Nā lālā o ka 'Oihana "Gymnosperms": nā hō'ailona, nā hi'ohi'ona ho'ohālike, nā hi'ohi'ona

He mea ko'iko'i nā kumuhana i ke'ano, no ka mea, hiki iā lākou ke ki'i aku. 'O kēia ka'ina hana, no ka hopena o kahi mea kanu mai carbon dioxide, wai a me ka'ike o ka lā e loa'a ai nā mea'ai no kona iho a ho'oku'u i ka oxygen i ka lewa. No laila, no nā mea kanu ma ka Honua e hiki ke loa'a nā holoholona a'o mākou pū me'oe.

Ka ho'olaha'ana i nā mea kanu

A pau i ke aupuni o ka mea kanu ua maheleia i umi pauku:

• 'O ka limu loloa.
• 'O nā'alelani Green.
• 'O nā'alewai Blue-green.
• 'Ele uila.
• 'O Bryophytes.
• 'O Fern.
• 'A'ohe pono.
• Hana'ia me ka'ōwili.
• Nā Angiosperms.
• 'O Gymnosperms.

Ma waena o kēia mau mea kanu, ma muli o ka pa'akikī o ka hale, hiki ke'ike'ia nā hui'elua:

• 'O ka ha'aha'a;
• Ka ki'eki'e.

'O ka lalo o nā'āpana algal a pau, no ka mea,'a'ohe o lākou pale'ana o nā mea. 'A'ohe kino o ke kino. Kapa'ia'o ia he'halli.

Hiki ke māhele i nā mea kanu, ma muli o ke'ano o ke kope'ana, i:

• 'O Spore;
• 'O Seminal.

Loa'a i nā Spores ke'ano o ka'ōpū, ka moss-shaped, ka moss-like, ke kelepona.

Hānau'ia nā ke'ena gymnosperms a me nā angiosperms.

E kama'ilio hou e pili ana i nā gymnosperms ma kēia'atikala.

Ka ho'olaha'ana o nā gymnosperms

'O ka'auhau'oko'a e kū nei ma nā wahi a pau o ke aupuni o "Plants" he papa. Ho'omohele'ia nā Gymnosperms i nā papa'ehā:

1. Gnetovye.
2. 'O Ginkgoed.
3. Cycadic (Cycadal).
4. 'O Coniferous.

E kama'ilio mākou e pili ana i nā'elele a me nā hi'ohi'ona o kēlā me kēia papa ma hope. A i kēia manawa,'o nā hi'ohi'ona ma'amau o nā gymnosperms, e nānā'ia kā lākou physiology a me ke kolo'o.

Gymnosperms: ka hana o ka mea kanu

Aia kēia māhele i nā mea kanu ki'eki'e. 'O kēia ke'ano o ko lākou kino he mau ohe i kūkulu'ia mai nā'ano like'ole o nā mea kino.

Nā hui o gymnosperms

Ma muli o kahi o nā'ōpū, hiki iā lākou ke māhele i lalo a honua. I ka'ike'ana i kā lākou mau hana a me ka ho'olālā, hiki ke ho'omaopopo'ia nā mea kanu a me nā'ōpū.

'O nā'ōpili lā'au: ka ho'olālā a me ka hana

'O kēia pū'ulu o nā'ōpuni pūnaewele ka pūnaewele lalo a me ka pana lepo.

'O ke kumu o ka pakiaka ke kau'ia nā a'a, kahi e'ike'ia ai nā kumu nui a me nā kumu laulā. Eia kekahi, he kumu hou ko ke kumu.

Loa'a i nā a'a nā hana like:

• Ho'oponopono i ka mea kanu i loko o ka lepo.
• 'O ka pau'ana o ka wai me nā miko a me nā macro i ho'okahe'ia i loko.
• Lawe'ia ka lawe'ana o ka wai a me nā mineral i loko o ia'ano i nā'ano honua.
• I kekahi manawa - ka waiho'ana o nā mea'ai.

'O ke'auhe'e kahi pūnaewele ho'i. Aia i loko o kahi kī, nā lau, a me nā pu'upa'a.

Nā hana o nā'ano o ka pakele:

• Nā kumuhana: nā kāko'o a me nā hana halihali, e hā'awi ana i kahi loulou i waena o nā a'a a me nā lau.
• Leaves: photosynthesis, hanu'ana, ho'ololi kino kino, nā kau wela.
• Kupa: mai ia mau lā i ho'okumu'ia ai nā wana hou.

He'ano like'ole nā'ano me nā'ōpena'ōpiopio'o Gymnosperms a me nā angiosperms, akā, he'ano like'ole nā'ano o ke kino.

Nā pū'anoho o nā gymnosperms

'O nā'ōpona hana ke'ano e hō'oia'i'o i ke kāpili'ana o ke kino. I loko o nā angiosperms he pua. Akā,'o nā mea kanu o ka māhele "Gymnosperms" i ka hapanui e loa'a ana nā'ano ho'ohemo like me cones. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona'oi loa o ka fir a me nā pine con.

Hana hale

He pua i ho'ololi'ia, i uhi'ia me ka'epa. Aia kekahi mau cones kāne a wahine paha i ho'okumu'ia nā pūnaewele male a me ka wahine (respectively).

Hiki ke'ike'ia nā cones male a me ka wahine pine e like me ke kumu ma ka ki'i ma lalo nei.

Aia kekahi mau 'elele o gymnosperms, kahi o nā mea kanu male a me nā wahine ma ke'ano ho'okahi. Kapa'ia lākou he'olu'olu. Eia nō ho'i kekahi mau gymnosperms dioecious. He mau kēne kāne kāne a he wahine paha nā'ano like'ole. Eia na'e,'o nā mea kanu o ka "Gymnosperms" ka'oi aku o ka hapanui.

Ma luna o ka'elepa o nā wahine cones,'elua mau'ōpena, kahi i ho'ohui'ia ai nā'ōpona wahine - o nā oocytes.

Ma ka'elepa o nā male kāne he mau pola pollen. Hāle'a lākou i ka pollen, kahi e loa'a ai ka sperm - nā pūnaewele male kāne.

I ka wā i nānā mua ai mākou i ka papa hana o nā gymnosperms, e kama'ilio e pili ana i kā lākou hānau.

Pehea ka ulu'ana o pine mai pine pine

Ho'oma'a hou'ia nā gymnosperms me ke kōkua'ana o nā'ano'ano. 'O lākou, e like me nā'ano kanu o nā mea kanu ulu,'a'ole lākou i ho'opuni'ia e ka hua.

Gymnosperms kumu kāki i hoʻomaka me ka mea i kanu loko i kekahi wā o ka hakuʻala hoʻokino Hoʻololi 'hoi e pana aku - kane a me ka wahine pele. Ho'onui'ia ka hana'ana i ka pollen a me nā'ōpelu, i kēlā me kēia.

'O ke kala'ana o nā cones wahine me ke kōkua'ana o ka makani.

Ma hope o ka hui'ana o nā'ōpiopio, kahi e kau ana ma ka paona o nā cones wahine, e ulu ana nā mea kanu. No laila, ua ho'okumu'ia nā māka'i hou o nā gymnosperms.

He aha nā mea li'ili'i?

'O nā mea kanu o ka māhele "Gymnosperms", e like me nā mea ki'eki'e a pau, he mau'ano like'ole.

Aia kekahi'ano o nā mea kanu lā'au:

• Nā pū'ulu. Hana kēia mau mea i kahi hana palekana. Ua māhele'ia lākou i ka epidermis, ka popo a me ka'ūpī. Ke uhi nei ka epidermis i nā māhele a pau o ka mea kanu. He wahi kūkini no ke kālepa kinoea. Eia kekahi, hiki ke uhi'ia me kahi papa mālama pale hou. Ho'okumu'ia'o Cork ma ke kumu, nā a'a, nā lālā a me nā'eke. 'O Cork he mea uhi i ke kino, kahi i loko o nā pūpū make me nā membrane pa'akikī. Aia ia me ke po'o o nā gymnosperms.
• Ke kuhikuhi. Hō'ike kēia'ulu i ka ikaika o ke kapuahi. Ua māhele'ia i kahi collenchyma a me kahi sclerenchyma. 'O ka mea mua e hō'ike'ia ana e nā pūnaewele ola me nā kinikoki'ele'ele. 'O ka Sclerenchyma kekahi mau pūhaka make me nā membrane pa'akikī. Mechanical olona, hookomoia ma ka lawelawe nā'aʻaʻa i kakauiaʻi ma anei i gymnosperms.
• 'O ke po'o nui. 'O ke kumu ia o nā'ano a pau. 'O ka'ano nui o nā'ano o ke'ano he assimilation. 'O ia ke kumu o nā lau. Ma nā pūnaewele o kēia'upena he nui nā chloroplast. Maanei, loa'a ke ki'i'ana. Eia kekahi i loko o nā kolo o ka gymnosperms aia kekahi'ano'ano o ke kino e like me ke waiho'ana. Hō'ili'ili'o ia i nā mea'ai, nā'enehu, a me nā like.
• Nā mea hana. Ua māhele'ia i xylem a me phloem. Kapa'ia'o Xylem i ka lā'au, a kapa'ia'o phloem he bast. Aia lākou i ke kumu a me nā lālā o ka mea kanu. Xylem o nā gymnosperms he moku. Hā'awi'ia i ka lawe'ana o ka wai me nā mea'ino i loko ona mai ke kumu a hiki i nā lau. Ke pani'ia nei ka phloem o nā gymnosperms e nā tube sieve. Lub e mana'o'ia no ka lawe'ana i nā mea mai nā lau i ke kumu.
• Nā lole ho'ona'auao. 'O kēia mau mea, ua hana'ia nā mea'ē a'e a pau o nā gymnosperms, a ma laila e kūkulu'ia ai nā'ano a pau. Ua māhele'ia iā lākou i apical, ākea a me nā intercalary. Aia ka apical ma luna o ke pana, a ma ke po'o ho'i o ke kumu. 'O nā huahana ho'ona'auao āpau ka mea i kapa'ia he cambium. Aia ia i loko o ke kumu o ka lā'au i waena o ka wahie a me ka pā. Ua ho'okomo'ia nā pā kula ho'ona'auao ma ke kumu o internodes. Loa'a i nā'eha ho'ona'auao ma ka pae o nā'eha.

No laila ua nānā mākou i ke kahua o nā gymnosperms. I kēia manawa, e hele kāua i ko lākou mau hope.

Gymnosperms: mau hi'ohi'ona

Inā'ike mākou i ka ho'onohonoho'ia'ana o nā mea kanu o kēia māhele, e nānā i ko lākou'ano. A laila, e wehewehe'ia nā'elele o nā papa like'ole e pili ana i ka "Gymnosperms".

Papa "Gnetovye"

Ke māhele'ia nā mea kanu o ka "Gymnosperms" o ka papa "Gnetovye" i'ekolu'ohana

1. 'O ka'ohana "Velvichievye."
2. 'O ka'ohana "Gnetovye".
3. Family "Chyvoynikovye".

E nānā aku i nā mālamalama mālohi o kēia mau lālā'ekolu.

No laila, he mea kupaianaha'o Velvichia. 'O kēia wale nō ka mea i koho'ia no ka'ohana o ka Velvichians. Ke ulu nei kēia gymnosperm ma ka Desert Namib, a ma nā wao akua'ē a'e ho'i o'Amelika Hema. He lā'au pōkole a ko'iko'i ka mea kanu. 'O ke ki'eki'e o ia ki'eki'e he 0.5 m, a'o ke anawaena he 1.2 m.'Oiai'o kēia'ano e noho ana i ka wao akua, he kumu lō'ihi lō'ihi ia e pi'i ai 3 m hohonu. 'O nā lālā e ulu mai ana i ka pahu o Velvichie, he hana mana maoli. 'A'ole like me nā lau o nā mea kanu'ē a'e ma ka Honua,'a'ole lākou e hā'ule. Ke ulu mau nei lākou i ka kumu, akā i ka manawa i make ai lākou i ka hopena. Ke ho'omau hou'ia nei ma kēia'ano, ola kēia mau mea e like me ka Velvichia pono'ī (kahi i'ike'ia he ola i'oi aku i ka'elua tausani makahiki).

Aia i loko o ka'ohana yolk 40 mau'ano. 'O nā kumu li'ili'i kēia, lianas, pinepine'ole. Ke ulu nei lākou i nā nahele ulu o Asia, Oceania, Central African. Kona manao, ua oi e like gnetalians angiosperms. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka 'ohana i melinzho, gnetum broadleaf, gnetum kahaone listen'ōlelo.

Aia i ka'ohana conifer 67 mau mea kanu. Ma ke'ano o ka noho ola, he mau mea kanu a me nā hiku. Ke ulu nei lākou i'Asia, i ka Moana Pākīpika me'Amelika Hema. He mau lālā'ōlepa nā luna o kēia'ohana. 'O nā hi'ohi'ona o conifers,'o ia ho'i ka'ephedra'Amelika, nā conifers deleail, nā conifers shishnose, nā'a'ahu conifers, a pēlā aku.

Papa "Ginkgo"

He hui ho'okahi kēia hui. 'O ka mea i koho wale no kēia'ohana he ginkgo bilobate. He lā'au ki'eki'e (e hiki i 30 mau mika) me nā lau nui like. Kēia relict mea kanu, iʻikeʻia ma ka Honua 125 miliona makahiki aku nei! Ho'ohana pinepine'ia'o Ginkgo i nā lā'au lapa'au no ke kālaki'ana i nā ma'i lolo, e like me ke atherosclerosis.

Papa "Kākena"

'O kēia kekahi mau gymnosperms. 'O nā'ōpena o nā mea kanu o kēia papa,'o ia ka Cyclone Ralhal, ke ala hā'ule, ka Tocoda Cyclist, etc. Pili lākou a pau i ka'ohana ho'okahi - "Cyclonic".

Ke ulu nei lākou i'Asia, Indonesia, Australia, Oceania, Madagascar.

'O kēia mau mea kanu e like me nā lā'au pama. 'O ko lākou ki'eki'e he 2 a 15 mau mika. 'O ke kumu kūpono ka mānoanoa a me ka pōkole, ke ho'ohālikelike'ia me ka mānoanoa. No laila, hiki i ka heluna'ōpiopio ke holo i 100 knm, i ke ki'eki'e he 300 knm.

Papa "Conifers"

'O kēia paha ka papa kaulana loa o ka lā'au gymnosperm. 'O ia ho'i ka mea nui loa.

Ua like kēia papa me ke'ano ho'okahi - "Pine". Ma mua i ka honua, aia'ekolu mau kauoha hou o ka papa mele, akā, ua ho'opau'ia ko lākou mau'elele.

'O ka'ōlelo i'ōlelo'ia ma luna nei,'ehiku mau'ohana:

1. Nā Headguns.
2. Ka.
3. Ssidopitisovye.
4. 'O Podokarpovye.
5. Araucariaceae.
6. Pine.
7. Cypress.

'O ka'ohana capercaallosis he 20 mau'elele. He mau lā'au ulu kēia a me nā lā'au. 'O nā kola he mau mea āpau. Mai ke po'o mai o ka'ūpelu, ua like'ole lākou i ka lō'ihi o ka ulu'ana o ko lākou mau cones, a ua nui loa ka hua.

Aia i loko o ka'ohana'ohana ka 30 mau'ano lā'au a me nā lā'au. 'O nā mea kanu a pau o kēia'ohana he hewa. Hiki ke no'ono'o'ia nā hi'ohi'ona o nā'elele o kēia'ohana i ka'ike Pākīpika, Florida, Canadian, European eaw, etc.

'O ka'ohana o ka cispidopitides he mau lā'au'ulā'au pinepine, kahi i ho'ohana pinepine'ia e like me nā lā'au ulu.

'O nā hi'ohi'ona o nā'elele o ka'ohana Podokarpov,'o ia ka'acridium, phylloclus, podkarp, etc. Ke ulu nei lākou i kahi wahi malo'o: ma Niu Sila a me New Caledonia.

'O ka'ohana o Araucariae e pili ana i kahi 40 mau'ano. Ua noho nā Lunamaka'āinana o kēia'ohana i ka Honua ma mua o ka wā Jurassic a me Cretaceous. Hiki i nā hi'ohi'ona ke no'ono'o'ia i ka'ākau hema, ka māmā agamis, kekuhi Brazil, Chilean araucaria, noble vollemia, etc.

'O ka'ohana pine pine nā lā'au kaulana i like me nā hua'ōniu, pine, cedar, larch, zug, lau, a pēlā aku. Ke ulu nei nā mea kanu a pau o kēia'ohana i ka Northern Hemisphere i kahi anuanu. 'O nā mea kanu o Gymnosperm i kēia mau'ohana, he mea ho'ohana pinepine'ia e ka lā'au i nā lā'au lapa'au a me nā'oihana'ē a'e ma muli o kona kino a me nā'aila.