Phrenology - He aha ka keia? E huli aku i ka 'epekema o phrenology?

Hoikehonua, 'epekema mea heʻilihune o ka kokololio? Acaeoey o ka' epekema manaʻo i loko o ka umikumamawalu-umikumamaiwa kenekulia. Oiai ka scientific kokoke i na mea he nui o nā hanana i wale e hoomaka ana i ka hana, a ua hana epekema i ka hailonaʻana o nā wahi a pau loa kaulana, akā, i hope i loaʻa ia e wahahee. A like moʻolelo ke hai aku phrenology. Kēia lālā o ka 'epekema hookahi lanakila kokoke i ke ao nei a pau, akā, ka mea, ua lilo kona nui ku i ke kūpono' ana o keʻike manaʻo a me ka neurophysiology. Oiai kēia mau mea o ka 'epekema o phrenology nō haʻalele kekahi ka naauao ka palaoa.

Phrenology - he 'epekema a me pseudoscience?

Ma naʻepekema kumu o kekahi mau mea haʻilula keimikala i pili i ka hoomanao ana o phrenology. haumana kekahi, he olelo i phrenology - ka feria-epekema, akā, 'ē aʻe manao ia nō ka' epekema, a lawe mai i kekahi lihi iki o discoveries i loaa i ke kālā no ka noiʻi. Ke kuʻikahi, i waena o ka mea 'ē ma, Eia naʻe,ʻaʻohe. No laila, i loko o kēia 'atikala e kamaʻilio pū mākou no phrenology like me ka' epekema. Akā, e mālama i ka manaʻo e ma ka keia manawa ka mea, ua i manaoia me he integral a me ka hooiaio ana o ke kumumanaʻo.

Phrenology - ka 'epekema o ka' ole o ka puniu wale no, a kona pilina me ka manaʻoʻike ano o ke kanaka. Kēia kumumanaʻo ua loa mea mahaloia ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia, a he ukali a pau ma luna o ka honua. Ma na kauhale, a hiki ma ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia, i nā mea i ho'ākāka 'ka papa kuhikuhi o ka phrenology hoʻohana i ka' epekema hana ana i poʻokelaʻepekema o ka honua kaulana lakou.

Ke kumu nui i hoakaka ia o ka phrenology: pokole e pili ana i ka papa kuhikuhiE

Ke kumu o ka 'epekema kumumanaʻo i ka mea mahuʻi i loko o ke kanaka lolo, kēlā me kēia' Oihana mea kuleana no kekahi ka noʻonoʻo 'oihana. Ka oi ulu i kekahi Oihana, i ka nui kekahi 'o ka iwipoo. Ua Ua manaoio i na protuberances ma luna o ka puniu wale no, ua ano oi loa e hoʻomōhala ana i māhele o ka cerebral cortex, a kaumaha hōʻike underdevelopment o kanaka kona Oihana.

Na ukali o ka phrenology manaoio e waiho ma ka hapai ana i ka manaʻoʻike ano o kekahi kanaka hiki ole ke loli ma lalo o ka aoao o ka lawelawe aʻe a me upbringing. A me ka lōʻihi-makahiki hopena hiki i kekahi hopena ma luna o ka physiology a me kaʻike manaʻo o ke kanaka, akā, ka mea hiki ke hana ia ma ka pololei i kekahi mau hanauna. I ke kakahiaka nui umikumamaiwa kenekulia i ua kālaiʻia he mau walaʻauʻana ka ai o ka phrenology, a lilo iho la ia i ka papa kuhikuhiE? Iie postulates, ua hoʻohana 'ia e na ukali a pau o ka' epekema:

• lolo no i na nā loko o ka ike paka i;
• ka cerebral cortex ua haku o ka iwakalua-ʻehiku'āina, i hana kū kaʻawale o kekahi i kekahi;
• kekahi mau mea o ka lolo i ka hiki e hoʻoikaika i spontaneously, pela mahuahua kona huina ka leo;
• ʻeleu kūpono 'ana o māhele maoli he lākou nui;
• ana i ke kanaka poʻo, ua hiki pololei ka hoike i ke ana a me ka nui o na wahi kanaka o ka cerebral cortex;
• ma ke kumu o ka huaheluʻikepili ke kilokilo i kekahi kanaka i ka hana a me ka hoike aku i kona noʻonoʻo inclination.

I ka mea ma luna o māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana i hana i ke kumu no ka hou 'ana o ka phrenology.

Elue no ka muli o ka 'epekema

I ka pau ana o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia ma Europe i loa kaulana physiognomy. E like me ia kona kumu o ke, nā hiʻona a pau o ke kanaka ka pūʻulu hiki ke hōʻike 'ia ma ka' ole o kona maka. Ua nuiʻepekema i seriously hana i loko o ka ulu ana o keia 'epekema, a lawe mai la i ka nui hoike kumu kākoʻo kona kumu. Physiognomy addicted i loko o ka lani kiekie loa koʻikoʻi a hanohano, a me ka nānāʻana iā ia i nā mea kū hou, ahuwale na mea huna o ke kanakaʻike manaʻo. Hoikehonua, moʻolelo manaʻo ia mea, ua wale na kanaka i ka pono no ka 'epekema, e wehewehe i nā' oʻike manaʻo. Ka mea e ma ka huli ana o ka umikumamawalu a me ka umikumamaiwa ke kenekulia, kanaka i increasingly neʻe aku mai haipule dogma, a hoike nui kuleana i loko o ke ao ana o ke kanaka me he kanaka. 'Aʻole surprisingly, i ka hohonu o ke kanaka subconscious hōʻike i kekahi mea unexplored i ka hua'ōlelo o ka' epekema.

No hoi i keia wā o ka manawa i psychiatrist Amelika kau aku i ka kumumanaʻo i na perpetrators a pau o kaʻino atrocities ua hoano e kekahi pupule ma ka pili ana me ka holo pono o ke kanaka wahi o ka lolo. E like me ia i kēia kumumanaʻo, i ka manawa o ka hewa i nā māhele o ka lolo i ua hana kū kaʻawale, hoʻomaka e "hui" me kekahi i kekahi, a i ka hahauʻana, e alakai i ka hewa.

A pau ma luna o kūʻiʻo ka poe i ke kumu, ma i i ka nānā 'ana phrenology. Kēia scientific papa, manawa mai o ka physiognomy, i ua 'Imi ulu. I ka wā e hiki mai, ka mea, ua ua loaʻa he wahi lihi iki o ka hou LIKE a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuniʻepekema manao. Mea i hoʻokumu i ka phrenology kokoke hiki i ka pau ana o kona olaʻana e paku ana i kona kumumanaʻo. Ma hope o kona makeʻana,ʻo ia i hoʻoili ai i kona iwi poʻo scientific kula, e like me ka mea hope, a me ka loa tangible hoike o ka 'epekema mana, i ka mea hoʻolaha i loko o nā'āina o ko ke ao nei.

ʻO wai ka mea i hana i ke ao ana o ka phrenology?

Loa pinepine, hou 'epekema mńlie like me ka ami hana ana o kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema hoomaopopo ana. Akā, i loko o mākou hihia mea hiki loa okoa. Phrenology o ka mea nāna i hana o ka'Aukekulia nä känaka 'epekema Manuela ka laau awaawa,. He ua he poʻokela kauka a me ka anatomist, a i ke kanakolu kumamawalu na makahiki o ka houluulu ana 'ike i ka mea e hoao i kona kumumanaʻo. Ka manawa mua ana i haawi ai haʻi'ōlelo ma Vienna, ma hope ka laau awaawa, Ua pinepine ae la oia haʻi'ōlelo ma phrenology nā hualoaʻa a, a ua paʻi nui 'epekema na pepa ma luna o ke kumuhana.

Manuela ka laau awaawa,: he pōkole Kawaihae

Famous nä känaka 'epekema Ua hanau ia ma Vienna i ka waena o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia. He nui o kona wā noʻonoʻo ia i ka maikaʻi loa kauka, ka mea, ua i kona iho clientele a me ka pono hoʻolimalima i. Akā, ka hapanui o nā mea a pau hoihoi i loko o ka 'anatomia o au a me hiʻona o ke kanaka psyche, lewa i loko o ka' ole o ka iwipoo.

He mea ia ma laua me kona 'inikua hoʻomaʻamaʻa' Imi aʻo i ka 'ole o nā iwi o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. Ma wale i kekahi mau makahiki ka laau awaawa, houluulu ae hala loa o ka ohi ana o iwi, a, i hoʻolei, i ae la ia ia, e ho okumu i kekahi scientific iki iloko no phrenology.

Ka hiʻona o kona mau haʻi'ōlelo ma Vienna, Austria puʻe wale akula kēlā i ke aupuni hoohihiaia. Ma hope o phrenology categorically hoomalau ke Akua hunaahi, a hoʻoholo i ke kanaka ka ano a me ka tālena. Kēia mea kue i pau ecclesiastical dogma, no laila, kipaku ke nä känaka 'epekema, mai Austria. Akā, ka mea, ua i i o ka laau awaawa, e haawi mai i kona 'epekema kumumanaʻo, la e hele ana i ka'āinaʻEulopa he nui a me na wahi i enthusiastically loaa e kānakaʻepekema. Ka loihi oia i noho i loko o Farani. Iloko o keia manawa, ka laau awaawa, nolaila ia i kuu eha puke o 'epekema hana ma phrenology. Nä känaka 'epekema make i ka 1828 o ka cerebral hemorrhage.

ulu o ka phrenology

E like me ka laau awaawa, koi aku la ia, hoomaka ae la mua e manaʻo e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o lolo kūpono 'ana a me ka' ole o ka puniu wale no iloko o makahiki o kona kula. A laila, i kekahi 'la oia i kona mau na¯ me ka nui maka bulging, i ka hoomanao maikai. A lailaʻo ua kālailai kekahi mau haneri kanaka, a haawi mai kanaka ia i nā tālena a me nā hiʻona o nā wahi likeʻole o ka lolo. Initially ka laau awaawa, kaukahi, no na mai he iwakalua-ehiku mahele ana o ka lolo, a me ke ahiahi, unuhi ae la ia i kekahi palapala, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai i ka helu i mahuahua ai i ke kanakolu-eiwa.

Gallo kōkua i nā keiki kauka Shpurtsgeym, ka mea i lilo ke kākoʻo '-mea kākau o ka mea mua? Iie hana o ke nä känaka' epekema. Ua nui na kauka ka laau awaawa, hoopiiia o ka epa, e like me ia ma kona mau haʻi'ōlelo, oia Kuhikuhi 'ia i nā examples i hooko mai oia i kumumanaʻo. Other kūʻiʻo nä känaka 'epekema wale i i nana ole a me ka noʻonoʻo pono mailuilu haalele ia. ʻOiai ka mea, i loaa lawa no na makahiki.

I loko nō ia nei hoa paio, phrenology loaa hiʻona i loko o ka UK, US a meʻEulopa. GalloʻIkea ukali lehulehu e hoʻomau i kona 'epekema hana a hiki i ka waena o ka hope kenekulia.

ka napoo ana o phrenology

ʻepekema, i mai ai i ka ke kanakolu o ka hope kenekulia phrenology 'Imi kākoʻo scientifically. Ua noa, noonoo iho la ia i kaʻu pono e haawi i kona ulu ana, nolaila, i hele mai i ka puu o ka buke, a me akeakamai hana ma phrenology i loko o kēia wā.

Ma mahope makahiki,ʻepekema i massively popularized 'epekema, ho'āʻo e,ʻo me na kākoʻo i hiki. Laʻana phrenology, lolo haʻawina, hooeueu ae la i na mea he nui kānakaʻepekema, e hana ma keia kumuhana. Akā, e hele mai kekahi o ia mau mea, e pau loa ia okoa hualoaʻa, a hoomaka ae la ka hana me ka waiū 'epekema, Kuhikuhi' ia hou kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē, kūʻiʻo a me theories. Phrenology mau ano me ka anthropology,ʻike manaʻo, forensic psychiatry a me ka physiology. Ultimately pseudoscience lilo i ka impetus no ka hooulu ana i kēia mau 'epekema mahinaʻai, kanu aneane a pau i ka hana o ka laau awaawa,.

Phrenology kūlana i loko o kēia forensic 'epekema

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i phrenology ma ka criminology mua ho'āʻo e noiʻi i karaima hana, a hoike i ka e noiʻi i ke ano o ka hewa, e like me ka poe ola. Hoikehonua,ʻepekema, a geneticists i hookumuia oia maluna o ka kumumanaʻo i imua ma ka phrenology, i karaima hana ua pili loa ua hoʻopili i mā ma o ka lolo. A ka mea, ua mua hana phrenologists Mea Maluna hana o nā hana hewa. Kokoke a pau o lakou i manaoio mai i ka poʻe e hele ana ma luna o ka hewa poe mai no ia. Eia hou, ua hookupaa iho la ia laekahi psychiatrists i ma ka manawa o ka hapai ana poʻe iʻokoʻa propensity no ka lawe wale a me ka aggression.

A pau o kēia mau theories i ua waiho imua no ka mea mua manawa Halle, a ma ia mau lā i manaʻo like fantastic.

Phrenology ole ma ke kahua o kaʻike manaʻo me ka 'epekema

Phrenology ma kaʻike manaʻo ua lilo i ka mīkini hana wāwahie o na mea he nui hoʻokahuli aupuni manaʻo. He nui nā kānakaʻepekema manaʻo i ka mea i ole ia i hooki i ka noho, a me ka hoʻi iho i loko o ka hou 'epekema. I ike maopopo ia mea ole, aka, ia phrenologists theories i i ka incredibly ikaika ole ma luna o ka ulu o kaʻike manaʻo.

ka mua mana i ee aku e ua kanaka manaʻoʻike ke kanana nei i e physiological kumu. A no ka mea, o keia ka mea, hiki ke ola. I kekahi kumuhana o ke ao phrenologists ua i ka hoʻi i loko o ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia hiki ole e pono wehewehe. Ka hapa nui o ka luawai-ikeʻAmelika psychiatrists o ka iwakalua kenekulia he hookahi phrenology. Kēia mea olelo puke.

Law Europe: he Trail o phrenology

Pseudoscience Ua kauoha aku e lilo i ka impetus no ka hou ana i na kanawai maʻEulopa. No ka laʻana, ma ka manao o ka mentally ino hewa i maliu ole hou ia hoopai like maʻamau kanaka. Ka mea, hoomaka ae la e e hoʻouna i ka kūikawā kulanui no ka papa o ka lapaau. Manawa phrenology ala ae la i ka lehulehu, koi ka abolition o ka make uku maʻEulopa aina, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia.

Ma ia laua, ma na aina o ka aupuni, e noonoo i ka hookamaia o ka helu o ke kanawai e hooponopono ana i na kuleana o ka poe pio, a me ka correctional hui i hoʻolaunaʻia ma hoʻokele lula.

ka hopena

Paha phrenology i lilo i ka 'epekema, akā, ua hiki ke loa hoʻololi i ke ao nei, a hana i ka preconditions no ka hooulu ana i na mea he nui hou? Iie paialewa, a hope milo aku i loko o ke aupuni kūʻokoʻa' epekema. Ua uaʻAʻole iʻikeʻia ka makemake manawa e ka 'epekema kaiāulu, ināʻaʻole ka inquisitive manao Frantsa Gallya, ka mea i ole makaʻu i ka lilo i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni, a pau loa ia hananaʻepekema paialewa.