Kapaau III nā aupuni: Tatlin ka Tower. Description, mōʻaukala, hiʻona

Kiakahi Ke kūkulu Tatlin Tower i kekahi o ka puali koa ho okolohua i loko o ka Soviet kuhikuhipuʻuone i loko o ka makahiki mua ma hope o ka kipi. I kēia lā ka mea, ua lilo kekahi o nā hōʻailona o Kekūhaupiʻo Socialist paradaiso i loko o ka USSR.

hookohu hale kiai

Ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, ka hou aupuni ho'āʻo e hoʻomau i kona lanakila ma ka loa 'aʻa' i ka manawa 'ano apau loa. I ka pau ana o na 10 ka - i kakahiaka nui 20-ies. Ka mea, ua i ka wā o ka avant-garde a me nā kū hoʻokahi, ke kū i ke au i ka moʻomeheu, oe a me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone. Promotional hana i hoʻokō mamua ke kaua kūloko a me ka pilikia kulana home 'ole ma o ka fronts.

Main forge me neia manaʻo lilo ka People ka Commissariat o Hoonaauao. I ka 1919, i ke Keʻena o Nice Arts, ka mua loa o ka People ka Commissariat, Komikina'Āina i ka luawai-ike artist Vladimir Tatlin i hoʻonoho mai e lawe i ka papahana o ka kia o ka Apana International i. Ka Bolsheviks nō eia aʻe o ka honua kipi, a manaoio aku la ia ia i keia lahui hui, e lilo lākou ka papa kuhikuhiE mea paahana e hoʻokō i ka pahuhopu nui. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o proletarian hele ana i pau ai i ke pio ana o Poland. Ma ka manawa, i ka International paʻa i loko o ka moku'āina ideology ana o kekahi o ka mea nui nā kūlana hana.

Ke kanaka o Vladimir Tatlin

Inoa ma hope o kona mea kākau, ka Tatlin Tower hiki e hanau i ke alanui ka mea i hapai wale nō i loko o kona poʻo. Kēia artist a me ka pena i kekahi o ka loa palapala avant-garde o kona manawa. Ma czarist au, kona la e hele nui ma Europa, o ke kemu i ka laila, mahalo haole ololi. Great keiki ma Tatlin i Pablo Picasso. Part no ka mea, o ka manao ana o ka haku i ke keiki Lūkini Constructivist nâ kula aliʻi.

Ekolu International Tatlin Tower e ia, i hana ia ma ka manawa pono. I Soviet Rusia mea i koko ideological loiloi 'ana no oe. Ua i loko o ka Stalin au, a pau keʻano kū i ke au e like me Constructivism, Cubism a me ka avant-garde e e banned. Lanakila o Socialist realism. Kondovaya keia kaila, he malihini ano a me ka manaʻo i hookomo i ka Tatlin Tower.

Deconstruction, constructivism a me nā kula, he mau ola i loko o ka hoʻomaka o ka 20s. Just laila Tatlin hoi ka hale, me ka manao e ike i ko lakou wildest uhane. Kēia e hoʻolaha i paku ole ia i nā mea a pau i ka laila ka pilina - mai kākau i nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone. No ka ia, Soviet Rusia lilo i utopia - he honua hou, e ku e ia i na elemakule, a hanau mai la, o ka Europa mea.

Pae holomua Lālā paʻa kuhikuhipuʻuone pāhana

Makaukau Tatlin Tower Ua manao ia e kekahi mea pono hou a me ka launaʻole. Her pāhana Ua hānauʻia me ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka wiwo ole, a makakū i ka ia manawa utilitarian a me ka monumental 'ano apau loa. Ke kumu o ke kia, he ekolu aniani "turrets", hoonoho ku e kekahi i kekahi ma ka mea o ka luna 'ano o ua mau laau la, a spirals. I loko nō o ka mea i na pa, he kope kaawale, pu ka mea, ua hana i nā hana haku mele 'ana, mai ka huihui' o okoa geometric kinona.

Tower 3 International Tatlin i ka pīhoihoi mau mea e hanaʻi no hoi, no ka mea, e like me ke kumumanao "makakū hui" (me kona kapa Tatlin kuleana kope 'ē aʻe), kēlā me kēia māhele o ka hale i manaoia e kiʻi i ka Hou Loa maomeka. Ka mea, e ae i ka pa, e neʻe ma kona iho (axis), a ua ka 'enekinia, hakaka no ka au.

Lower a waena tiers

tiers oia i piʻi pū me kēlā me "hahi". O kahi haahaa ma ke ano o ke kupa i ia e kekahi kipi no ka makahiki. Ua Ua manaoia no ka'aha'ōlelo. Aia hiki ke paʻa International congresses, a makemake kūkākūkā i ke kumu kanawai, kanawai, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Ka pyramid kaʻapuni ma kekahi kipi no ka malama. Ua makemake lilo ka home i ka hooko. Ka lumi ua ia e paa ai ka halawai ana o ka Hooko Komite, i ka Secretariat a me nā hoʻomalu kino.

luna pae

Ka luna paukūʻolokaʻa i kekahi kipi no ka lā. Ma i nā mea a pau Media: nupepa, nūhou Buro,-oaio? A paiia o nā palapala, leaflets a me manifestos. mea kēia wahi ma luna o ka manaʻo o nā nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ua e lilo i kumu o ke kai eʻe mea no na proletarians o ko ke ao nei a pau. Ka paukūʻolokaʻa ua i ka loa pono-e iai? Oaiaaiiua wahi kaawale no koe. Ua neo? Aaiiai? Ka telegraph, ka Radio a me nā mea a pau o ka hope 'ike hoolilo enehana ka. Mawaho ma ke alanui paia kau i ka nunui pale ho'ā ipukukui. Ua ua wale he outline no ka mea huahana. Ka houʻana o ka pa i ia e kūkākūkā i halawai o ka kūikawā Komite, a i ole ka hoʻomaka 'ana i ka hana ma muli o ana i ka panina o ka papahana.

No ka kaʻapuni tiers? Oaony e ho okumu i kekahi 'ano kūkaʻi ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka papa kuhikuhiE haawi i ka hale a me nā mea a pau i ka pono ka lohi ole. ole wale Tatlin ka Tower ua kupaianaha no na passers-ma, akā, iʻoluʻolu no ka kanaka e hana, a noho i loko o laila. he aniani paia e e papalua, like me kaʻike mau lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe thermos, i makemake e mālama i loko o ka oluolu ana wela i ka ha awina.

Ke juxtaposition o bourgeois nō

Ka mea, ua nui,ʻaʻole wale nō hana ana, akā, i mea noʻeau waiwai, a lawe aku i ka Tatlin Tower. Constructivism a me nā wiwo 'ole i ka manaʻo nui o ka kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone kue i bourgeois nō a me ka hoʻokiwikā hoʻolālā. Socialist metropolis o ka wā e hiki mai (kope kūkulu i ka Susana, o ka Apana International i manaʻo ai no Petrograd) ka mea, ua i ia i ka antithesis o capitalistʻEulopa mau poo e like me London a me Paris.

Hoʻokahuli aupuni pāhana kākau Ua kuapo ia i loko o kekahi hooikaika oe. Socialist nā kānaka kuhikuhipuʻuone ua kūkākūkāʻia i ka maʻa kahiko o ka waenakonu papa e alakai i kona ola ma ka honua nei (ka mea i hanau a me ka mahiai) ua radically hewa. No laila, i ka hale kiai, a ua hapai me he phantasmagoric skyscraper kahi a pau i loko o nā hana piha kowali makemake e literally i loko o ka lewa. E like me ka papahana hale kiʻekiʻe e hiki 400 mika - kekahi 'ano kūkaʻi huahelu no ka hoʻomaka o ka 20s.

A makaukau keʻia, ka Soviet aupuni puka mau Mākua ma ka hale kiai, a me ka (essay) Nikolai Punin. Ua hoonani aku i ka manao, e kūkulu i kekahi skyscraper o ka wā e hiki mai, a makemake lilo i hōʻailona no ka lanakila o ka socialism. Puning i loko o nā 'aoʻao o ko lākou hana mai la oia i hope i ke nō no ka manawa mua i mālama ai he mea hiki mau hana, Kuhikuhi' ia i ke kumu hoohalike o ekolu conceptually okoa tiers.

he lehulehu holomua

No ka mea manawa mua i hōʻike mai iā ia i ka'āhihi Tower o Tatlin ma Moscow ma ka halawai o VIII All-Russian Ahaolelo Lahui o Soviets i ka 1920. Kēia papahana ua kena ae la pīhoihoi, a koke i hooku iho la ia ia ma kekahi mau hoʻonohonoho 'nā hōʻike, e like me ka hōʻailona o ka utopian Socialist manao o ka hou aupuni.

Ma ke West i loaa notoriety Tatlin Tower. Kūʻiʻo e pili ana i Rusia a me kona avant-garde hale mauʻikeʻia i loko o ka Europa ahakanaka. Ua ua he nui propaganda kila, eclipsing i ka weliweli o ke kanawai ke kaua a me ka hewa nui.

Abandonment o ka

Manawa ua hoike mai i ka mea a pau manaʻo o kekahi monumental skyscraper o ka wā e hiki mai ua wale i ka propaganda kai eʻe o ka Bolshevik Aupuni. Paha ka Soviet aupuni maoli makemake e hoʻomaopopo i ke kia III International. Tatlin ka Tower, a hiki i kekahi mau incarnations ma ka lāʻau dummies. Eia naʻe, ma ka makahiki 1924, Tatlin, e hana i kona mau pīhoihoi papahana no kekahi mau makahiki, i haawiia mai i ka, hoʻomaoe mua o ka decommissioning hana - ia ia i 'ae wale aku no i ka hōʻike o ke kia.

A mau mahina ma hope o ka noho aupuni ana, ua lilo haalele i ka pīhoihoi, aa aku. Aia he mau kumu. Mua, i ka aina i hele ma ka weliweli aneiai puʻu'ōpala, ka wā dala i ole e kekahi mea. A pau o ka hewa i ka protracted kaua. E rectify i ke kulana, ka Bolsheviks hele i drastic ana, me requisitioning komo.

Ma ka Ewa o ka make ana o Lenin, hooholo ke hoʻomanawanui, e hele aku ma luna o ka ideologicalʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai. He ua hooeueuia lakou i ka hou aneiai kulekele a me ke kahua ma ka'āina i nā hoomaka ae la e hoʻoikaika 'ana. Naʻe, i ka makahiki 1924 o ka alihi kaua o ke kipi i make ai, a me Stalin hele mai i ka mana.

Eia hoi, ma ka Initiative o ke Kakauolelo-Nui o ka CPSU (b) Ua hoʻomaka ka moho o ka weliweli ma luna o ka avant-garde, i ka waiwai a me ka Tatlin. Manaʻo wahi kāʻeʻaʻeʻa Artists a me innovators, uaʻoi aku kuokoa o ke kikowaena aupuni. Avant-garde, koke ma hope o ke kipi i noho ai o ka pouhana i loko o ka 'uao ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hui, ka hoʻomaka' ana ma lalo o nā pretexts, e oust mai ka oihana. Eia hou kekahi, i ko lākou manaʻo a pau loa incomprehensible i na makaainana a me ka proletariat iho, a allegedly i mālama like innovators. Soviet propaganda no ka hou hāpana pono ai, he mau motifs a me Halaman mea e maopopo ai i ka hana. No laila, i nā lele Socialist realism lilo moku'āina ao ana.

I ka hopena o Tatlin

I Tatlin Tower i kekahi o na luahi mua o ka hou kulekele e kū'ē i ka avant-garde a me ka constructivism. Ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone iho Uaʻalo me ka typical koho o kona wā - komo i loko o kue i na luna a me ka hookamaia o hou dogmas a me ka hana ua loko ia. Tatlin manao, e hoohui i ka moku'āina.

Eia naʻe, ma hope ma luna o ka mea, ua i hana i kekahi mea i 'ano like me ka unahiʻole, i me kona hale kiaʻi. Iloko o ke ola ana o ke kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone ua hiki ke hoonohonoho hoʻokahi wale nō exhibition. He make i ka 1953, ma hope o Stalin. Ukupanee ma o ka hana o Tatlin i ola ae la ia i loko o ke au o perestroika, ka wā ka mea i palapala he wahi lihi iki o ka noiʻi ma ka hoʻopoina a ua papaia paialewa i loko o Lūkini nō.

Tower o ka paʻa

I keia la, i ke kūpono o ka mea kaulana halekiai Tatlin hiki ke ike ia ma ka Tretyakov Gallery, a ma ka 2011 i hala o ka mea manaʻo exhibition hoʻolaʻa i ka 125th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka artist. Kona kia III ai hoʻokō noho i loko o Europa iaiyoe. Tower kükohu i loko o ka Stockholm Museum o Hoikehonua, Art. Ma keia hihia, i ka palapalaʻia, hooku iho la ia ia ma 1920 ma ka Hale o Soviets, i nalowale i loko o kūikawā depositories, a malia paha ua hōʻike hewa anaiia mai.