Nā Papahana no ka hana ke hooheheeia. Ano o ka oka a pau. Makaukau o ka mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia

Hoikehonua, ke kanaka i loko o kona kela la i keia ola ana ua hoʻopuniʻia e keʻano o ke hooheheeia. Ka hapanui o 'ikamu i mākou hana, mau Nine Inch ka nanaia mai. Ia a pau i hiki mai ai no ka poʻe i loaʻa mau aoao likeʻole e paka mea hiki ke hooheheeia.

He aha mea he mea hiki ke hooheheeia

Kēia mau waiwai waiwai no ka poʻe komo i loko o'okanikaʻole kemika. Loaa ke hooheheeia e leie aku i kekahi kanaka e hana i ka nui, hemolele loaʻano hana, hoonui ae i ko kakou mau ola. He aha e mea, ko? Ma mua o ka mea e like me ka ano o ka hana i eliiaʻi mākou noonoo, ia mea pono e maopopo mea mea mea. Ke hooheheeia i kekahi pūʻulu o Nine Inch nā kumumea i loko o ka palapala o ka poe noonoo ole waiwai me ano waiwai:

• thermal a me ka uila conductivity;

• kiʻekiʻe ductility;

• alohi.

A ke kanaka hiki wale maopopo ia mai nā 'ona. A ano hiʻona o nā mea a pau i eliiaʻi o ke alo aku o ka kūikawā alohi. He hele mai, mai ka manaʻo o ka malamalama na kukuna e haule ana ma ka ili honua mai,ʻaʻole e hala ia. Gloss - o ka pono ka waiwai o nā mea a pau i eliiaʻi, akā, ka mea, ua loa maopopo hoikeia mai ma ke kala.

I kēia lā,ʻepekema loaaʻi 96 o kēia mau Nine Inch hehee wale, aole nae i pau o ia i 'ike ma ka kūhelu' epekema. Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu kaumaha ma muli o kā lākou mau hoʻomaopop 'ana i ano waiwai. Ke'ī mai ke hooheheeia e ke kēia:

• kona'ākilikai - 6;

• kona'ākilikai - 6;

• hoʻololi - 38;

• Lightweight - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

loaa ke hooheheeia

I mea e fabricate i ka oka a pono mua hookipa aku i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mai maoli i eliia. Native hehee wale - i kēia mau mea waiwai i i loaʻa ma ka 'ano i loko o ka noa moku'āina. O nā platinum, ke gula, ke tina a me ka Mercury. Ka mea i kaawale mai impurities mechanically paha ma Nine Inch reagents.

Ka i koe, i eliiaʻi i extracted e lapaau i ka mea i huiʻia. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o nā nā minelala hao. Na mea i eliia - kēia nā minelala hao a me na pohaku, i pihaʻi me metala i huiʻia me oxides, carbonates, a me sulfides. No kā lākou? Iecaianoaaiiuo hoʻohana Nine Inch lapaau.

Nā Papahana no ka loaa ana i eliiaʻi:

• loaa o ke kalapona oxides;

• ke tina mai ka pohaku piuta loaa;

•? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka nou ana la o ka hao mai ka mea hao e hoohehee ai ;

• aa ana o ka luaipele i huiʻia ma kūikawā umu.

E kōkua loaa ke hooheheeia, mai na mea i eliia pöhaku i hoʻokomo iā ia kekahi mau waiwai kapaia fluxes. Ka mea, kōkua wehe i hua'ōlelo i makemake impurities e like me ka lepo, limestone, one. E like me ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hua fusible hui kapa slag.

Ma ke alo o ka nui dala o impurities mua metala na mea i eliia smelting waiwai ma ka wehe 'ana o ka hapa nui o ka hoʻokali kūpono' eiiiiiaiou. Ka loa hoʻomano hoʻohana epekema no keia lapaʻau - flotation,ʻume mākenēki a me ka gravitational hana.

mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia

Mass loaa mekala 'åkilikai metala - he luna' kaʻina. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i loaʻa i ka mea, ma ke ano maoli i loko o ka palapala o Nine Inch hui wale. No ka mea, e hoemi konohiki, kā lākou e hoʻomākaukau ai pu ma kiʻekiʻe ikehu koina. Aia nō kekahi mau 'ano o ka loaa ana mekala' åkilikai ke hooheheeia.

• Li hiki ke hoomakaukauia mai kona'okesaside ma ka vacuo ole ma ka mahele heheʻe i ka electrolysis kona koloriside i hanaʻia i ka manaʻoe hana spodumene.

• paʻakai extracted ma ka pūlehu lākou i me ka lanahu lehu ma sila ipu hoʻoheheʻe a me koloriside electrolysis o ka mahele heheʻe i ka me ka hou o ke kalipuna. Ka papa hana mua o ka hapanui manawa-hoopauia'na.

• potasiuma loaa mahele heheʻe i ka electrolysis a me kona paʻakai, paʻakai ka ohu maalo ae la oia ma kona koloriside. Nō hoʻi ka mea, ua hanaʻia ma ka reacting i ka hoʻoheheʻeʻia potasiuma hydroxide a me ka wai paʻakai ma ka wela o ka 440 ° C.

• Cesium a me ka rubidium extracted ma ka hoihoi hou ana i kā lākou kalipuna koloriside ma 700-800 ° C ole zirconium ma 650 ° C. E hoomakaukau ai no ka mekala 'åkilikai metala ma keia aoao ka loa ikehu mālama nui a me ke kumu.

Nä mea ma waena o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a oka a

Ma rula, he maopopo ka palena ma waena o ke hooheheeia a me kā lākou mau oka aʻaneʻane ole-existent, mahope mai o ka loa maemae, na mea waiwai i ka hapa o ka impurities. No laila, i ka i ka likeʻole ma waena o lākou? Aneane pau na mea hiki ke hooheheeia hoʻohana ma ka hana, a me nā lālā o ka hoʻokele waiwai, e hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka palapala o ka oka a loaa mai ma ka pepa purposefully i ka papa kuhikuhiE Nine Inch hehee ai'ē aʻe eiiiiiaiou.

oka a

Technology Pono ka heʻano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea. Ma keia hihia, maemae Nine Inch hehee wale ka mea, e kokoke hoʻohana no ka mea, e ole i ka mea waiwai i kanaka. No kā lākou mau pono i invented mākou likeʻole ki ina hana like no ka hana oka a pau. Kēia kau pili i ka macroscopically homogenous mea, a he elua a oi Nine Inch hehee wale. Ma ke aha ka mea hao eiiiiiaiou i predominant i loko o ka oka a pau. Kēia waiwai i kona iho 'ole. Ma oka a maopopo i ka kēia eiiiiiaiou:

• ke kumu, oia no kekahi a oi ke hooheheeia;

• uuku lewa o modifying a alloying oihana mua;

• undeleted impurities (kaʻina, ma kona ano maoli, huikau).

I ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia oka a pau i ka papa kuhikuhiE mall mea. Ma enehana, eia oi ma mua o 5,000.

ano o ka oka a

I loko nō o kēiaʻano o ka oka a pau, ka hapanui kanaka pāʻani i waiwai no ka poe i i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka hao a me ka Aluminum. Ka mea, o ka mea nana i loa pinepine i loaʻa i loko o maʻamau o ke ola. Ano o ka oka a iʻokoʻa. A, ua māheleʻia ka mea, e like me kekahi mau ana hoʻohālike. No ka mea, ua nui na ano no ka hana oka a pau. E like me keia ana, ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o:

• oka a pau, a i loaa ma ka crystallization o ka mahele heheʻe i ka Blend eiiiiiaiou.

• he lepo lā, ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka mīkini'opihia o ka hui ana o me ka pauka, a me ka mahope sintering ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela. A pinepine eiiiiiaiou o na oka a pau i na mea Nine Inch oihana mua ole wale, akā, i ko lakou likeʻole i huiʻia e like me carbides o titanium a tungsten oka a pau i loko o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa. Ohui ia i loko o kekahi mea hoʻololi i ka waiwai o ka mea hao mea.

Nā Papahana no ka makaukau o ka oka a pau i loko o ka palapala o ka pau 'atikala a me ka workpiece ua kaawale i loko:

• e mahiki ana (silumin, hoolei hao);

• deformable (kila);

• ka pauka (titanium tungsten).

'ano o ka oka a

Nā Papahana no ka hana i eliiaʻi mea okoa, a pela ua hanaʻia mamuli iā ia i nā mea i waiwai. I ka paa ana oka a mea:

• homogenous (ʻaʻahu), e laʻa o nā pōaka o ka iaʻano. Ua pinepine haawiia i like hookahi-pae.

• Heterogeneous (heterogeneous), haawiia keia i like nunui-pae. A hiki aku ka mea i loaa i loko o ke kumu o ka oka a ua ia me ka paa pāʻoihana ('ōpū mai pae). Haku mele 'ana heterogeneous waiwai o kēia' ano hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka haku mele 'ana o kona Nine Inch hehee wale. Na oka a pau i loaʻa i ke kēia eiiiiiaiou: interstitial a substitutional paa pāʻoihana, Nine Inch i huiʻia (carbides, intermetallic i huiʻia, nitrides), crystallites o ka poe noonoo ole 'ona.

oka waiwai

Nānā 'ole o ka mea ki ina hana like o ka hana i eliiaʻi a me ka oka a pau i hoohana ia, kā lākou waiwai i pau ka manao ana o ke aniani' ole o nā kūlana a me microstructure o kēia mau mea. ʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia no ia. Ke macroscopic waiwai o ka oka a hilinaʻi ma luna o lākou microstructure. Ka mea, i loko o kekahi hihia kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia kā lākou pae 'ano e kaukaʻi wale n? I ke aniani' ole o ka mea. Macroscopic homogeneity o heterogeneous (multiphase) oka a pau i loaa mai ma kaʻaʻahu o ka makana o ke kūlana o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'ōpū mai.

Ka loa nui waiwai o ka oka a ua manaoia i ka weldability. I ole ia, ka mea i'ālike ke hooheheeia. Penei, o ka oka a i thermal a me ka uila conductivity, ductility a me ka reflectivity (gloss).

ʻano likeʻole oka a

Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'epekema no ka hana oka a ua ae kekahi kanaka e imi i ka nui helu o ka mea hao mea nona ka waiwai a me nā' ano. E like me ka mea a lākou e puʻunaueʻia i loko o ka kēia mau pūʻulu.

• mall (kila, duralumin, hao). Kēia hui kikowaena, oka a me ka kūikawā waiwai. Pela no ka mea, oko intrinsically palekana paha Anati-kū'ē waiwai. Mau nā ke keleawe a me ka keleawe.

• No ka hoʻopiha i nā nā mea pilihao (babbitt).

• No ka uila hahana maoli nō kēia a me ka ana pono (nichrome, manganin).

• No ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie o oki mea paahana (lanakila).

Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kanaka hoʻohana nāʻano o nā mea hao nā mea wela e like haʻahaʻa-heheʻe, wela-hoʻopale, ka popopo-hoʻopale a me ka amorphous oka a pau. Kekahi mau kaiāulu hoʻohana nā mākēneki a me thermoelectrics (teluridy selenide a me ka bismuth, kēpau, antimony a me na mea e ae).

ferroalloy

Kokoke a pau o ka smelted hao i loko o ke ao nei, ua kauoha ia a hiki i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka poe noonoo ole a me ka oka a steels. Ua ua i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka puaʻa hao. hao oka a loaa kona hiʻona aie i ka mea i lilo pono waiwai no kānaka. Ka mea, i loaa mai ma ka pepa i ka poe noonoo ole Nine Inch hehee ai o na eiiiiiaiou likeʻole. Penei, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i likeʻole hao oka a ua hanaʻia ma luna o ke kumu o ka hookahi waiwai, steels a me ka nou ana la o ka hao i kekahi mau waiwai. Manawa i keia mea, heʻokoʻa spheres o ka palapala noi. Ka hapanui o steels ka paʻakikī i ko hao. Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'epekema no ka hoomakaukau ana i kēia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia ae e loaa kekahi mau papa (papa) o kēia mau hao oka a pau.

Hou waiwai o na oka a

Ma alloying i eliiaʻi a me kekahi'ē aʻe hehee wale ke loaa lako me ka hoonui ae i ano. No ka laʻana, ka hua ikaika o ka maemae Aluminum He 35 MPa. I ka makaukau ana o ka metala oka a me ke keleawe (1.6%), Zn (5.6%), makanekiuma (2.5%) i ka 'inideka aku i 500 MPa.

Ma muli o ka hui likeʻole ka lākiō. O kekahi Nine Inch waiwai hiki ke loaa mea hao mea me ka hoonui ae iʻume mākenēki, thermal a pou waiwai. Ka papa kūlana i loko o kēia kaʻina hana o ka oka a me nā hale ia ho i ka puunaue ana o kona nā pōaka a me ka 'ano o nā mea paʻa ma waena o nā nā'ātoma.

Steel a me ka hao

Mau oka a i hua mai la ia e huiʻia o ka hao a me ka kalapona (2%). Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka oka a mea i hoʻohuiʻia ia ia i ka nikala, chromium, vanadium. A pau o ka mauʻano o ke kila ua maheleia i:

• haʻahaʻa kalapona (0.25% kalapona) hoʻohana no ka hana ana i kekahi mau? Ieoaeunoaa iauaeoia;

• kiʻekiʻe kalapona (oi ma mua o 0,55%) ua manao ia no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o oki mea paahana.

Kekahi mau lama o ka oka a steels i hoʻohana 'ia ma ma paʻi' enekinia, a me nā huahana.

ka oka a pau o ka hao me ka kalapona, i mea no ka pakeneka o 2-4% ua kapaia puaʻa hao. I ka haku mele 'ana o kēia mea kikowaena silikone. O ka mea likeʻole hoolei hao huahana ua maikai me mechanical waiwai.

Ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia

Aʻo kekahi hoʻi, e ka hao, a me nā kumu mua i hoʻohana e hana i kekahiʻano o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea. E like me ka hopena o ko lākou mau hui i 'ole-ferrous oka a pau. Ma ke ola, kanaka i loaʻa i ka nui noi mea ma luna o ke kumu o:

• keleawe melemele, keleawe kapa. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila 5-45% kiniki. Inā ka maʻiʻo mea 5-20%, i ke keleawe kapaʻulaʻula, a ina 20-36% - yellow. Aia i ke keleawe oka a me ka silikone, ke tina, beryllium, Aluminum. Ka mea, i kapaʻia bronzes. He nui na ano o kēia mau oka a pau.

• E alakaʻi ia ho i kaʻike mau solder (tretnik). Ma keia oka a pau, a hiki i 1 hapa o ka Nine Inch pripadaet 2 māhele tina. Ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o na nā mea pilihao hoʻohana babbitt a mea he oka a pau o ke kēpau, ke tina, arsenic a me ka antimony.

• Aluminum, titanium, makanekiuma a me ka beryllium, i mea Lightweight ole-ferrous oka a ua kiʻekiʻe ka ikaika a me ka nui loa nō me mechanical waiwai.

Nā Papahana no ka hoomakaukau

I ka papa kuhikuhiE ano o ka loaa ana i eliiaʻi a me ka oka a pau:

• foundry ma i ka solidification o ka homogeneous läÿau, he okoa hoʻoheheʻeʻia eiiiiiaiou. No ka oka a ka hoʻohana pyrometallurgical epekema no ka loaa ana a me ka electrometallurgical ke hooheheeia. Keʻano mua ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoʻa'ā i maka thermal ikehu kūpono i ka'ā kaʻina. Loaa mai ma ka pyrometallurgical kila i ka wehe-ipu ahi umu a me ka hao ma ka hoʻohanuʻana umu. I ka electrometallurgical kaʻina feedstock ua enaena, i loko o ka uila piʻo a hoʻokomo umu. Ma keia hihia, o ka maka nā rasslavlyaetsya loa koke.

• he lepo lā, ai ka me ka pauka, o kona eiiiiiaiou hoʻohana no ka hana i oka a pau. Ma muli o ia iā ia, e haawi aku i kekahi kinona, a laila, sintered ma kūikawā umu.