Naehana kaula: ooieoeiiaeuiuo nā'ūhū

All biochemical reactions ma na keena o kekahi meaola ana me ka ikehu dala. Naehana kaula - i ke kaʻina hana i ho'ākāka 'nā hale i i aia ma luna o ka pāʻili lahilahi o mitochondria, a hookauwa aku no ka ho okumu ana o ATP. Adenosine mea he versatile kahi o ka ikaika, a hiki loaa i ka 80 a hiki i 120 kJ.

Naehana huina'ine kaula - He aha ka mea?

Electrons a me protons paani nui i kūlana ma ka ikehu hoʻonaʻauao. Ka mea hana i kekahi anakahi uila oko ao ma ke alo o aoao o kaʻili lahilahi o ka mitochondria e paha ke he kuhikuhi ka noi o na (particles) -ʻikena. Naehana kaula (ia a pela aku, huina'ine amo lei) mea he uwao ma ka hoololiia ana o ka ikaika i hoopiiia (particles) i loko o ka intermembrane makahiki, a negatively kauoha (particles) i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka pāʻili lahilahi o mitochondria.

Ka papa kūlana ma ke kahua o ka ikehu e pili ana i ka ATP-synthase. Kēia luna 'kau o ka ikehu alters i ka olelo o ka proton noi i loko o ka biochemical ikehu ano laulea. Ma ke ala, Ua kokoke'ālike i ka luna 'ua aia i loko o ka chloroplasts o ka mea kanu.

A me nā pono a pau o o ka naehana kaula nā'ūhū

Huina'ine hoolilo ua pu ma biochemical reactions ma ke alo o ka'ūhū nenoaiu. Mau biologically hana waiwai, na kope he nui o ka i kuahene nui eiiieaen hale, e hookauwa aku me intermediaries ma ka hoolilo ana o electrons.

Pono a pau o o ka naehana kaula - i Central eiiiiiaiou o ka amo ana o hoopiiia (particles). Total i loko o ka pā mitochondrialʻili lahilahi 4 ma o ka ho okumu, e like me ATP synthase. A pau i kēia mau hale a kaʻana like i ka hoʻomaopopo like pahuhopu - hoʻi i wahīʻia a pela aku huina'ine hoolilo o ka hydrogen protons i loko o ka intermembrane makahiki, a, me ia i kaʻilihune, ka hoʻololi kemikala o ATP.

Ka luna 'o ka lālā o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma, i waena a ma laila nō nā'ūhū, mall a me ka hōʻikeʻana nā polokina. Kēlā me kēia no ka 4 eiiieaenu hooko ana kona wale i kona ano, kuleana pili i. E kaʻike a hana i loko o ka a pela aku haawi aku i kēia mau hale.

I eiiieaena

I ka hoolilo ana o electrons ma ke Keena Kalaiaina o ka papa kūlana mitochondrialʻili lahilahi Ua pâʻani 'o ia ma ka naehana kaula. Hoʻopau naoh o ka hydrogen protons a me electrons pu ia - kekahi o na kumu nui reactions a pela aku A mua kau o ka amo kaula kuhi lātoma o NAD * H + (i loko o na holoholona) ole NADP * H + (kanu), ukali ma cleavage o ka hydrogen protons eha. Maoli, ma muli o ia keia luna 'biochemical naoh au ua i kapaia NADH - dehydrogenase (inoa kikowaena'ūhū).

Ka haku mele 'ana dehydrogenase luna' hao-luaipele nā polokina nā 3 ano, a me ka flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

II eiiieaena

Hana o keia luna 'aʻole pū i ka hoololiia ana o ka hydrogen protons i loko o ka intermembrane makahiki. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o keia 'ole mea e lawa hou electrons i ka huina'ine amo kaula ma ka mea o ka succinate'okesaside. Central'ūhū eiiieaena - succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a catalyzes ka cleavage o electrons mai succinicʻakika a me ka hoolilo i ka ubiquinone mea lipophilic.

Wale mai ana o ka hydrogen protons a me electrons i ka lua o ka luna 'mea i FAD * H _2. Eia naʻe, flavin adenine dinucleotide ka hoʻokōʻana emi ma mua ia o kona analogues - NAD a NADP * H * H.

Ka haku mele 'II ninoieo o ekolu ano o ka luna' hao-luaipele nā polokina, a kikowaena oxidoreductase'ūhū succinate.

III eiiieaena

I kekahi ke keʻena o ka mooolelo, a pela aku oia o ka cytochrome b. ₅₅₆ e _560, a pela aku _1, e like me ka hao-ka sulfur kumuʻiʻo'Ākena. Hana o ke kolu o kau ua pili me ka hoolilo ana i mau hydrogen protons ma ka intermembrane makahiki, a me electrons mai ka lipophilic ubiquinone e cytochrome C.

'Ākena hiʻona o ka kumuʻiʻo mea i ka mea, hoike mai ma ka momona. Other nā polokina o keia pae i halawai ana ma na pono a pau o o ka naehana kaula, ka wai-wailana. Kēia hiʻona e loli ai i ka kulana o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka pahale mitochondrialʻili lahilahi.

Ke kolu o kauʻia o nā hana like ubiquinone-cytochrome l oxidoreductase.

eiiieaena IV

He cytochrome-oxidant eiiieaena ia mea i ka mākaʻikaʻi hope i loko o ka a pela aku Kona 'oihana ka mea, e hoolilo electrons mai cytochrome pela aku no ka ka oxygen nā'ātoma. A laila negatively papa mai O nā'ātoma e pane koke me ka hydrogen protons e lilo ka wai. Na ka papa kuhikuhiE'ūhū - cytochrome pela aku oxidoreductase ka oxygen.

Ka 'ole o ka ha o ka luna' ka loaʻa o cytochrome kekahi, he _3, a mau ke keleawe nā'ātoma. Ke kikowaena kūlana ma ka hoolilo ana o electrons e o oxygen hele cytochrome he _3. Ke AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o kēia mau hale a ua uhi pū naikokene cyanide a me ka kalapona monoxide, i loko o ka global pono, e hele aku ai i ka hoopau ana o ATP hoʻololi kemikala a me ka luku aku.

ubiquinone

Ubiquinone - he wikamina-me waiwai, he lipophilic hui, i kolo ana wiwo ole i loko o ka mānoanoa o kaʻili lahilahi. mitochondrial naehana kaula hiki ole ke hana me keia 'ole,' o ia hoʻi, ke k. He kuleana no ka huina'ine amo mai na pono a pau o au a me II e eiiieaena III.

Ubiquinone mea he benzoquinone derivative. Kēia 'ole paha e haawi ia ia i ka manaʻo Q leta a abbreviated Ln (lipophilic ubiquinone). Ke'okesaside o ka lātoma hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka semiquinone - he ikaika oxidizer, i mea palena papaha pilikia no ka halepaahao.

ATP synthase

Ka papa kūlana ma ke kahua o ka ikehu e pili ana i ka ATP-synthase. Kēia 'ole hoʻohana gribopodobnaya ikehu kuhikuhi noi o (particles) (protons) e hoohuli ia i loko o Nine Inch ikehu.

Ke kumu o kaʻina e ia lŘlŘ ma ka a pela aku - ka'okesaside. Ke naehana kaula He kuleana no ka huina'ine amo i loko o kaʻili lahilahi mitochondrial pūhaka a me kā lākou hoʻomāhuahua i loko o ka'ōpū mai. Ka poʻe, na pono a pau o o I, III a me IV ua EII ni hydrogen protons ma ka intermembrane makahiki. kauoha likeʻole ma luna o nāʻaoʻao o kaʻili lahilahi hele aku ai i directional neʻe o protons ma ka ATP synthase. No ka H + komo i ka mua, i halawai electrons (mea i pili me ka oxygen), e hana i kekahi'ākilikai nā waiwai no ka halepaahao - wai.

ATP synthase F0 ninoieo o a me ka F1 subunits i kahi hookahi, nāna i hana i ka mīkini ala hele lātoma. F1 ninoieo o ekolu ekolu Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua subunits, i kahi hookahi hana o ka moana. Kēia Kanal i like ka ia anawaena, a i ka hydrogen protons. Me ka hooholo ia ana o ikaika i hoopiiia (particles) ma ka ATP synthase poʻo F ₀ nā lātoma, ua haika ka 360 degere puni kona iho (axis). Iloko o keia manawa, a hiki i AMP ole ADP (adenozinmono- a me ka diphosphate) e i pili posapahate koena me ke kiʻekiʻe-ikehu paa ana, a hoopuni ae i ka nui nui o ka ikaika.

i loaʻa ATP synthase i loko o ke kino paha,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o ka mitochondria. I mea kanu, i kēia mau pono a pau o ka mea, no hoi aia ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi o na vacuoles (tonoplast), e like me ka chloroplast thylakoids.

Nō hoʻi ma ka holoholona keena, a kanu ATPases ka nanaia mai. Ka mea, i ka like 'ole e like me ia o ka ATP synthase, akā, kā lākou hana ua kuhikuhi ma ka hoʻopau o ka posapahate residues a hiki i ka hoolilo ana o ka ikaika.

Ke liluwelo ano o ka naehana kaula

Mua, o ka hopena huahana a pela aku reactions o ka ai-kapaia metabolic wai (300-400 ml no ka lā). Ka lua, o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ATP a me ka ikehu waho pūnaewele i loko o biochemical paa ana o ka lātoma. Ma ka lā 40-60 kg adenosine ua synthesized, a me ka mea ia ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o enzymatic reactions keena. Ke ola o kekahi lātoma o ATP mea 1 minuke, no laila, i ka ÷ naehana hanu kaula pono hana smoothly, pololei, a me ka hewa. I ole ia, o ka halepaahao, e make.

Mitochondria i manaoia-AYN o kekahi halepaahao. Lākou helu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka ikehu i ka i koi 'ia no kekahi mau hana. No ka laʻana, hiki ke helu i neurons i 1000 mitochondria a pinepine i hana i ka huhui waina a lākou i loko o ka synaptic no laila,-kapa plaque.

Nä mea ma waena o ka naehana kaula i ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona

I mea kanu, he hou "mana kanu" o ka halepaahao mea he chloroplast. Ma ka pāʻili lahilahi o kēia mau organelles mea i loaʻa ATP synthase, a me keia mea he lanakila maluna iho o ka holoholona keena.

Kekahi mea kanu e ola mahope aku o ka kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like o ka kalapona monoxide, naikokene a me ka cyanide ma muli o ka cyanide-hoʻopale ala i loko o ka a pela aku Naehana kaulahao, ke'ōlelo mai na welau ma ubiquinone, mai a electrons i pololei laila 'ana i ka ka oxygen nā'ātoma. E like me ka hopena, emi ATP ua synthesized, nae, o ka mea kanu ke ola adverse ana. Animals i loko o ia hihia, hooloihi ae i waiū e make.

Mākou ke hoohalike i ke ka hoʻokōʻana o NAD, FAD a me ka cyanide-hoʻopale ala ma ka ATP anakahi ho okumu ka wā Ka hali '1 huina'ine.

• me ka NAD ole NADP i hanaʻia e nā lātoma 3 o ATP;
• FAD ua hanaʻia me nā nā lātoma o ATP;
• o ka cyanide 'ano apau loa 1 mea hānai alanui ATP lātoma.

Evolutionary manaʻo nui o ka a pela aku

No ka mea, a pau eukaryotic meaola, he nui kahi o ka ikaika o ka naehana kaula. Biochemistry ATP hoʻololi kemikala i loko o ka halepaahao ua maheleia i mau hoailona ia mea, kūpapakū phosphorylation a me ka oxidative phosphorylation. A pela aku ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka lua o ka' ano o ka ikehu, oa. E. No ke redox reactions.

Ma prokaryotic meaola ATP i hanaʻia wale nō i loko o kūpapakū phosphorylation ma ka glycolysis ke kahua. Eono-kalapona pulapula o ke (kaʻoi loa monakō koko) komo i loko o ka naoh kalapona, a me ka auoiaea aeea loaa mau nā lātoma o ATP. Kēiaʻano o ka ikehu ua manaoia e ia i ka loa primitive hoʻololi kemikala, oa. K. Eukaryotes ma oxidative phosphorylation hana 36 ATP nā lātoma.

Naʻe, i kēia aʻole i manaʻo 'ia i kēia lā i ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona i nalowale i ka hiki e kūpapakū phosphorylation. Wale no i kēiaʻano o ATP hoʻololi kemikala i ka wale kekahi o na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ekolu o ka ikehu? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka halepaahao.

Glycolysis ma eukaryotes e wahi i loko o ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao. Aia nō i ka pono nā'ūhū i hiki pili monakō koko i nā nā lātoma o ka pyruvicʻakika , e lilo 2 nā lātoma o ATP. A pau mahope mauʻanuʻu lawe wahi i loko o ka'ōpū mai mitochondrial. Krebs kalapona a me ka tricarboxylicʻakika kalapona, e like me ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka mitochondria. Ua paa hou mai la ke kaula gula reactions like me ka hopena o i synthesize NAD a me FAD * H * h2. Mau nā lātoma e hoʻohana, e like me ka consumable ma etc.