Nitrifying koʻohune. Meaning o nitrifying koʻohune

Byʻano o kaʻai a pau ike ola meaola e māheleʻia i loko o nā nui ano: heterosexual a me autotrophs. A kiʻiona hiʻona o ka hope o ko lakou hiki i ka pakiko-? Ieoaeunoai o hou oihana mua o ke kalapona'okikene lua a me nā 'okanikaʻole waiwai.

Ikehu kumu e kākoʻo lākou e pōʻino oihana, i kā lākou mau papa i loko o fotoaftotrofy (kumu - malamalama) a me chemoautotrophs (kumu - mea pōhaku waiwai). A ke kaumaha ma muli o ka inoa o ka kūpapakū, i ua oxidized hemoavtortofy, ka mea, ua mahele ia i loko o hydrogen a me ka nitrifying koʻohune, e like me ka luaipele a me ka hao koʻohune.

He 'atikala e kālele ana ma luna o ka loa a pau mawaena o lakou, i kekahi pūʻulu - nitrofitsiruyuschim koʻohune.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

Back i loko o ka hapalua like-19th kenekulia ma Kelemāniaʻepekema mea e holo, i ka liluwelo nitrification kaʻina. Empirically ka mea, ua hōʻike i ka wā i hoʻohuiʻia ai i ka sewage wai chloroform papani iho la i ammonia'okesaside. Akā, e wehewehe ke kumu o kēia mea ai, ka mea i hiki mai.

Kēia i hana i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema Vinogradskaya. He kaukahi, no na mai nā pūʻulu o koʻohune, i ke kiʻekiʻe o i kekahi i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka nitrification. Penei, hoʻokahi pae oxidizing ammonia e hoʻolako ʻakika nitrous, a me wale i ka lua o ka pūʻulu o koʻohune kuleana no kona loli i loko o nitric. A pau kākou i loko o kēia kaʻina, nitrifying koʻohune i gram-io.

Hiʻona o ka'okesaside kaʻina

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o nitrite ma ka'amoniuma'okesaside loaʻa paha kekahi mau kūlana, oiai i ka naikokene hui i hanaʻia me ka loli iki ana degere o ka'okesaside pae NH.

Ke huahana mua o ka'amoniuma'okesaside o hydroxylamine. Most paha ka mea, ua ua loaʻa ma muli o ia ka hoʻi o hakakino oxygen ma loko o ka hui NH _4, eia nae keia kaʻina ua ole definitively ai, a koe ka hoopaapaa.

Next, ka hydroxylamine ua hoohuliia i ka nitrite. Presumably ke kaʻina ua lawe mai Via ho okumu noh (giponitrita) me ke kala o ka nitrous'okesaside. Ma keia hihia, kńnaka manaoio i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nitrous'okesaside pono he he hopena ia o ka hoʻololi kemikala, no ka mea, o ka mea loaa o ka nitrite.

Kaawale mai na nā huahana o ka Nine Inch hehee wale, he nui nui o ka ikehu ua hookuu i denitrofikatsii. Like me ka mea e hanaia ana ma heterotrophic aerobic meaola, ma keia hihia o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ATP ua pili me ka'okesaside-ka ho'ēmiʻana keʻano o ka hanaʻana, e like me ka hopena o ka a na electrons i hoolilo i ka oxygen.

Ma ka'okesaside o nitrite, kūlana he nui ua pâʻani 'o ia ma ka aʻe amo ana o electrons. Kona inclusion i loko o ka puni ana o electrons ia lŘlŘ 'ana i loko o ka cytochromes (P-type, a / a A-type), a me keia pono i ke' ano nui ikehu koina. E like me ka hopena, chemoautotrophic nitrifying koʻohune i hoopau ai i ke loaa ka pono lako o ka ikehu, a ua hoʻohana 'ia no ke kaʻina hana o ka hale a me ka kaʻaluna o carbon dioxide.

Ano o ka nitrifying koʻohune

Ma ka pae mua o ka nitrification lawe i nā meaʻehā nitrobaktery hapa:

• nitrosomonas;
• nitrotsistis;
• nitrosolyubus;
• nitrosospira.

Ma ke ala, e hiki ke ike i ka nitrifying koʻohune (Hawaii photo ma lalo o ka microscope) ma luna o ka mea i manaoia kiʻi.

By experimentation i waena o lākou ia mea paakiki, a me ka pinepine i hiki 'ole i hookahi mai kekahi o ka ulu, no laila lākou nāʻana pili kēia piha. A pau o kēia mau microorganisms i ka nui o ka 2-2.5 microns, a me kaʻoi loa ka'ololaha a puni shape (koe nae nitrospiry a i ke ano o ka laau). Ka mea, e hiki no aeaie fission a me ka ao ao o ka hoʻopiʻi i ka flagella.

Ma ka lua o ka pae o ka nitrification komo 'ana:

• nitrobakter lāhui;
• nitrospina lāhui;
• nitrokokus.

Ka loa? Anoee ke kanana nei o koʻohune o ka genus nitrbakter me ka inoa i loko o ka hanohano o kona discoverer Vinogradski. Mau nitrifying koʻohune i ka ohia-hoʻokino keena paʻi ma i opuu ae, e hana i ka lawe lima (ku pono flagellum) kaikamahine aeea.

Ka 'ole o ka koʻohune

Nitrifitsiruyushie hoʻokolokolo koʻohune i ka like ke kelepona hele 'ole i nā gram-io meaola. Kekahi o ia i pono-ulu malokoʻili lahilahi'ōnaehana, ke noae ho okumu i ka piko o ka halepaahao, no ka mea i loko o kekahi mea, i ka hooponopono ia maluna o ka periphery o ka 'ole paha, e hana i kekahi kiaha iloko olaila no kekahi mau papa. Apparently, ka mea o kēia mau ē aʻei pili i nā'ūhū i komo i loko o ka'okesaside o nitrifiers kekahi substrates.

Ano o ka ai nitrifying koʻohune

Nitrobakterii i obligate autotrophs no ka mea,ʻaʻole e hiki ke hoʻohana exogenous ke aloha 'ona. Eia naʻe, ma ka hoʻokolohua nae i hōʻike ai i ka hiki ana i kekahi ke kanana nei o ka nitrifying koʻohune hoʻohana kekahi ke aloha i huiʻia.

Ua Ua loaʻa i ke kūpapakū i loaʻa ka hū autolysates, serine a me ka glutamate ma haʻahaʻa nā hoʻohui like, noho haumāna kahi ala loli i ka ulu nitrobaktery. Kēia ia lŘlŘ nā ma ke alo o ka nitrite, a ma ka wa e kaawale aku ia mea i loko o ka meakino, eia nae ke kaʻina mea nui ke kua'āina. Conversely, i ke alo o nitrite'ākeka'okesaside kaʻina ua uhi pū, akā, kona hoʻi o kalapona ma ke kumuʻiʻo, kela'amino nāʻakika a me nā kelepona hele eiiiiiaiou maoli me ka nui loa.

E like me ka hopena o mau ho okolohua,ʻikepili Ua loaa ia nitrifying koʻohune hiki nō OIeEOEIeAeEIIe, i heterotrophic kino, akā, pehea hoʻomāhuahua ai, a pehea lā ka lōʻihi o ka mea hiki nei i loko o ia mau rula, koe no e ike. Oiai ka ikepili i contradictory e huki hope hopena a ma luna o kēia pukana.

Kaianoho koholā, a me ka waiwai o ka nitrifying koʻohune

Nitrifying koʻohune mau chemoautotrophs, a ua laha ma ka ano. Ka mea, i loaʻa wahi: i loko o ka lepo, okoa substrates, e like me nā loko iʻa. Ke kō lākou ola nui ka poʻea pau i ka nohona ma naikokene kalapona ma ke ano maoli , a ma ka mea e hiki, alahula huliāmahi.

No ka laʻana, e like me ka microorganism me nitrotsistis Oceanus, kaʻawaleʻana, mai ka 'Akelanika, pili ia i obligate halophiles. Ua hiki wale nei i loko o ke kai a me substrates i loaʻa ia. No ka mea microorganisms mea ole wale nui kaianoho koholā, akā, na ia a eia i pH a me ka wela.

A pau ike nitrifying bacterium mea he obligate aerobes. I mea e oxidize ammonia i loko o nitrousʻakika, a me nitrousʻakika i loko o nitric, ka mea e pono ai ka oxygen.

ka noho

Kekahi nui wahi, a hōʻike i nā kānakaʻepekema ua ia o ka wahi, kahi a lakou i noho nitrifying koʻohune e ole no ke aloha ia mea. kumumanaʻo Ua nui nō ia mau microorganisms hiki ole i ka rula e hoʻohana ke aloha i huiʻia ma waho. Ka mea, i kapaʻia obligate autotrophs.

A laila, monakō koko pernicious keiki, ua maopopo pinepine ae la oia, urea, peptone, glycerol a me ka 'ē aʻe ke aloha mea i loko o ka nitrifying koʻohune, akā,ʻaʻole e experimenting pau.

Meaning o ka nitrifying koʻohune i ka lepo

A nei ka mea i manaoio ia nitrifying pono ia ma luna o ka lepo fertility ma ka mahuahua kona cleavage e'amoniuma nitrate. Ka hope e ole wale pono kemu mea kanu, akā, i loko o, a no lakou iho hoomahuahua i ka solubility o kekahi nā minelala hao.

Eia naʻe, ua Hawaiʻi akeakamai wale i loko o nā makahiki. Hoike mai i ka hopena maikaʻi hopena o ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma microorganisms i loko o ka lepo fertility. Nitrifying koʻohune e hana nitrate,ʻakika 'ia, i mea e mau loa ana me ka maikaʻi mea, e like me ka pono me ka nui loa o ka saturation o ka lepo hoʻonāukiuki'amoniuma Ion ma mua o nitrates. A, e hoemi ana i ka 'auhau N ₂ (ma lalo o denitrifakatsii), i ka huli hele aku ai a hiki i ka depletion o ka lepo me ka naikokene nitrates.

He aha ka i ka pilikia o ka nitrifying koʻohune?

Kekahi ke kanana nei nitrobaktery ma ke alo o ka ke aloha kūpapakū hiki oxidize'amoniuma, ho okumu i hydroxylamine, a a laila nitrites a me nitrates. No hoi i ka hopena o ia reactions kānāwai hydroxamicʻakika. A, i ka helu ana o koʻohune ma ke kaʻina hana o ka nitrification o kekahi i huiʻia, i loaʻa ka naikokene (oximes, amines, amides, hydroxamates, a me nā nitro i huiʻia).

I ka pālākiō o heterotrophic nitrification ma lalo o kekahi mau rula, hiki e ole wale nunui, akā, i loa nā palapala. Ka pilikia waiho i loko o ka mea ana iloko o ia hou 'ia lŘlŘ ke kahua o kaʻawahia waiwai, mutagens a me carcinogens. Nolaila,ʻepekema i ua hana pono ma luna o ke ao o ke kumuhana.

Liluwelo Kānana, i mea mau ma ka lima

Nitrifying koʻohune - mea,ʻaʻole he Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, akā, he nui loa e like me ka ano o ke ola. Eia hoʻi, ka mea i pinepine ia ma ka ke kanaka.

No ka laʻana, ma ka liluwelo Kānana no aquariums loaʻa kēia mau koʻohune. Kēiaʻano o ka lapaʻau mea emi pipiʻi a me ka mea,ʻaʻole like ka hana mālama nui me ka mea ma paʻi lapaʻau, akā, i ka mea ia manawa pono kaʻaeʻana me kekahi mau rula e hōʻoia i ka ulu a me ka mama no hoi o ka nitrifying koʻohune.

Ka loa maikaʻi microclimate no ia mea i ka? Aneie mahana (i loko o kēia wai hihia) ma kahi o 25-26 kekelē Kelekia ma, he ikaika pele o o oxygen, a me ka alo o ka wai mea kanu.

Nitrifying koʻohune ma ka mahiai

I mea e hoonui hua, mahiʻai hoʻohana okoa fertilizers i loaʻa ka nitrifying koʻohune.

lepo no kou kino i loko o keia hihia i hōʻike nitrobakteriyami a me Azotobacter. i wehe 'ia kēia mau koʻohune mai o ka' ona aina a me ka wai e pono ai i hana ma ka'okesaside kaʻinaʻano nui dala o ka ikehu. Kēia no laila,-kapa chemosynthesis kaʻina hana i ka wa a ka mea i loaa ka mana hele i ke kahua o ka luna 'ke aloha nā lātoma mai ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai.

Mau microorganisms mea i pono i ka lako hou i ka māhuaola mai lākou i hoʻolilo 'ia - ka mea, hiki paka i ko lakou iho. No laila, ina uliuli kanu, a mea i autotrophic, nele Map, laila nitrification koʻohune ia mea i pono.

lepo pakiko-, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe

Lepo - He hemolele kūpapakū no ka mea ulu a me nā'ōlelo oʻaʻole wale nō mea kanu, akā, i na mea ola a pau meaola. No ia mea, ia mea paʻakikī nui i kona maʻamau moku'āina, a me ka 'O ke kaulike haku mele' ana.

Ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia ai ia i ka lepo liluwelo huikala hoʻolako me nitrifying koʻohune. Ka mea, i loko o ka lepo, humus paha Reservoir, hoohuliiaʻi ammonia i pee'ē aʻe microorganisms a me ka neoneo, ke aloha mea, nitrates (e e oi kūlike loa, ka nitricʻakika paakai). Ka holoʻokoʻa kaʻina he o nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

1. 'okesaside o ka ammonia e nitrite.
2. Ke'okesaside o ka nitrite e nitrate.

Pela kēlā me ka anu u ua hoakaka ia ma kekahi ano o microorganisms.

Ka ai-kapaia vicious kaiapili

Puni o ka ikaika a me ka mālama 'ana i ke ola ma ka Honua mea hiki i ke aloha a hiki i ke ana ana i kekahi mau kanawai o ke ola o na mea a pau e noho ana. Ma mua kilohi ia mea paakiki ka mea ma ua lü e ike, akā, ia mea nae he mea.

E ka manao i ke kēia kiʻi o ke kula puke:

1. 'okanikaʻole mea e hoʻokō 'ia e microorganisms, a pela i hana' ano kūpono ma ka lepo no ka kanu ka ulu a me ka kino.
2. Lakou, ma ka huli, o ka paʻa mau kumu o ka ikaika no ka hapanui herbivores.
3. ʻO kēia lei o ke ola mālama nō i ka Moana ikehu a e, niioaaonoaaiii, o ko lākou herbivorous counterparts.
4. People ka poe i ike e no i ka luna Moana, a me keia mea ia makou ke loaa ka ikehu mai nā ke kanu ao nei, a me ka holoholona.
5. A i loko o kā mākou mau hana, e noho residues, e like me ka poe ka hapanui kanu a me nā holoholona, malama me ka nutrient kūpapakū no microorganisms.

Penei, he vicious kaiapili, a 'oi aku ka noke ke hoʻohana ola o na mea a pau e noho ana ma ka Honua. Ike mau kumu mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke noonoo pehea multifaceted a nae limitless mana o ke 'ano a me nā mea a pau e noho ana.

ka hopena

Ma kēia 'atikala i ho'āʻo mākou e pane i ka nīnau, i mea ka nitrifying koʻohune ma kālaimeaola. E like me 'oe ke ike, hoʻowahāwahā i ka poi pu hoike o ke ola, functioning a me ka hopena o kēia mau microorganisms, he nui na controversial nīnūnē e noi mai ana no hoi ia mana haʻawina.

Nitrifying koʻohune pili ana i ka chemotroph. Ke kumu o ka ikehu no ia e malama i kekahiʻano o nā minelala hao. I loko nō kona moku nui, i kēia mau meaola i ka nui hopena ma luna o ka honua a puni ia.

E like me ua ikeia, chemotroph hiki ole metabolize ke aloha i huiʻia i mea i loko o ka kūpapakū (lepo ka wai 'ole). Lakou, ma ka mea ku ole, paka kūkulu mea no ka mea i hanaia o ka poe ola, a me ka functioning keena.