Nikolai Maclay: pōkole Kawaihae

"E huli i ka mua ... mākou i maopopo i kanaka ma na wahi a ke kanaka" - kēia mau'ōlelo a L. N. Tolstoy koke ae kakau i ka mea opiopio nä känaka 'epekema Nikolai Maclay Miklouho-. Ke Kawaihae o kēia kaulana hele ka ai hoihoi ', i ka heluhelu i loko o hoʻokahi hanu. He mea känalua 'ka mea, ua pinepine kono i ke alo alii, no laila ia i hai aku i ka imperial ohana o kona ola i waena o na aborigines o New Guinea.

Maclay: A Kawaihae (ka 'ohana a me ka noho' ana kamaliʻi)

I ka wā e hiki mai kaulana hele a me ka ethnographer i hanau July 17, 1846 ma ka kauhale o ka'ōlelo Novgorod'āina a pau, i loko o ke aliʻi ohana. Over ka aʻeʻumi makahikiʻo ia, a me kona makuwahine, na hoahanau a me na kaikuahine pinepine hoʻoneʻe mai wahi i ka wahi, ka hahai i kona makua kāne, ka mea i he alahao lunaʻenehana. I ka pau ana o ka 1856, ua hoonohoia ke poo o ka ohana poʻo o ke kūkulu o Vyborg kuamoo. Ma ka manawa ma Rotehama Maclay Sr. ua mua seriously maʻi me ka tuberculosis, akā, hu mai ko lakou kau e hana ma luna o ka hou 'oihana. Kēia hope shattered i kona ola kino, a make iho la ia i ka makahiki ma hopeʻo ia i ka makahiki o ka 41 makahiki.

Mai ka ohana makauliʻi i ua hoʻopuka kālā i loko o equities, a me ka wahine kāne make i ka poe e ola ana ma ka unuhi i ka palapala,ʻo ia ua hiki ke haawi aku i nā keiki i ka kohu kūpono ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka leo kono i na kumu a hiki i ka hale. Oia i hoolimalima ia no kekahi kumu nō i weheia Nikolai noʻeau akamai.

Study i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe

Nikolai Maclay, nona Kawaihae Ua piha ka hoihoi 'hanana, i ka makahiki 1858, pu me kona hānau mua Sergei i aponoia ma ka kolu o ka papa' o ke kula "Annenschule". Soon, nae, na keiki noi aku i kona makuahine, e unuhi 'ia i loko o ka breech gymnasium. E hana i kēia, i ka wahinekanemake waiho i ka palapala hoopii no ka noi komo 'ana i nā keiki kāne a ke aliʻi, ma ka like me ke ano o kona hopena o ke kane, e haawi aku e like me ka pono.

Mahele Petersburg High School Nikolay Mikluha aʻo nui ino a me ka pinepine truant. E like me ka hopena, ia mea me ka pilikia nui ma, la oia i hoolilo i ka Papa 5.

I kona makahiki 15, ma ka haumāna h ÷ ike i hopu Nikolai, a me a me nā schoolboys a me kona kaikaina Sergei hoopaaia ma ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ma hope o kekahi mau lā o nā pōkiʻi, e like me ke Komisina o ninau noʻonoʻo i ka mea, i ua e kali ana ma ke kuhihewa.

Këia ma ke Kulanui

I ke kauwela o 1863, Nikolai haʻalele i ka gymnasium. He hoike i ka makemake e komo i ka Academy o Arts, akā, ua hiki ke kamaʻilio aku ia ia mai o kona makuwahine.

Ma September 1863 hui i kekahi kanaka'ōpiopio, i ka hana manawaleʻa ma Moscow University o ke kālaikūlohea a Balanced o ka mea ua hiki e like me ka palapala, e hoʻopau i ka gymnasium papa. Aiaʻo ia i hana ikaika maoli sciences, me physiology.

Ma kulanui 'ohi' ia, e paa ana ia i ka 1864, ma Rotehama ho'āʻo e hoopaa i ka hale o kona classmate ma ka gymnasium Sufschinskogo. Ka mea, i e kali ana ma ka hooponopono, a me ke keiki banned mai ka hele papa.

Once ka mea, ua hoʻomaka iholaʻo Rotehama makemake ole e hiki ke loaa ka hoʻonaʻauao kiʻekiʻe i loko o Rusia i, ka makuwahine hooholo, e hoouna aku i ke keiki, e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina'āina'ē i loko o Germany. Ma hope o ka lōʻihi ordeal, i ke kanaka opiopio e hoʻokele e kiʻi i ka palapala holo'āina'ē, a hele i waho ma April 1864.

Life ma Germany

Nikolai Maclay (Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema pinepine like i ka Soviet au hou) ma hope o ka noi komo' ana i ke Kulanui o Heidelberg i komo i loko o pili hoopaapaa ma waena o laila i ka Lūkini kulanui haumāna pili me kekahi mau manao ma ka Polish uprising. Kona makuahine i ho'āʻo ana e koi aku i kana keiki e noho aku ai, mai kālai'āina, a lilo i lunaʻenehana maikai. Kue i ka makemake o kona wā'ōpiopio, a me nā haʻi'ōlelo ma makemakika, hoomaka ae la oia e hele ana i papa i loko o ka lawelawe haʻawina.

I ke kauwela o 1865, Nikolai Maclay Neʻe i (Kawaihae ana o kekahi kanaka ui, i ike pono lawa), i ke Kulanui o Leipzig. Aia, ka mea hui ke kumu kula, kahi aʻo man- akia ma ke kahua o ka mahiai a me ka eanie?.

e hoolohe ana i ka mea 4th makahiki ma hope, hele aku la ia i Jena, a hui i ka'Āuna Kumu o Medicine, kahi āna i aʻo no 3 makahiki.

Ka huakaʻi i ke Canary Islands

Ma ke kupulau o 1866 'epekema ka luna hoʻokele o Nikolai E. Haeckel ia i manao e kipa Sicily me ka manao o këia na? Aaoa o ke Kaiwaenahonua, a kono aku la ia ia e hele aku e ike i kona punahele haumāna a me ka hoalawehana. Ke kaua puʻe wale akula kēlā iā lākou e hoʻololi i ke ala, a me ke kanaka opiopio i maʻEnelani, ma ia halawai ai me ia Darwin ia iho. A laila, i ka i komo o ka huakaʻi holo a hiki i Madeira, a laila, ma luna o ka mokupuni o Tenerife i Santa Cruz.

Ke kūloko kanaka i laweʻepekema no kupua. Ma ka pau 'ana o ka pūʻulu o nā kānakaʻepekema, a komo pū me Maclay, hiki Morocco. Aia, Nikolai ua e noiʻi i ke ola o ka Berbers, a hoi aku la i Jena ma May 1867.

ʻepekema hana

Ma Jena NN Maclay (Kawaihae ma ka wa opiopio hooku iho la ia ma luna) ua hou Haeckel hoalawehana. I ke kauwela o 1867, oia paʻi i kona mua 'epekema' atikala ma ka "Pai o Jena lāʻau, a me nā sciences maoli." Ua Ua kakauinoa ia "Maclay".

A makahiki ma hope, i ke kanaka opiopio puka 'o ia mai ka Lapaʻau o'āuna kumu o ke Kulanui o Jena, a ua' Imi komo i loko o 'epekema hana. I kekahi o kona mau 'atikala, aole ia i waiho aku i ke kuhiakau i evolution mea he differentiation, oa. E. ke hoʻololi mai i ka palapala ano o ka meaola i ka i kālā ola, akā,ʻaʻole pono i ka lani kiekie loa.

Ka huakaʻi i Italia, a me ka Kaiula

Ma hope iho o ka holo pono o ka lehulehu a ho'āʻo paha e lilo i lâlâ o ka Polar huakaʻi Maclay (Kawaihae o na makahiki hope o kona olaʻana e hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo nei) hele i Sicily me zoologist Anton Dohrn-Darwinist.

Ma Italia, i ka wā e hiki mai kaulanaʻImi Loa aʻo o ka pau 'ana o ke kūkulu o ka Suez Canal , a hoʻoholoʻia e noiʻi i nā aaoa o ke Kaiula.

Ma hope iho o ka makaikai ana i Aigupita, kahi ana i hoolilo i ka nui o ka noiʻi, ke nä känaka 'epekema hele aku i Rusia, kahi āna i hiki ma ke kauwela o 1869.

Hoomakaukau no ka mea mua huakaʻi i New Guinea

ʻalo me ka poe hoahanau, ka poe i ia manawa noho ma Saratov, Nikolai Maclay (Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema i hope unuhi i loko o kekahi mau' ōlelo ') au i hele ai i ke kapikala a me ka olelo ma kekahi mau akeakamai o kaʻaha kūkā. Soon,ʻo ia i hoolohe mai i loko o ka poʻe kaua o ka Lūkini Kuʻe Huli Society, a i aponoia i ka hei ana o ka huakaʻi aʻo ia i hoʻouna 'ia ma luna o ka Moana Pākīpika.

May 21, 1870 i ke Kuhina o ko Hawaii Crabbe mai la ka lawe ana i aeia mai ai e haawi aku i ka lani kiekie loa Maclay ma Batavia ma ka corvette "Vityaz".

Maclay Nikolai: he manawa pōkole Kawaihae o ka wā o ke ola ma luna o nā mokupuni ma o ka Moana Pākīpika

Hele ana o ka "Vityaz" Ua paʻa November 8, 1870. Ma Brazil, Maclay oiai kipa i ka kūloko haukapila, a ua komo ma ka nana Naʻau o nā sexes.

July 21, "Ka Naita" hiki i loko o Tahiti. Ma ka mokupuni Maclay kuaiʻulaʻula Kaliko, paipu, kōmi 'ana, ke Kopa, a loaa i ka waiwai hoʻokupu mai Jossan Bishop.

A laila, i ka hele, hele i Apia, ma hoʻolimalima mau kauwā: he poʻe luina Kelemania e mai Kuekene Olsen, a me ka poe hou kamaaina o Klitschko. Mau mahina ma hope, i nä känaka 'epekema a me kona mau kānaka kōkua hiki i ka mākaʻikaʻi hope loa o ko lākou heleʻana. pae Maclay (pōkole Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema e like ka hoike ia puke) me kona mau kānaka kōkua a kipa i ke kauhale. A pau i nā kupa i ai i kona mau kuʻekuʻe akā, Papuan o Tui ka mea i loko o ka wā e hiki mai lilo i ka intermediary ma waena o na lala o ka huakaʻi, a me nā kamaaina.

Ma ka mahina mua o na kamaaina lapaau ana i ka malihini, warily, akā, i loko o ka makahiki 1872 Maclay (pōkole Kawaihae hiki ole haawi aku i ka piha kiʻi o kona ola ana, piha o ka hoike ia) i aponoia e ia me ka hoa.

Explore i ka wahi i hele kapa i kona inoa. No laila, ma luna o ka honua palapala ikea Coast Maclay.

Ka lua o ka huakaʻi i New Guinea

December 24 ma luna o ka moku "Emerald" i nä känaka 'epekema haʻalele New Guinea. Ma hope o kekahi wā, ua hele mai i Hong Kong, kahi āna i aʻo e pili ana i'Āhewa ia ia e kaena kanaka noiʻi Papuans. Ma hope o huakaʻi i Batavia Maclay hele aku la ma ka lua o ka huakaʻi a hiki i ka Papuans a pae ma Ambon, January 2, 1874. Aia, hoomaka ae la oia e kaua aku me slavers.

Ma May 1875 ke nä känaka 'epekema kakau laua i palapala no Emperor Alexander II me ke noi e lawe ma lalo o ka malu o na aborigines o New Guinea, a loaa i ka io me kēia pane.

Ma hope o Noho 17 mahina ma luna o ka mokupuni, Maclay hele i Australia. Aia Miklouho- Maclay e hoʻokele i ka ukupanee i ka kūloko Aupuni papahana hui liluwelo ku ma ka Bay Watsons Bay. No ka mea, ua i hiki ke ohi i na koi dala, hookahi manawa hou aku la i ke nä känaka 'epekema i ke kūkulu hema moana.

i Melanesia

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1880, i ka hele pae ma luna o ka pae'āina Louisiade, akā, he ano, he kuni, a ia kupaianaha iaʻi hoopakele e mikionali i aku la ia ia i Brisbane. A makahiki ma hope Maclay hoi aku i Sydney, a poai puni i ka Hawaii liluwelo Station.

Eia naʻe, hana iho la oia i kona kupono, e pale aku i ka heluna o New Guinea. Ma kekahi, i kona piʻiʻana hoolaia, mai ka luku ana o Kupa Maoli kulanakauhale, kokoke i ekolu misionari i make.

A hoʻi hou aʻela ia Rusia, a me ka holo ana a hiki i Europa

Sydney Maclay (pōkole Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema, aole ia i apo ia i kekahi' ike e pili ana i kona fleeting Romance) halawai me ka wahine kāne make Margaret Robertson Clark - ke kaikamahine o ka nui koloniala poʻe kauwā, a me ka mea ana i pepehi aku i kekahi Awaits. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia iā ia i ke kaikamahine, e haʻalele a hoʻi i Rusia, i kona wahi i hiki i loko o January 1882. Aia ia i kali me keʻano hakanū, a me kona mau haʻi'ōlelo ua i ka pomaikai nui. Eia hou, Ua hōʻike mai iā ia i ka hele i Alexander III, ka mea i kona kālā pilikia noho ai.

deteriorating ola alakai Maclay, e hele no ka hana maikaʻi i loko oʻEulopa. Iloko o ka huakaʻi,ʻo ia loaa i ka palapala mai Margaret Clark, ma, kapa iho la ae ana i ka mare ana me ke nä känaka 'epekema. Eia naʻe, ma mua o hele i ka punahele, i nä känaka 'epekema no ke kolu o ka manawa kipa New Guinea. Aia ua kuhi hewa oia, e like me na mea he nui o kona mau hoa make Papuans. Maclay pae ma Bong horticultural ulu - mangoes, ulu, alani, lemi a me ke kope mohihi. Eia naʻe, hoʻowahāwahā noi mai ka Papuans, malaila ia i haalele ia mau mea, e olelo no hoʻi.

mare

June 10, 1883 ma Rotehama Maclay hoi aku i Sydney, a me'alapa kūlaʻi na pilikia pili i ka hopena o ka mare ana ma waena o na la, a me ka Kalawina Clark. February 27, 1884 ka mea i mareia, a me kā lākou mau mua-hanau i hānau i loko o November - ke keiki a Alexander.

E hoʻi iā Rusia, a me ka make

Ma hope o ka loaa ana i ka mea no ke kala o ka hale liluwelo Station Maclay manao, e hoʻi i kona'āina, a hiki ma Odessa ma ka hapalua like-pūnāwai 1886. Ke Lūkiniʻepekema Ua ho'āʻo e lawe mai i ka hoʻolālā o ka papahana resettlement panalāʻau ma ka Maclay Coast, akā, i kona mau manao, hele awry.

I ka makahiki 1887, ka mea kaulana hele ka ola deteriorated. I loko nō o kēia,ʻo ia e hoʻokele e lawe mai i kaʻohana i loko o Rusia. Naʻe, i ka maʻi (e like me ka mea huli mai i ka maʻi 'aʻai), holo, a ma April 1988 Rotehama Maclay (pōkole Kawaihae no oe i ike ai mamua) make.

hoʻolewa

I ka hele ana hope i ka hele i hoʻohala ai na mea he nui koʻikoʻiʻepekema o ka manawa a me nā lālā o ka Lūkini Kuʻe Huli Society. Maclay Ua kanuʻiaʻo ia ma ka ilina Volkov aʻe i kona makua kāne, a me kona kaikuwahine Olga.

Ano, ia oe i ka mea nana ka Maclay Nikolai. Pōkole Kawaihae o ke kanaka, a hiki ma ka'opihia palapala i ka hailona o nā 'aoʻao, e like me ia i noho ai i kona ola, i incredibly waiwai i hoike ia.