Raoult ka kanawai.

Ua hoʻokumu 'ia hoʻi i ka makahiki 1887 i kekahi o ka loa kaulana Palani physicists Raoult ka kānāwai. Kona inoa, ua hanau. Raoult ka kānāwai ua nānā 'ana i kekahi mau pili' o Randy i emi ai ka mahu puʻe o ka dilution o non-electrolytes. Mau puʻe ka ho'ēmiʻana impregnated hui identically me ke kameleona hapa iki o ka nāu kekahi waiwai. Kēia kānāwai i lawe mai Palani nä känaka 'epekema këia nā pāʻoihana ke kinowai (' ole-e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie) a me ka 'ona (puaʻa hiwa).

Mai Raoult ka Law hiki ke aoia i ka mahuahua ana ma nā kapuahi e ana wela a me ke emi i ka ke kūpaleʻana wahi o ka nāu kekahi pāʻoihana ma ka lākiō me ka molar e like me undiluted waiwai hoʻomāhuahua, a e imi i kona hoʻohana hakakino kaumaha.

Ua kapaʻia ka maikaʻi pāʻoihana no laila, ua pau kona ano kupono i ka pili pono o ke kānāwai o Raul. hiki More He kokekau wale pāʻoihana e noonoo wale ka poe i komo iloko o ka ole-Polar kinoea a me ke kinowai. Ia mea, ka mea e i na nā lātoma aʻole 'oe i ke hoʻololi i kona kuhikuhi ana i loko o ke kanawai ka pila kahua. Nolaila, i ka wela o ka 'aelike, e lilo' Aʻohe. A laila, i ka waiwai o nā pāʻoihana e e oluolu e loaʻa, no ka mea, he pono ke noonoo wale nō kā lākou palapala waiwai ke keʻena, a proportionality, ma i paʻipaʻiʻia ai e ia lŘlŘ haticheskim ala.

Me kēia mau pāʻoihana e like me ka ka ho omaulia mea aneane hiki ole i. No ka mea, ke kahua o nā pāʻoihana, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO paha ke wela, a me ka mea ku pono pilikia ia lŘlŘ - keia pāʻoihana absorbs wela i loko iho.

Ua kapaʻia ka exothermic kaʻina hana i loko a wela hanauna i, a me ka endothermic kaʻina - hoʻokahi, kahi ka mea, ua paka.

Colligative waiwai o ka pāʻoihana lākou nei ka poʻe i nāʻano nui e kaukaʻi ma o ka lehulehu o ka pāʻoihana, ma mua mai o ka aoao maoli nāu kekahi maoli waiwai. Colligative Ana nui i puʻe, ana wela a me ke kūpaleʻana i ka pāʻoihana ia iho i ka hapaʻauhau puʻe o ka'ūheheʻe ohu.

Ke kānāwai mua o Raul hiehie ke kiaʻana i kāna puʻe o ka ohu maluna o ka pāʻoihana i kona haku mele 'ana. Ua palapala ia ka wehewehena o kēia kānāwai, e like me ia mahope iho: Pi = Pio * Xi.

Ka hapaʻauhau puʻe mahu loaa ma pāʻoihana o na eiiiiiaiou mea pololei hapaʻauhau i kona cia kameleona hapa iki i loko o ka pāʻoihana. Ke proportionality kaʻi lau waiwai, ua like me ka mahu puʻe ma luna o ke kiaʻana i kāna insoluble ke keʻena.

Mai ka huina hui hopena o kameleona hapa iki o ka pau eiiiiiaiou o nā pāʻoihana, he 1, alaila, no ka mea aeaie pāʻoihana oia hoi o eiiiiiaiou e like me A a me B, ua hiki ke ho oholo wae kūpono lākiō kekahi coincides me ka olelo o ka mea mua Raoult ka kānāwai: (P0A-PA) / P0A = XB.

Ka lua o ka kānāwai o Raul - keia mea heʻilihune o ke kānāwai mua, i kapaʻia ma hope o ke nä känaka 'epekema, mai Palani. Kēia kānāwai mea i pololei ia kekahi dilute pāʻoihana wale no.

Hoemi i ka ke kūpaleʻana wahi akahele nāu kekahi pāʻoihana o ole-e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie mea ma ka pololei e like me ka hoʻomāhuahua o molal pāʻoihana, a me ka mea e ole i kekahi dependency i maoli waiwai nāu kekahi: T0fr-Tfr = Tfr = Km.

Mahuahua ka baila aʻela i wahi kekahi nāu kekahi pāʻoihana o ole-e yiaeaiiacaaeneiie waiwai ka mea, i ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka nāu kekahi waiwai, a me ia mea pololei hapaʻauhau ke keʻena molal pāʻoihana: T0b-Tb = Tb = Em .

Ebullioskopicheskaya ikaika, a laila kkoeffitsient E - o ka likeʻole ma waena o ka pololei pāʻoihana baila aʻela i ka mahana, a pau loa ia undiluted pāʻoihana.

Cryoscopic a eia i, a laila i ke kaʻi lau waiwai K - o ka likeʻole ma waena o nā pāʻoihana ke kūpaleʻana mahana, a pau loa ia undiluted pāʻoihana.