka oho papu o ke kai a me na ao e kau ana ma luna o nā nalu. E ka makani ino, mai hemo mai ikaika, wiwoʻole manu Ua makaukau no ke kaua. A penguin mea nui e hūnā i ke kino momona i loko o ka pali,ʻo ia ka mea, heʻokoʻa e pili ana i kaʻino -ʻaʻohe mea pehea aloha `ia hulu.

Man ma Gorky ka hana

Special, maaleaʻike manaʻo Maksima Gorkogo mea i loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau i kona mau moʻolelo e mau ka papa kūlana i loko o keia kanaka ia. ʻO ka noho tramp, flophouse huapalapala, a me ka mea, e hōʻike mai iā ia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo e like me ka ua mahaloia kanaka, hoʻowahāwahā lākou plight. Ke kanaka i loko o nā hana o Gorky i ma ka mua, na mea a pau'ē aʻe mea kiʻekiʻe - nā hanana i wehewehe, ke kulana pili aupuni, i ka hana o ka moku'āina kino i loko o ke kāʻei kua.

Gorky novella "noho 'ana kamaliʻi"

Ka mea kākau e haʻi i ka moʻolelo o ke ola ana o ke keiki Aleshi Peshkova, me he mea ma luna o kona mau 'aoʻao. Cheerless moʻolelo hoʻomaka me ka make ana o kona makuakane a me ka makuwahine o ka make welau. Haʻalele i ka makua, i lohe ai i ke keiki, mai kona kupunakane, i ka lā ma hope o hoʻolewa o kona makuwahine: "E oe i kekahi mekala ma luna o koʻu'ā'ī, e kau oe pono ole i ... E-ka oe i na kanaka ...". A me kahi poe.

No laila, na welau o ka hana o ko Gorky ka "kamaliʻi". A i loko o ka waena ka mea, ua he mau makahiki o ke ola i loko o ka hale o kona mau kupuna kāne, hilinai hoi i kekahi wahi elemakule ke kanaka, ka mea i hoʻohana i ka Poaono flog hahau aku no ke kanaka i ua nawaliwali ma mua ona. A kupuna kāne emi ma ka mana wale ma kona mau moopuna, e noho ana i loko o ka hale, oia maluna o ko lakou backhand, ana i ka Aha.

Aleksey Ros, kākoʻoʻia o kona makuwahine, a ma ka hale kau i ka ohu, inaina o nā mea a pau ma luna o nā mea a pau. Maila kahi makua kāne kaua mawaena o lakou iho, hooweliweli kona kupunakane i ka mea e lanakila na hoahanau ona, inu, a ua hikiʻole naʻe i ka hanau kā lākou mau wāhine. Alyosha ho'āʻo e lilo i mau hoa me ke kaiāulu keiki kāne, akā, i ko lākou mau mākua a me nāʻohana a pau i loko o ka huikau pilina me kona kupunakane, kupuna wahine a me ka makuwahine i ke keiki ke haawi wale nō ma ka puka i loko o ka pa.

"Ka Lower hohonu"

I ka 1902, Gorky huli i philosophical kumuhana. He hana mai i ka hula e pili ana i na kanaka, ma ka hopena iho i ka lalo o ka Lūkini lehulehu. Kekahi mau huapalapala, i ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka doss hale, i ka mea kākau moʻolelo sketched ka makau pono. I ka waenakonu o ka moʻolelo noho kanaka ma luna o ka verge o ka manao. Kekahi e manao ana he pepehi anaʻia iā iho, kekahi ua me ka manao ole i ka mea e pono ai. Ke huahana o Maxim Gorky "Ka Lower hohonu" - he vivid kiʻi o ka nohona a me ka wahi lulu ahiahi ma ka hui, pinepine huli i loko o ka pōʻino.

Ka mea nāna o doss-hale Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev ola ana, a aole hoi i ike i kona ola ua mau olelo hooweliweli. Kana wahine Vasilisa hoohuli nui ae ia kekahi o na hoa - Vaska Pepel - e pepehi i kana kane. Kēia kekahi welau a aihue Vaska pepehi Kostyleva, a hele i ka halepaahao. Ke koena o ka poʻe e noho lā ma ka hale doss hoʻomau i ka noho i loko o ka lewa o kaʻona revelry a me koko kēia ho'āla kaua.

Ma hope o kekahi manawa, aia no he kekahi Luke schemer a me ka chatterbox. He "hoolako mai", e nou mai nei, Ua lengthy i kamaʻilio, olelo pomaikai indiscriminately hauʻoli wā e hiki mai a me ka piha pomaikai. A laila, Luke ke kino, a me ka pōʻino kanaka ana i paipai, ma ke pohō. Aia ua he nui kuhi hewa. Kanaha noho kulana, inoa kapakapa ka Mea Keaka hana he pepehi anaʻia iā iho. ʻO kekahi poʻe mamao aku, mai ka mea,ʻaʻole nō.

Doss ka hale e like me ka hōʻailona o ka impasse o ka Lūkini ke kaiāulu ma ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia, ke ahulau blatant kaiapili kauoha.

ʻike hoʻokumu Maksima Gorkogo

• "Haku ai Chudra" - 1892. A moʻolelo o ke aloha a me ka pōʻino.
• "Kupuna kāne Arkhip a me Lenka" - 1893. La ia kanaka ilihune maʻi kanaka kahiko, a me ia i ka moopuna o Lenka, he teenager. First kupuna kāne i ke ku imua o na nā pōpilikia a me ka make, ka mea make laila moopuna mai. Good kanaka kanuʻiaʻo ia i loko o ke alanui ulia.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. Kekahi mau moʻolelo o ka luahine e pili ana i selfishness a me ka selflessness.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. I ka moʻolelo e pili ana i "ka inveterate uaʻona, a me ke akamai, wahi kāʻeʻaʻeʻa aihue."
• "Noho male Eagles" - 1897. A moʻolelo e pili ana i ke keiki ole mare hui i ka inoa o ke kōkua maʻi kanaka.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. Ka moʻolelo o pehea ka hale paʻahao aeea kaawe Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, ka mea i hopu ia no ka vagrancy.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. Moʻolelo no nā hanana i ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia, a i wahi i loko o ke Volga kulanakauhale. About kekahi keiki, o Toma, ka poe i manaoio i kona makua kāne Fabulous powa.
• "Ko Pilisetia" - 1901. Ka Moʻolelo o ke kanaka no ko Pilisetia aa, a hou LIKE o ka manawa.
• "I ka lalo" - i ka makahiki 1902. Huʻi topical hula e pili ana i ka noho kanaka, ka poe i lilo i ka manaolana.
• "Mother" - 1906. Roma ia ma luna o ka theme like o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni e hoʻolaha i ka ke kaiāulu e pili ana i nā hanana likeʻole e hiki i loko o ka manufacturing hola, a me ka komo o nā lālā o hoʻokahi 'ohana.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. A hula e pili ana i ke kūlana uʻi a 42-makahiki-luahine, kanaka o ka moku poe, ikaika a me ka mana.
• "Noho 'ana kamaliʻi" - 1913. Moʻolelo o ka poe noonoo ole keiki, a ia mea,ʻaʻole he oluolu ke ola.
• "Aoi o Italy" - 1913. A moʻo o pōkole nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ke ola i loko o ka Italia kulanakauhale.
• "Ke kuko-cheeky" - 1913. A wahi moʻolelo e pili ana i kaumaha pöʻino 'ohana.
• "Ke kanaka" - 1914. A moʻolelo e pili ana i ka gofer i loko o ke kaila kāmaʻa hale kūʻai.
• "My ke kulanui a" - 1923. Moʻolelo o Kazan University, a me ka haumāna.
• "Blue Life" - 1924. A moʻolelo e pili ana i moe a me fantasies.
• "Artamonov Business" - i ka makahiki 1925. Moʻolelo no nā hanana likeʻole e hiki i ka hola ulana fabrics.
• "Life Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events e hoomaka ana mai o XX kenekulia - Petersburg, Moscow, na barricades.

Kēlā me kēia heluhelu i ka moʻolelo, he moʻolelo a me ka puke, na lau o ka manaʻo o kekahi kiʻekiʻe ka palapala, ai nō. Nā huapalapala e lawe aku i ka helu o nā kūlana 'ano a me nā hiʻona. Ka Ikepili hana awaawa komo ai hulina hiʻona huapalapala hahai kaawale. Ka hohonu o ka kakou kamailio ana organically hui me ka pilikia akā, maopopo No ka palapala, ai mea hoʻoluku. na hana o ka nui Lūkini kākau moʻolelo a pau Maksima Gorkogo komo i ke gula dala o Lūkini moʻomeheu.