Kumuʻiʻo eiiieaena: e manaʻo ai, haku mele 'ana,' ole, 'ole, oihana, Mea Maluna a me ka characterization. He aha ka ke koena unuhi 'âina nā polokina mai ka luna'?

A luna 'kumuʻiʻo, koe nae ke kumuʻiʻo ke keʻena iho maupaʻa i nā pūʻulu o ka okoa maoli (prosthetic). E like me keia ke keʻena i na carbohydrates, lipids, i eliiaʻi, residues o phosphoric ʻakika, nukeleaʻakika. He aha ka ke koena unuhi 'âina nā polokina mai eiiieaen, ma ka ano o māheleʻia kēia mau waiwai, a me ka mea i ko lakou mau ano, keia' atikala e hai aku. Ka papa likeʻole ma waena o ka waiwai ma ka ninau - kā lākou haku mele 'ana.

Complex nā polokina: Definition

Kēia mau-ke keʻena mea, i nā hemahema hoi kumuʻiʻo (ʻakika'amino kaulahao) a me ka 'ole-proteinaceous mea (prosthetic pae). Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hydrolysis e hana i ka'amino nāʻakika, a me ka 'ole-kumuʻiʻo hapa o ka decomposition huahana. He aha ka ke koena unuhi 'âina nā polokina mai ka luna'? Ka mea mua oia wale no'amino nāʻakika.

Na Mea Maluna a me characterization o ka luna 'nā polokina

Mau waiwai e māheleʻia i loko o ke ano kaumaha ma muli o ke 'ano o nā pūʻulu. No ka eiiieaena nā polokina loaʻa:

• Glycoproteins - nā polokina, nā lātoma o i pihaʻi me ka carbohydrate moiety. I waena o ia mau proteoglycans (eiiiiiaiou intercellular makahiki), a me loko o kona 'ole mucopolysaccharides. No ka immunoglobulins mea glycoproteins.
• Lipoproteins hoʻohui pū i ka lipid ke keʻena. O nā apolipoproteins, ae hana i ka hana o ke kaulike ka lipid amo.
• Metalloproteins komo metala Ion (keleawe, manganese, hao, etc.), ua hoʻopili i kekahi mau pou-acceptor AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. 'Aʻole i loaʻa heme nā polokina ec profirinovogo ke komo lima o hui me ka hao, a me ka mea e like ma luna o ka' ole o ka hui (chlorophyll, i pakahi).
• Nucleoproteins - nā polokina me 'ole-covalent makaukau na kaula paa a me nukelea nāʻakika (DNA, RNA). Mau nā chromatin - ka ke keʻena o chromosomes.
• 5. Fosfoproteidy, i nā casein (luna 'kumuʻiʻo ka bata) nā covalently ua hoʻopili residues o phosphoricʻakika.

• Chromoproteins coloration e hoohui mai ia i ka prosthetic ke keʻena. Kēia papa nā heme nā polokina, chlorophylls a me flavoproteins.

Helehelena o glycoproteins a me proteoglycans

Mau nā polokina i luna 'waiwai. Proteoglycans iloko he nui hapa o carbohydrates (80-85%),ʻike mau glycoprotein maʻiʻo o 15-20%. Uronic nāʻakika i ike wale nō i loko o ka lātoma proteoglycans, carbohydrates oko i loko o lākou ka pololei 'ole hou' iniha, kapuaʻi. He aha ka ke 'ole a me ka hana o ka luna' nā polokina, glycoproteins? Lākou carbohydrate kaulahao nā 15 wale huahelu, a i ka 'ole' ole. Ke carbohydrate nā hale o nā glycoproteins kamaʻilio me ke kumuʻiʻo ke keʻena nō kāu mea Via'aminoʻakika residues e like me serine paha asparagine.

I ka mana o nā glycoproteins:

• He hapa o ka mea koʻohune halepaahao pa, iwi connective'aʻaʻa a me ka cartilage, collagen hoopuni ae i na olona, o ka elastin.
• Play he kūlana aiiay. No ka laʻana, ua 'ole i nā mea'aʻaʻa, interferons, koko clotting kumumea (prothrombin, fibrinogen).
• He receptors e pāʻani aku me ka effector - he uuku pili-kumuʻiʻo lātoma. Hope, e pili ana i ke kumuʻiʻo,ʻo ia ka loli i loko o kona conformation, i hiki aku ai i ka maopopo intracellular pane.
• Hana hormonal kuleana pili i. Ua pili ia i ka glycoprotein gonadotropin, thyroid-noho haumāna kahi hōmona a me ka adrenocorticotropic.
• Waiwai kaʻi aku i loko o ke koko a me ka Ion ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi (transferrin, transcortin, albumin, Na +, K + -ATPase).

Ma ka glycoprotein nā'ūhū nā cholinesterase a me ka nuclease.

More e pili ana i proteoglycans

Nō kāu proteoglycan eiiieaena kumuʻiʻo kikowaena i loko o kona 'ole nui carbohydrate kaula me ka hou disaccharide residues oia hoi o ka uronicʻakika a me ka aminosugar. Oligo- a polysaccharide kaulahao kapa glycans. Ka mua IeAUPIIe, IAa IO apo ia 2-10 lātoma naehana.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ole o ka carbohydrate kaulahao pee no kā lākouʻano, e laʻa me,ʻakika heteropolysaccharides me ka oiʻakika pūʻulu a me glycosaminoglycan i loaʻa ka'amino pūʻulu. Ka hope nā:

• Hyaluronicʻakika, i ua 'Imi ia i loko o nā mea hoʻonani.
• Heparin, a ua ālai 'koko clotting.
• Keratan sulufahate - eiiiiiaiou o cartilage a me ka cornea.
• Chondroitin sulfates i kekahi hapa o ka cartilage a me ka synovial loli.

Mau polymers - proteoglycan eiiiiiaiou e hoʻopiha i ka intercellular kahua, mālama i ka wai, lubricate i ka hoʻoneʻe māhele o na ami, ka mea, o ko lakou mall eiiiiiaiou. Hydrophilicity (maikai solubility i loko o ka wai) proteoglycans apono 'ia i loko o ka intercellular makahiki e hana i kekahi ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai i ka nui nā lātoma a me microorganisms. Me kā lākou kōkua e hana i kekahi gelled mua i loko i ka submerged olona, a me kekahi mau nā polokina, e like me collagen. Kona mau auka e paa ai i loko o proteoglycan 'ia i ka laau shape.

Helehelena a me nā ano o lipoproteins

Lipoprotein eiiieaena kumuʻiʻo i ka luawai'ōlelo pālua hydrophilic a me ka hydrophobic ano. Na kāna mau 'ōlelo lātoma (hydrophobic hapa) i hana i kekahi pili-Polar nā mea kemika o ka naʻokoko a me triacylglycerides.

Waho i loko o ka hydrophilic ciia hooponopono kumuʻiʻo kekahi hapa, phospholipids, naʻokoko. Aia i kekahi mauʻano likeʻole o nā lipoproteins nā polokina kaumaha ma muli o kā lākou 'ole.

Ka nui papa o lipoproteins:

• Ka Uluwehi O Ke kiʻekiʻe nuʻa kumuʻiʻo (HDL, α-lipoprotein). Kolo ana naʻokoko i ke ake a me kaʻike ākea nā'aʻaʻa.
• Low nuʻa (LDL, β-lipoproteins). Ma waho aʻeo ka naʻokoko ua kaʻi aku triacylglycerides a me phospholipids.
• Loa haʻahaʻa nuʻa (VLDL, mālama '-β-lipoprotein). Hana i kekahi kuleana pili i like i ka LDL.
• Chylomicrons (knm). 'Ohua' momoma nāʻakika a me ka naʻokoko mai o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi ma hope o meaʻaiʻai ana.

Vascular pathology e like me arteriosclerosis, hualoaʻa mai kūpono lākiō o keʻano o nā lipoproteins i loko o ke koko. By characterization o ka haku mele hiki ke hoikeia mai kekahi mau LIKE phospholipids kanu'ōiwi nā loli (mai HDL e chylomicron): hoemi i ka like ana o ke kumuʻiʻo (80 i ka 10%), a me nā phospholipids, triacylglycerides pakeneka māhuahua (20 e 90%).

Mawaena o ka nui nui nā'ūhū, metalloproteins

Metalloproteins i nā lau metala Ion. Lākou alo aku e loli ai i ka moe ana o ka kūpapakū i loko o ka hana (catalytic) kahua o ka'ūhū. Metal Ion i aia i loko o kaʻeleu paena, a paani nui i kūlana ma ka catalytic naoh. ion pinepine hana like ka huina'ine acceptor.

Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ke hooheheeia na i loko o ka 'ole o metalloproteins'ūhū:

• Ke keleawe ua hookomoia ma ka cytochrome oxidase, a, pu me heme he he ion o kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ke'ūhū komo i loko o ke kahua o ATP ma ka naehana kaula.
• Ka hao no nā'ūhū e like me ferritin, hao hanaʻia me ka waiho iho ai i hana i loko o ka halepaahao; transferrin - he lawe o ka hao i loko o ke koko; catalase naoh mea kuleana no ka neutralization o ka hydrogen peroxide.
• Kiniki -'ōlinolino, i mea ano no ka waiʻona komo i loko o ka'okesaside o ethanol a me ka like waiʻona mai ke kino; lactate dehydrogenase - he'ūhū i loko o ka pūnao o lacticʻakika; carbonic anhydrase a catalyzes ke kahua o carbonicʻakika mai CO ₂ a me H ₂ O; 'ākilikai phosphatase, hanaʻia hydrolytic cleavage o posapahate nā mea kemika a me nā hui; α2-macroglobulin - antiproteazny koko kumuʻiʻo.
• Selenium mea he hapa thyroperoxidase komo i loko o ke kahua o ka thyroid hormones; glutathione peroxidase, e hana me ka antioxidant kuleana pili i.
• Kalipuna He ano no ka 'ole o ka α-amylase - hydrolytic'ūhū cleavage pia.

phosphoprotein

I ka hapa o ka luna 'kumuʻiʻo phosphoprotein? No keia waeʻano wehewehe aku ma ke alo o ka posapahate pae, i ua ua hoʻopili i ka kumuʻiʻo moiety Via ka'aminoʻakika me ka hydroxyl pūʻulu (tyrosine, serine a threonine). Aha i phosphoricʻakika, oiai i loko o ka 'ole o ka kumuʻiʻo? Ua hoʻololi i ka hakakino 'ole, e haawi ana ia i ka' āhewa 'ana, maoli ka solubility, e loli ai i ka waiwai o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike nō ka phosphoprotein casein a me ka hua manu albumin ka waiū, akā,ʻano nui a hiki i ka waeʻano o ka luna 'nā polokina i nā'ūhū.

Posapahate pūʻulu Radio ooieoeiiaeuiiai kūlana nui i, e like me na mea he nui nā polokina pili me ia mea,ʻaʻole loa. Ma ka hīnaʻi manu a pau o ka manawa keʻano o ka hanaʻana a me ka phosphorylation dephosphorylation ana. E like me ka hopena, hooponopono ua lawe mai i loko o nā nā polokina. No ka laʻana, ina na histones - nā polokina ua hoʻopili i nukelea nāʻakika i loaa mai ma ka phosphorylated noho, alaila, o ka ha awina o ka genome (ka aaiaoe mea) maoli. By phosphorylation hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka ha awina o nā'ūhū e like me glycogen synthase a me ka glycogen phosphorylase.

nucleoprotein

Nucleoproteins - nā polokina ua hoʻopili i nukelea nāʻakika. Ka mea, e - he integral hapa o ka papaa a me ka rula o aaiaoe mea, i ka hana o ribosomes, ae hana i ka hana o ke kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Ka simplest ano o ka mea hoʻomaʻi ola hiki ke kapaia ribo- a me ka dezoksiribonukleoproteinami, ka mea iloko o ka aaiaoe mea a me nā polokina mai.

E like me ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o deoxyribonucleicʻakika (DNA) a me ka histone? I chromatin kaʻawale nā ʻano o nā polokina pili me DNA (histone a me ka 'ole-histone). Ka mua mua 'ole i loko o ka loiloi mua compaction o ka DNA. nukeleaʻakika lātoma, ua haika a puni nā polokina e lilo nucleosomes. Ka mea i hanaʻia ka pae Ua like ia me ka lei, e hana supercoiled 'ole (chromatin fibril) a me ka supercoil (genonema interphase). Ma ka hana o ka histone nā polokina a me nā polokina o kiekie pae ia 'oi aku i ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o DNA Ana na tausani o ka manawa. Ua, ke kala e hoohalike i ka nui o ka chromosome, a me ka nukeleaʻakika lōʻihi, e Loiloi i ka nui o nā polokina (6-9 knm a me 6,10 microns, niioaaonoaaiii).

He aha nā chromoproteins

Chromoproteins komo loa nā pūʻulu i i hui wale e kekahi mea - i ke alo o ke ano i loko o ka prosthetic ke keʻena. Complex nā polokina ma keia waeʻano e māheleʻia i loko o: hemoproteins (no heme 'ole) retinalproteiny (wikamina A), flavoproteins (wikamina B2), kobamidproteiny (wikamina B12).

Hemoproteins hoʻolaha e like me kaʻoihana ma luna o ka pili enzymatic (mioglobinovy hemoglobin a me ka kumuʻiʻo) a me nā'ūhū (cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases).

Flavoproteins pihaʻi me prosthetic ke keʻena nā mea loaʻa o ka wikamina B2, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) ole flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). i kēia mau nā'ūhū ka pae'āina ma redox loli '. Kēia nā oxidoreductases.

He aha ka cytochromes?

E like me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, ka mea, he o ka heme porphyrin. Kona 'ole ninoieo o ka eha pyrrole apo, a me ka divalent hao. A kūikawā pūʻulu o ka heme nā'ūhū - cytochromes, pu ole, ma ka'aminoʻakika haku mele 'ana, a me ka helu o kaʻakika'amino kaulahao, hana kūikawā i lawe mai i ka redox naoh, ma muli o ia i ua hoakaka ia ma ka huina'ine hoolilo i loko o ka naehana kaulahao. Mau nā'ūhū i komo i loko o ka microsomal'okesaside - loiloi mua reactions o xenobiotic biotransformation, e alakai ana i kā lākouʻae a me ka pūnao ana o na mea he nui endogenous a me ka exogenous waiwai, e like me steroid, paʻa kūhohonu loa momoma nāʻakika.

Kanawai prosthetic pūʻulu

Prosthetic pūʻulu, i mea he hapa o ka luna 'kumuʻiʻo e loli ai kona waiwai: hoʻololi kona malama, solubility, thermoplasticity. No ka laʻana, ka mea i hana i ka phosphoricʻakika residues paha monosaccharides. Ke carbohydrate kuleana i komo i loko o ka luna 'o ke kumuʻiʻo, mālama ia mai proteolysis (luku ma ka hydrolysis) e loli ai i ka anal o nā lātoma ma ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi, kā lākou secretion a me ka hoʻokaʻina'. Ke lipid moiety e leie aku ka kumuʻiʻo e hana kaha no ka amo ana o poorly wai wailana (hydrophobic) i huiʻia.

Ke 'ole a me ka hana o ka luna' nā polokina e ihola ia e kaukaʻi ma ka prosthetic pūʻulu. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana 'hao-i loaʻa ka heme i loko o ka hemoglobin oxygen ma ka paa ia lŘlŘ a me ka o carbon dioxide. Manawa nucleoproteins i hanaʻia ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o histones, protamines me ka DNA a RNA mākaukau kaua paha ma hoʻomalu aaiaoe mea, kona olelo hoopomaikai pūnaewele, i ke kaʻina hana o ka paa ana o RNA ma kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Nucleoproteins i kapaia ka pilina paʻa pono o nā polokina, a nukelea nāʻakika.

ka hopena

Penei, eiiieaena nā polokina i he nuiʻano o ka hana i loko o ke kino. No laila, i ka hokii o macro- a me micronutrients no laila, nui no ka ola. Ke hooheheeia, he hapa o na mea he nui nā'ūhū. Ike i ka biochemistry, ka oi aku i ke ola kino a me ka? Aneie kūlana o ka noho ai, e hiki hoʻomaʻa i keʻano o kona mau mana. No ka laʻana, ka mea noho kaʻawale ?? eoi? Ee, wehewehe aku ma deficiency o ka hehee ai. Kona hou komo i loko o kaʻai i loko o ka palapala o ka mea hoʻonui e leie aku compensate no ka deficiency.