Pehea e ai lichens? Hiʻona o lichens, kā lākou 'ole a me ka pilikia ka pua

Ke ao ana o ke ano maoli, ua kū hoʻokahi a me ka nohona hiki. Kēlā me kēia makahiki, kńnaka e pau na discoveries hou e hoike hou aku ai mākou i ka kekahi ka manaʻolana 'ia o këia ke ao nei a puni mākou. Akā, no hoi o kona kulana kama'āina ola meaola, o ka i kekahi ike mai manawa mau loa aku, ua paa nae ka hiki ke kahaha ko oukou naau. E lawe, no ka laʻana, lichen. Ka mea, e noʻonoʻo, akā, i nā hiʻona o ko lākou ola o loa hana.

Ua ike pehea e ai lichen? Ua oiaio mea he kū hoʻokahi kaʻina hana a e e ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka au mamuli.

ike i ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o

Nui, ka mea i loa paʻakikī paha e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, ka mea, ho i ka symbiosis o loa okoa meaola no ka mea. Kēlā me kēia lichen symbiosis hana autotrophic a heterotrophic līoho fungus. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo aku i mua i ke noiʻi i biochemistry a me ka nui hana o kēlā me kēia meaola pākahi. Kēia hana o këia lākou physiology haawi i ou wahi lihi iki o ka hewa a me ka hewa, a no ka mea, kńnaka i ka puu o ka nīnau, i nā mea a pau o ka a i ka pane. Eia naʻe, noiʻi i koe i hiki ke kuhikuhi i mau lauana.

maloko 'ole

I mau, ka mea a pau kino o ka lichen - he papakaukau intertwining o fungal hyphae, a i aia i loko o ka panalaau ia autotrophic līoho. I keia la, i ka 'epekema o na kēia mauʻano o ka lichen:

• Gomeomernye? Ueo (Collema). Photobiont keena panalāʻau (līoho) i loko o kekahi chaotic ano puehu liilii ma ke kino.
• Heteromeric (Peltigera canina). A kea pauku hiki ke ike maopopo papa Tal (hyphae) a me ka līoho.

Ka hapa nui o nā mea a pau, he mea he lichen, me ka 'ole o ka i ua muli ma ka hope rula. Ma keia hihia, no ka holoʻokoʻa luna, ahu iho ua hana mai ke anuanu plexus oi loa fungal'aʻaʻa mea i malama i ke kino, mai lichen adverse 'ole o ke kaiapuni. Eia hou, i ka fungus ua ālai 'excessively hookeai ka maloʻoʻana (akā, e kōkua i mau).

ʻO kekahi, ahu iho ka autotrophic algal lēpela. I ke kikowaena Kora naʻEsau ka lichen, a mea he pilipaa laulau o intertwined hyphae o ka fungus lēpela a me autotrophs. Kēia "He koʻokoʻo" pālua papa: ma ka kekahi lima, i ka lichen ua waiho i loko o ka wai Kora naʻEsau. Ma ka 'ē aʻe - he ano o ka iwi o ke kino. Ma ka haʻahaʻa ka mea, he riziny. Kēiaʻano o ka IeIIeYOA ana a ka lichen hoopili i ka kūpapakū. E hoʻomanaʻoʻoukou i ole he loa kau ia lŘlŘ i loko o nā mea a pau? Ueo.

Kekahi laha 'o lichens (tsianolishayniki) wehewehe aku ma ka mea i loko o kā lākou' ole e ikaika IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE panalāʻau tsianovodorosley. Kēia mau 'ano o ka layering ua maopopo pono i olelo ia. No kaʻaiʻana lichens? Ke pane i keia ninau mea pololei nā i nā hiʻona o ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai ka mea, i.

About ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai

Aia nā tausani o nā haʻawina i i hoolilo ai i na 'o kāʻamaʻai i loko o kēia mau symbiotic meaola. No ka mea, ma kahi o 10-15% o ka buke noho ma ka līoho, i haawi ia aneane pau ka mahuaola, ua nui na mea pohihihi e pili ana i ka nui o ke kaʻina. Oddly lawa, akā, na mea ana pono hoike mai i ka uku o ka kāʻamaʻai ma lichens me ka nui loa lower ka wā hoohalikeia me ke kiʻekiʻe autotrophic mea kanu. No laila, ina ka analogy me ka ano o uala hiʻohiʻona e e 1:16.

Akā, pehea e wehewehe muli o kona kulana heʻoluʻolu ola hanana hulina i loko o ia mau Spartan ana? I mau,ʻaʻohe mea pakahi aku la ia huikau no ia. Ka mea i ka autotrophic kiekie ae kanu meaola loa o kona ola ana, "e ala", no ka mea hoi lichens ma kekahi wahi kokoke i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa i ka hapa-maloo moku'āina, ma ka wehe 'wikiō. O ka holo ana, ia mea nui meager ka mahuaola, e hānai iā ola.

Eia pehea eʻai lichen. Grade 7 i loko o ka liluwelo pulakaumaka kula ke makaikai i keia kumuhana i loko o hou au mamuli, akā, i loko o keia hihia, pane i ka nui nīnau nui e pili ana i ka hae hoʻonaʻauao polokalamu hana ole. No ka laʻana, ka wā i ke kahua o ke aloha no ka mea e ai ana i ke kua'āina, a me ka wā - he iki wikiwiki?

He aha e hoʻoholo i ka uku o ka kāʻamaʻai ma lichens?

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea nui o kēia kaʻina hana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka palahalaha kū'ē o nā kumumea. Ua mea i nui i ka uhi o ka chloroplasts, me ke anuanu ahu iho la ka hyphae, loaa nui emi malamalama ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao kiekie ae autotrophic kanu, a hiki ka līoho. Holo nōhie, ke koena unuhi mea,ʻaʻole pēlāʻiʻo.

Eʻoluʻolu, e makaala i ka mea i kā mākou waiwai o ka kāʻamaʻai malama i ka hoʻomālamalama i loko o 4000-23000 lux. Ua hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka nui habitats o lichens: tundra, ulu lāʻau, malamalama akau ulu lāʻau. Ma ia mau wahi, kahi o ka malamalama pinepine 'mea me ka nui loa kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke kino o ka meaola symbiotic hoʻomaka mālama nui hanauna o ka pouli ke aloha pigment (parietina) a me kekahi lichen waiwai wale no (atranorina, no ka laʻana).

Ke kūpono kāʻamaʻai ke aloha waiwai i loa analogous i ka poe o na mea kanu kiekie ae. Ua hoʻohana 'ia pū me kaʻai noi. Eia pehea eʻai lichen. 7 papa o ke kula haʻawina kiʻekiʻe o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola superficially, oiai keia kumuhana mea nui a me ka'āina hana hoihoi. Mākou e kaumaha oe i ka mea, ua kīkoʻo akula 'ike, a hiki e ole wale hoihoi', akā, i maikaʻi kēia.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka hanu nā

Ia mea,ʻaʻole paʻakikī, e koho i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o māhuaola hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hanu. Lua 'kāʻamaʻai ma lichens mea, pili: 0.2-2.0 mg SO₂ no hora o ka Naauao pono kekahi gram o symbiotic meaola. Inā heluhelu 'oe pono ka' ike i loko o ka luna o ka 'atikala, oe i paha hoʻomaopopo i kahi o 85-90% o ke kaumaha e kau mai ma luna o ke kaumaha o ka lichen mikobionta. Aloha kau, ka oxygen ma ka mea, ai oi o ka Fish kahi o autotrophic līoho. Mai (ke kumu - loa climatic rula) ai lichens ma lalo o maʻamau ana i nui mau, nui no na māhuaola hūnā i loko o kā lākou nā'aʻaʻa.

Like kāʻamaʻai, ka hanu nā kaʻina hana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka pakeneka o ka wai.

Eʻoluʻolu, e makaala i ka palena iki kiʻekiʻe o ka hanu 'ana, i mea e pono e loaa i kekahi dala o ka ikaika, mai ka mahuaola, lichen hoopaa mai ai i kokoke e pau aku ana (e pono no ke ola, o ka papa). Kēia kaʻina mea hiki ma ke kēia mahana papa koa: mai -15 a hiki i +30, +50 ° C. Eia naʻe,ʻo kaʻoi loa mahana papa koa mai +15 i +20 ° C. Me ka huʻihuʻiʻana hoʻomaka e Kīwala'ō i ka pono o ka oxygen. A i ka wā hapai i oi aku mamua o 35 degere e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana mahana i nā ua kūponoʻia.

A hihia ma ka lichen (Hawaii photo o keia? Ueo i loko o ka 'atikala), i lawe mai ai i loko o kekahi o ka Moscow Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Kamehameha a hiki i ka Royal hulikoehana Society huakaʻi, mālie hoopaa iho i ko lakou mau' eleu e hoonohoia kekahi o na hana i loko o ka pua ipu me iki pulu ka lepo. Akā, ma ka manawa ana i ua ma kahi o 90 makahiki makahiki au i loko o ka loa maloo, paa hou mai la pahu no ka ho'āʻoʻia, a ua hoonele ia ka hapanui o ka manawa o ke ahiahi o ka honua!

'Aʻole surprisingly, mau meaola i hoihoi i loko o kēia kālaimeaola. Lichens mea, heʻoiaʻiʻo nō na mea huna, i ka hōʻike 'ia' o ka mea paha me ka nui loa wini kakala i ka hooulu ana o ka laau lapaau.

ʻepekema, ua hoike ia ka walaʻauʻana me nā loina o ka ha lichens e paha i ka ia kānāwai, e like me ia ma ka hihia o autotrophic kiekie mea kanu. Akā, he mea oko ao, i ka papa kuhikuhi kekahi i iki okoa makakoho ma waena o oxygen uptake a me ka hoʻokuʻu o carbon dioxide. No hoi, ka mea e hoʻopale i ka phenomenally ka maloʻoʻana, a me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe mahana. He mea känalua 'na mosses a me lichens ke ulu a hiki ma ka Arctic.

wela ana

Ka loa maikaʻi no ka kāʻamaʻai ma lichens ana wela huahelu mai +10 i +25 kekelē Kelekia. Akā, ke hiki i ka hoʻokemu o carbon dioxide ka mea, ua mālama mai i -25 degere. He He hiʻona loa kamahaʻo o lichens, i distinguishes ia mai kiekie ae kanu, a hiki ka līoho. A hiki i ka mahana o -5 i -10 degere ka nui kaʻaluna o ke kalapona'okikene lua kokoke aku ma mua i loko o ka oi pono keia. Ma na mea kanu, ma keia hihia i loko o ka intercellular makahiki i hana hau e wale, mai hemo mai ke keena.

Akä naÿe, i ka lichens ma ka laau nui ilpko o i literally, mai hemo mai ka hoʻohalahala'ākau aniau (paakiki hau), a māhuahua ma luna o ka hanana o ka mehana manawa.

Features wai mail

Ke noiʻi manao i lichens i ka kekahi, loa kekahi 'ano o ka wai pūnao. Ka mea i ka wai i loko o kā lākou mau kino, ua hookomoia ma ka hakahaka ma waena o ka hyphae ikaika. I ka wa e E pa ahau, i kekahi ia ia ka poino i hana ole e hana, a me ke kaʻina o ka kāʻamaʻai, a no kou kino mau ia ana. Naʻe, i ka wa a ua hoala mai i ka 35 degere centigrade a oi kāʻamaʻai kaʻina kokoke mahana i ka wela, i mea fundamentally okoa mai lichens mea kanu.

Ka nui o ka wai i makemake e lawa no ka maʻamau functioning, hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kaʻohana. No laila, loloa ia lichens i hiki hoi ke kāʻamaʻai, a paka ke aloha mea no ka hanai ana aneane piha dehydration. Ka pūhaka i ke kino, ka mea nui ka mea, e loaa ona mau, ke emi ia evaporates.

He mea maopopo loa nui kaʻoi loa no lichens, mai loko o ka hapanui o na hihia e ulu ana i loko loa paʻakikī rula, ka wā oi a emi regular pele o ka wai loa ua hoʻohiki. i kekahi mea kanu makemake i make i loko o ia mau ana. Lichen mea maikai Kahalaopuna a hiki i loko o ka maka o kēia mau wahi nahele no hoi, a me ka Arctic.

Rula hooponopono o ke kinowai, e loaa hou

Kekahi ke maopopo i ua hoonohonoho loa okoa ka hoʻokonukonu hana o ka wai pūnao i loko o kēia mau meaola ma mua i loko o kiekie mea kanu. No ka mea, i uuku pahaʻaʻohe hana kūikawā nenoai no keia mea. No ka laʻana, i ke omo o ka wai mai o ia mea loa hookeai, akā, ma ka lilo o ka mea maʻamau wale ia ke kemu i ka holoʻokoʻa ili o ke kino. Oe ke alakai i ka mea hoʻokolohua: ninini iho ma luna o ka papaʻaina he uuku nui o ka wai, a me ka wahi ma luna o ka apana o ka lole a me ka puddle o ka 'Ia pepa.

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ka wai ua instantaneously ke kemu, no ka mea, o ka pepa' ole mai i ka absorbency maikai. Ka mea hana i loko o ka hihia o lichens. No laila, nānā mākou i ka Episode mai lōʻihi aku nei maloo i kekahi kope o ka i i hookahi lawe mai i ka huakaʻi. Ka wā o nā limahana i ka lichen i loko o ka pua ipu, ka mea pono e loaa ia ke kemu i ka buke o ka wai, a ua lawa no ia ia e hoʻihoʻi aku i ke ola.

e hiki ke ka hoʻokemu he nui ka nui o ka wai, a kaupaona mai i 300% o ko lākou mau kekahi loloa ia lichens. Na mea e ae? Ueony (collema, leptogiumy) mahuahua i nui ai i 400-3900%! Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka palena iki wai maʻiʻo, ia mea ma kahi o 2% o ka maloʻo mea kaumaha o ka lichen. Kēia lichen (Hawaii photo hiki ke loaʻa i loko o keia mea) i ka nānā aku kokoke like i ka meaola ola.

I ka uku o ka wai recoil

Like o ka hihia me ka 'Ia pepa, e haawi mai i ka wai i ke kino o ka symbiotic meaola, aole i koke. Pono hoʻokahi hola i lichen mea i pono ke kemu kokoke i ka hano o ka loli ke hoʻomaloʻo nō i ka brittle moku'āina. Ke'ī mai, ka "productivity" o kēia mau meaola loa cyclical: ulu o trophic waiwai hiki fundamentally hoʻololi ole wale i ka wa pono, akā, no ka hoʻokahi aʻelua hola!

Ma nā makahiki, ua aoia hoi epekema i kekahi lichen ioeo e noho ana ma ka tundra (Evernia prunastri), e pono hoʻohana pono "hunahuna" o ka lń, kēlā wā i kēia wā e wawahi ana ma ke ahu iho o ka hau. Aloha kau, ka mea, i kāʻamaʻai 'aʻole e pau ana a hiki i ka hooilo.

nā'ōlelo o lichens

Eia hou kekahi, hiʻona o lichens i loaʻa nā'ōlelo o ka ekolu aoao:

• Vegetative.
• Ka moe.
• Sexless.

Fish, oa mikobiont ke hoonui ia ma na alanui, oiai limu mea hiki wale ke vegetative mahele. Nā spores i waiho i loko o kūikawā mauʻeke. Askomitsetnye lichens no ke kumu kāki i kaʻina hoʻohana ka papa kuhikuhiE pūʻulu elua o ka fruiting kino: apothecia a me ka perithecia. Ko lakou mau ano e like penei:

• Apothecia mea heʻike mau moe ua hoʻokōʻia. Ma ia mea i mau aa moni i i ka hooponopono ia i loko o nā wahi i wāhiʻia ma waena oʻike mau, 'ole a hāʻule pahū wale hyphae. Kēia ahu iho la ua kapaia hamama-hoʻonoho gimeniumom.
• Perithecia i 'ano like me ka aneane loa paʻa' ole o spherical shape. Nā spores i hookuu ia ma ka lua, i ka mea, aia ma luna o ka ili o ka hua kaiaulu.

Kekahi? Ueo i kekahi hana asexual spores piknospory (piknokonidii). i pycnidia ka wahi o ko lākou hoʻonaʻauao. Kēia spherical sacs a oi pyriform, i mea hoomaikai hana kūikawā hyphae. Pycnidia oluolu e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea, nana e likeʻeleʻele kiko huina hoonohonoho ma luna o ka moe.

Ka wā e ala i hoopaapaa, ka mea, i loko o keia kupono, koke haawi ala i ka hou gifam ho okumu i ke kino o ka mea hou lichen. Ka mea, (hyphae) a me ka autotrophic komo iloko i ka algal keena, a laila, ho okumu i ka hou meaola nae na welau.

waiwai

I mau, mosses a me lichens i ka nui nui. I ka tundra a me ka'Ālika waonahele ia - pinepine ka mea wale autotrophic meaola i hiki loaa nutritious ke aloha 'ona i loko o loa adverse ana. Aloha i, i kēia mau meaola i ka ai kumu no ka mau herbivores i ke ola i loko o ia o kaʻoʻoleʻa wahi. Eia hou kekahi, lichens wale nō ma luna o nā lāʻau, a hiki i loko o mākou aniau pinepine ae e ola i ka hooilo, no kekahi laʻana, elk a me ka lā o ka nāhelehele dia.