Pehea e hana ai i nā isomers a me nā homologues? Pehea e hana ai i isomers o alkanes?

Mua e manao ana i ka paka isomers o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons e hoike nā hiʻona o keia ano o ke aloha 'ona.

'O nā hauhā koko

I loko o ka ho'omehana'eneke, nui nā papahana CxHy. Ua noa i he mau haʻilula, homologous puke, qualitative reactions, palapala noi. 'O nā hauhā koko piha o ka'āpana alkane e hō'ike'ia ana e nā loiloi pa'a (sigma). 'O ke kumuhana ma'amau no kēia papa hana lā'au'o CnH2n + 2. 'O kēia ke ho'ākāka i nā kumu waiwai pa'a: ka ho'ololi, ka puhi'ana, ka ho'onā'ana. 'A'ole i kapa'ia nā palepili i ka ho'ohui'ana, no ka mea, ho'okahi wale nō nā mea pa'a i nā molekino o kēia mau hamo.

Isomerism

'O kēia'ano'ano'ano he isomerism ka ho'ākāka'ana i nā'ano mea like'ole. Ma lalo o isomerism ia olelo maopopo kŰia ma i loaʻa nō kekahi mau ke aloha i huiʻia me ka hookahi helu o ka lala (ka helu o nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma), akā, he okoa hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o ia i loko o ka lātoma. 'O nā huahana i kapa'ia he isomers. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mau 'elele o nā papa hana he nui i nā'ano hauhā. 'O nā mea like'ole i loko o ka mole o nā alkanes o C nā kumu e alaka'i i ke'ano o ka isomerism structural. Pehea e hana ai i isomers o alkanes? Aia kekahi'āpana algorithm, e like me ka mea e hiki ai ke hō'ike i nā isomers ho'olālā o kahi papa hana lā'au. Aia kekahi'ano like me'ehā mau carbon carbon,'o ia ho'i, me ka mole butane C4H10.

Ke'ano o isomerism

I mea e maopopo ai pehea e hana ai i ka mea isomer, he mea nui ia e no'ono'o i kona mau'ano. Inā loa'a nā'ano like'ole i loko o ka mole i loko o nā'āpana like, i ho'onohonoho'ia i ka lumi ma nā'ano like'ole, ke kama'ilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka isomerism spatiale. Inā'ole, ua kapa'ia'o stereoisomerism. Ma keia kulana, ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi wale mall haʻilula mea,ʻaʻole lawa, pono e hoʻohana kūikawā wānana a māhele nā papakuhikuhi. 'O nā'oihana ho'ohālike o ka hydrocarbons, e ho'omaka ana me ka H3C-CH3 (ethane), he'ano ho'ohālike kiko'ī like'ole. 'O kēia ke kumu o ka ho'ololi'ana o ka mole i loko o ka ho'opa'a C-C. He māmā li'ui kēia i hana i ka isomerism (rotational).

'O ka isomerism o ka paraffins

E no'ono'o e pili ana i ka hana'ana i nā isomers o alkanes. He papahana ka ho'ohālike'ana o ka papa,'o ia ho'i, ke'ano ke'ano o nā kāmepa carbon. Inā'ole, hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ke kūlana ma ka kaula o carbon carbon i kapa'ia ka isomerism o ka skeleton carbon.

'O nā isomers o heptane

No laila, pehea e ha'alele ai i ka isomers no kahi mea i hana'ia me C7H16? 'O ka mua, hiki iā'oe ke ho'onohonoho i nā carbon carbon i ho'okahi kaula lō'ihi, e ho'ohui i kekahi mau helu C he ho'okahi. Ma muli o ka'eha'ehā o ka ho'olālā kalapona, e loa'a i nā hāma'a o waho nā'ōmole hydrogen'ekolu, a'o nā'ōmole i loko e'elua hydrogen. 'O ka mole mole i loa'a ka hanana linia,'o ia ka inoa o ka hauhā he n-heptane. 'O ka huapalapala "n",'o ia ho'i ka pūpū carbon carbon pono i loko o kēia waipuni.

I kēia manawa, ho'ololi mākou i ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā kumu kalapona, "e hō'ulua" i ke kaulahao carbon ma C7H16. Hiki ke haku i nā isomers i ka ho'onui a hō'emi paha i ke'ano ho'olālā. E no'ono'o i ka lua o ka koho. 'O ka mea mua, ho'onohonoho mākou i kahi C C C ma ke'ano o ka methyl radical ma nā wahi like'ole.

ʻeleu isomer heptane, i ka i kēia Nine Inch inoa: 2-methylhexane. I kēia manawa, "ho'one'e" kākou i ka'ōkalakala i ke kalapona'oko'a hou. 'O ka hopena e pili ana i ka hydrocarbon e kapa'ia: 3-methylhexane.

Inā mākou e ho'omau i ka ne'e'ana i ka pā'ani, e ho'omaka ka helu'ana ma ka'ao'ao'ākau ('o ka'ōpili waipili ke kokoke i ka ho'omaka),'o ia ho'i, e loa'a iā mākou kahi isomer i loa'a iā mākou. No laila, no'ono'o e pili ana i ka hana'ana o ka isomer ma'amau no ka waiwai kumu, e ho'ā'o e ho'olilo i ka'ōpū i "pōkole".

Hiki ke ho'onohonoho'ia nā pahu'elua i koe e like me'elua radical free - methyl.

Ho'onoho mua mākou iā lākou no nā ka'a like'ole e komo ana i ke kaulahao nui. Kapa mākou i ka isomer loa'a -2,3 dimethylpentane.

I kēia manawa, ha'alele mākou i kahi pākahi ma kahi ho'okahi, a'o ka lua ho'i mākou e ho'ololi i ka pae kalapona ma hope o ke kaulahao nui. Kapa'ia kēia waiwai'o 2,4-dimethylpentane.

E ho'olālā i nā'ōmole waipona mai kahi kalapona kala. 'O ka mua,'o ka lua, loa'a iā mākou he 2,2 dimethyllpentane. A laila i ke kolu, loa'a iā 3,3 dimethylpentane.

I kēia manawa, ha'alele mākou i nā pahu carbon'ehā i loko o ka pae nui, a'o nā mea i koe'ekolu ke ho'ohana'ia e like me nā methyl radicals. Ho'onohonoho mākou iā lākou e like me kēia:'elua no ke kōlena'elua C, ho'okahi no ke kolu kalapona. Kapa mākou i ka isomer loa'a: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

Ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ke'ano o heptane, ua'imi mākou i ka pono e hana i nā isomers no nā hydrocarbons hope loa. Ho'olālā ke ki'i i nā hi'ohi'ona o nā isomers ho'olālā no ka butene6 o kona mau hua'ōlelo chloro.

'O Alkenes

'O kēia'ano papahana lā'au i loa'a ke'ano ma'amau CnH2n. Ma waho a'e o nā kāwili C-C i ho'oulu'ia, aia ho'i he palapala lua i loko o kēia papa. Ho'oponopono ia i nā kumu nui o kēia pū'ulu. E no'ono'o e pili ana i ka ha'alele'ana i nā isomers o alkenes. E ho'ā'o kāua e hō'oia i ko lākou mau'oko'a mai nā hydrocarbons hope loa. Ma waho a'e o ka isomerism o ka mela nui (nā kumu hana),'ekolu'ano'ano isomers kekahi'ano o nā 'elele o kēia papa o nā'ōpona'enehana: geometric (cis and transform), nā kūlana ho'opa'apa'a nui, a me ka isomerism interclass (me nā cycloalkanes).

Isomers o C6H12

E ho'ā'o e'ike i ke'ano o ka ho'onohonoho'ana i nā isomers c6h12, no ka mea,'o ke kumu me kēia kumuhana e hiki ke pili pololei i nā papa hana lā'au'elua: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

'O ka mea mua, e no'ono'o e pili ana i ka hana'ana i nā isomers o alkenes, inā he palapala lua i loko o ka mole. Ho'omo'a mākou i kahi kaula hao carbon pololei, a ho'opa'a i kahi palapala ma'amau ma hope o ke kumu kalapona mua. E ho'ā'o wale mākou'a'ole e kākau i nā isomers o c6n12, akā, no ka inoa pū kekahi. 'O kēia waiwai - hexene - 1. Hō'ike ka helu i kahi i loko o ka'āpana o nā mea pa'a'elua. Ke holo'o ia ma ke kaula ka'a carbon, loa'a iā hexene-2, a me hexene-3

I kēia manawa, ke kama'ilio nei mākou i ka hana'ana i nā isomers no kekahi kumuhana i hā'awi'ia, e ho'ololi ana i ka helu o nā mana ma ke ka'ina pūnaewele.

'O ka mua, ke ho'opau nei mākou i ka'eke kalapona i ho'okahi kalapona kala, e mana'o'ia he'ano methyl radical. Menina hoopaa ma hope o ka la i mua o ka'Ātoma S. Ka kūpono isomer o kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana nomenclature e i ka kēia inoa: 2 methylpentene - 1. Ano, hoʻoneʻe i ka hydrocarbyl pae ma luna o ka papa kuhikuhiE kaula, e waiho ana ua hoʻololiʻia ke kulana o ka waʻa hoopaa. 'O kēia hydrocarbon nonaturated o kahi hale kūlalā i kapa'ia he 3 methylpentene-1.

Hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ka mea e pono ai me ka ho'ololi'ole i ka kaulahao nui a me ka pa'a o ka ho'opa'apa'a: 4 methylpentene-1.

No ka papa hana o C6H12, hiki iā'oe ke ho'ā'o e ne'e i ka loulou lua mai ka mua a ka lua o ka noho'ana, me ka ho'ololi'ole'ana i ka kaula ma'amau. Hiki ke hawewe i ke kahe carbon, e ho omaka me ke kŰkelŰ C. Ua kapa ia keia ho o 2 methylpentene-2. Eia kekahi, hiki ke waiho i ka CH3 radical o ke kolu carbon atom, i ka loa'a'ana o 3 methyl pentene-2

Inā ho'okomo'ia kahi lā'au'ehā i ke kalahā'ehā o kahi atom ma ke kaula i hā'awi'ia, ua ho'okumu'ia kekahi mea hou, he hydrocarbon nonatuhia me kahi'eke carbon carb - 4 methylpentene-2.

Me ka ho'onui hou'ana o ka helu C i ke kaulahao nui, hiki i kekahi ke loa'a i kahi isomer'ē a'e.

Ho'oku'u mākou i ka palapala lua ma hope o ke kalapona carbon mua, a kau i'elua mau hōkū i ke kolu'o C o ka kaulahao nui, loa'a iā mākou 3,3 dimethylutene-1.

I kēia manawa, ho'okomo mākou i nā ha'alulu ma nā kāme'a carbon neighbors, me ka ho'ololi'ole i ke kūlana o ka nakinaki lua, loa'a mākou i ka 2,3 dimethylbutene-1. E ho'ā'o, me ka ho'ololi'ole i ka nui o ka mahele nui, e ne'e i ka loulou lua i ka lua o ka pahu. 'O nā mea'elepa i kēia hihia, hiki iā mākou ke ho'olako i nā 2 a me 3 C wale nō, e hā'awi ana i ka 2.3 dimethylbutene-2.

'A'ohe mea ho'ohālike'ē a'e no kēia alkene,'o ka ho'ā'o'ana e pi'i pū me lākou e hō'eha i ka mana'o o ka hanana o nā mea'ai o AM Butlerov.

'O nā isomers spatial o C6H12

I kēia manawa e'ike mākou i ka hana'ana i nā isomers a me nā homologues mai ka mana'o o ka isomerism spatiale. He mea nui e ho'omaopopo he hiki i nā cis a trans translike alkenes ka mea hiki ke kūpono i kahi o ka ho'opa'a wale'ana 2 a me 3.

I ka manawa o nā pālakiha kalapona i ka moku ho'okahi, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi cis-measurement o hexene-2, ai ka wā e waiho'ia ana nā kikola ma nā paena like'ole, he 2 ka hekene-trans.

Nā'ōpili i loko o C6H12

Ke kūkā nei i ka hana'ana i nā isomers a me nā homologues, pono'ole e ho'opoina i kekahi koho e like me ka isomerism o waena. No ka unsaturated hydrocarbons helu o ka'etolina, me ka mau haʻilula CnH2n na isomers i cycloalkanes. 'O kahi hi'ohi'ona o kēia papa o nā hydrocarbons ka hele'ana o kahi kiki holopuni (pani'ia) me nā līkī piha i ho'opa'a'ia ma waena o nā kumamāpona kala. Hiki ke ho'onohonoho i nā kumula'o o cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimethylcyclopropane.

Ka Hopena

'O ka kemikino lā'au he multifaceted, mea kupaianaha. 'O ka nui o nā mea lā'au i'oi aku i ka haneli mau manawa i ka helu o nā pūnaewele ho'opunipuni. Hiki ke'ike ma'alahi'ia kēia mea ma o ke ola'ana o kahi'ano kū'oko'a e like me ka isomerism. Inā i loko o ka papahana homologo e like me nā mea like a me nā hale, a laila i ka manawa e ho'ololi ai ke kūlana o nā carbon carbon i loko o ke kaula, ua kapa'ia nā pūnaewele hou he mau isomers. Ma hope wale nō o ke'ano o ka mana'o o ke ka'ina hana o nā mea lā'au ho'omehana, hiki ke ho'olālā i nā hydrocarbons, e ho'omaopopo i ka pono o kēlā me kēia papa. 'O kekahi o nā mana'o o kēia mana'o e pili ana i ke'ano o ka isomerism. Ua hiki ke ho'omaopopo, ho'ākāka, hō'oia ka loiloi Lūkini nui'o Lūkini i nā mea kinikino o ka waiwai, kāna hana ho'onāuki, ka ho'ohana pono'ana ma muli o ka wahi o nā carbon carbon. Inā ho'ohālikelike mākou i ka helu o nā isomers i ho'ohui'ia e ka ho'opili'ana i nā alkanes a me nā'ālapa i ho'onāuki'ia, ke ala'i nei, ke alaka'i nei. Hō'ike'ia kēia ma ke'ano maoli i loko o kā lākou mau molekile he palapala lua. 'O kēia waiwai ka mea e'ae ai i kēia'ano o nā mea'ai lā'au e hana i nā'ano'ele'ele'ole o nā'ano like'ole a me nā'ano, akā, e kama'ilio pū ho'i no ka isomerism me ka huripalkanes.