Physicochemical waiwai o maoli kinoea. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o maoli kinoea

Ke gaseous moku'āina o ka mea - i ka loa, he pono ole like me nā hoʻopiha pilina kiko'î. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i loko o kēia wahi:

• hoku;
• interstellar makahiki;
• ka Honua;
• lewa;
• na cosmos like me ka a pau.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hanohano nō hoʻi waiwai o kinoea - Ua nawaliwali intermolecular hana kūleʻa i loko o ke aniani puka olu oia, no ka mea, o ka mea i hōʻike a me nā mea a pau i ka papa kuhikuhi ano o kēia mau waiwai. Kinoea, a papa, loa nui. Eia naʻe, ua noonoo ka nui a me ke kolu o ka loa, he pono ole ma luna o mākou Honua - he kūlohelohe.

Natural kinoea: haku mele 'ana

Inā i emi iho i ka qualitative haku mele 'ana o ke kinoea maoli, e mea pono e koke līkaia eiiiiiaiou o nā pūʻulu: ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole. No nae ka mea, ua ea ae ia ka mea, ua haku o ka methane, akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole oiaio.

Ke aloha eiiiiiaiou nā:

• methane - Ch _4;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• butane - C ₄ H _10;
• ethane - C ₂ H _4;
• kaumaha hydrocarbons me ka kalapona helu i oi mamua o elima.

'okanikaʻole eiiiiiaiou nā nā kēia hui:

• hydrogen (ma ka liʻiliʻi dala) - H _2;
• i carbon dioxide - CO _2;
• helium - ole;
• naikokene - N _2;
• hydrogen sulfide - H ₂ S.

He aha kēia nui o ka haku mele 'ana o kekahi mau ukuhiia hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke kumu, a laila hoʻokomo kālā. Na ia mau kumu a me kela physico-Nine Inch waiwai o maoli kinoea. Eia naʻe, i kekahi i kekahi o ia ua extracted a me ka waiwai no hoi i kekahi. ua Pono kekahi ano hoʻohana like me ka wahie, a me ka, pili haole impurities nui ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kaikea o ka Nine Inch hana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka hui.

Physicochemical waiwai o maoli kinoea

No ke koho 'i kēia mau mea kiko'î a me kēia nui, oe e ike pono i ka haku mele' ana o ke kinoea ukuhiia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ina ka i lanakilaʻano nui methane (97%) i loko ona, i nā 'ano hiki ke kipakuʻia, alakaʻi ma luna ona.

Inā ka'okanikaʻole ke keʻena a me ke kaumaha hydrocarbons ma ka oi (i ai i kekahi mau pakeneka), oiai ka physico-Nine Inch waiwai o ke kinoea loli ho opa ao.

No laila, wale i ka He kokekau wale mokuna kiko'î a ma physical ano hiki ke hoakaka.

1. Noho'na makaainana i ulu mea hō'ā kaʻa mahana - 650-700 ⁰ C.
2. Ka octane helu - 120-130.
3. UaʻAʻohe kala like 'ole, hoao aku la, a me ka honi.
4. Māmā ma mua o ke ea aneane 2-pa hipa, oluolu e noʻonoʻo i loko o ke keena.
5. I ka pa apŘ o ka maʻamau moku'āina (kinoea) - 0,68-0,85 kg / ka m ^3.
6. Ma lalo hae keia, mau ia i loko o ka gaseous moku'āina o aggregation.
7. I ka wa i hui pūʻia me ke ea i loko o na mea o ka 5-15% ia mea he Naita me p ÷ ino.
8. Calorific cia - ma kahi o 46 MJ / ka m ^3.

A eia hoi, ka mea e e kaulana a Nine Inchʻaoʻao kinoea kiko'î.

1. He nui combustible, hiki o ka hoʻoponopono-ignite ka wā ana hunaahi, a me ka mea ma ka kekahi ana wela.
2. Mai ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena - methane, i loaʻa a pau o kona Nine Inch waiwai.
3. Komo i loko o hakahaka reactions, dehydrogenation pyrolysis undergoes refraction.
4. 'opihia a liquefied ma haahaa ana wela a me ke kiekie malihini.

Ka mea, ua maopopo ia ia physico-Nine Inch waiwai o ke kinoea e hoʻoholo i ka laulā huahelu o ka pono ma ka hana.

Ke kūikawā waiwai o maoli kinoea

Ke kūikawā waiwai o kēia mau huina lakou - o ka hiki, e lilo kinoea hydrate hoʻokomo kālā, i mea, ma ka paa moku'āina. Kēia mau hale a ho i kekahi? Aieeeua o nā lātoma wai ke kemu i loko o ka buke o maoli kinoea i loko o ka lākiō o 1/220. No laila, i kēia mau hoʻokomo kālā i waiwai nui loa i loko o? Ueo. Wahi o ko lākou lehulehu i loko o ke ano maoli:

• pallets hohonu papa o ka moana;
• hoʻomāhuahua o permafrost.

Nā kūlana o ke ola - ka hydrodynamic puʻe a me ka haahaa ana wela.

Kinoea-kahua

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka maʻiʻo o ke kinoea maoli ma ke ano maoli, e mea hiki ke kuhikuhi i ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka lehulehu:

1. Kēia mauna sediment, nā minelala hao, a ua hanaʻia he nui millennia anaerobic hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ke aloha mea i loko o ka hohonu papa o ka pńpa.
2. Mea hoʻoheheʻe ma groundwater.
3. Hookomoia ma ka aila, ho okumu i kaʻaila a me ka kinoea chap no ia.
4. Ua lŘlŘ i loko o ka palapala o ke kinoea hydrates i loko o ka papa o ka seabed, a me ka loa o ka papa akau.

Inā mākou Kû ke i ka puunaue ana o hoʻokomo kālā geographically kinoea, i nā luna o nā kēia mau'āina:

• Rusia.
• Awawa'āina.
• 'Amelika.
• Canada.
• Iran.
• Aneea oneiaey.
• Azerbaijan.
• Uzbekistan.
• Norway.
• Turkmenistan.
• Netherlands.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ke ao nei i ka makahiki o ka hola 3,643 trillion m + ³ no ka makahiki. O kēia mau mea, wale Rusia Helu 673 460 000 000 ka m ^3.

I ka wela o ka maoli kinoea, kahi e ua wela, he 650 ⁰ C. Oia hoi, o ka uku i ka mea i mea hiki ke pakiko-ignite. Kēia ke hookuu aku oia i ka mea i oi aku ka nui o ka wela ma mua i loko o ka'ā ana i kekahi'ē aʻe wahie. Maoli ai, ua hiki ole pili i ka laulā o ka i ana o ka waiwai.

I mea no ke aha la i na aina e mai,ʻaʻole i maoli kinoea me ke koe, i ana i ia mai nā'āina. Transporting hula i loko o kekahi mau aoao:

• ma ka pipeline ma gaseous palapala;
• ma ka poʻina nalu o ka moana, ala - ma ka waiʻona;
• ma ke alahao pahu hi - LPG.

Kēlā me kēia o nā alanui i kona pono a me keakea. Ma kekahi, i pakele meaola a me ka hoino aku nā koho, mai reactivity o liquefied kinoea i loko o nā paukūʻolokaʻa ho'ēmi mea nui haʻahaʻa ma mua i loko o ka gaseous moku'āina. Ke pipeline kekahi maoli he EYI huahelu a me kona puke, ma ka hou, keia iaoiaeii ka hoʻokele waiwai pono.

Methane i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o maoli kinoea

Methane kinoea mea he nui i ikeia ka mea ke keʻena i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka läÿau, maoli. Kona maʻiʻo papa koa mai ka 70-98%. E iho, keia mea i ke kolu o ka loa e like me ka Honua kinoea e komo i ka aila haku mele 'ana, no interstellar wa, i ka lewa o Ű.

Mai ka oiai ua o kemika, methane kinoea - paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon, e pili ana i ka moʻo o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa aliphatic i huiʻia. Ka mua 'elele o alkanes a paraffins. Kona reactivity mea haʻahaʻa, ia mea he a malie iho la. Hiki e pane koke.

• hakahaka;
• piha'okesaside;
• huli ana.

Paa colorless uahi wahi,ʻaʻohe ala.

Kind o maoli kinoea

Aia i ekolu papa kuhikuhi ano o ka waiwai i loko o nīnau.

1. Maloo maoli kinoea - o kekahi ma ka i oi mamua o 97% methane. Ia mea, i ka maʻiʻo o impurities, a me nā hydrocarbons, mea'āina haʻahaʻa.
2. Ka wīwī kinoea. No laila, kapa läÿau, i loaʻa He nīnūnē nui o ke kaumaha hydrocarbons.
3. Wiwo ole maoli kinoea - kekahi i ka waiwai i loko o kaumaha hydrocarbons a'okanikaʻole eiiiiiaiou (naikokene, hydrogen, helium, argon, i carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide).

Oia ka manaʻo like me ka kaʻi lau waiwai o ke kinoea dryness, e loiloi i ka mea e like ai o ka maka i nā puke mai i ka olelo mahope e e hua mai la i nā huahana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ma kona ano maoli kinoea iho - ia mea wale nō ke kumu. No ka mea, okoa na hana e pono ai kā lākou huina hoonui, no laila, ka mea, ua pono hoʻokō ', a ua holoiʻia i kulike ai me ka hana i ho'ākāka' koi.

ka pono o nā huahana

Natural kinoea mea e like ai ka pololei e kaukaʻi ma o ka haku mele 'ana. Inā methane ka i lanakila, alaila, o ia huahana e ia i ka mea maikaʻi i ke kumu o ka wahie. Inā, nae, o ka loa i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka momoma hydrocarbons, ua maka mea no ka Nine Inch hana - ka loa kūpono.

E hoolako kinoea o ka maikai quality, eia kūikawā Nine Inch mea kanu, kahi e ua loa ua holoiʻia ma mua hou aaioee, a hoouna aku la i ka mākaʻikaʻi hope. Nā Papahana O Ka hana, e hilinaʻi ma luna o ka mea no i ke huahana ua manao ia.

No ka laʻana, ina mea e e hoʻohana no ka lulu popilikia hana, a laila ka mea, ua pākuʻi kūikawā waiwai, odorants, e like me mercaptans. He ua hana i ka mea e loaʻa ua lilo i ke ala o ke kinoea, no ka mea, laila, ma ka hihia o ke kulu ia e e oluolu e huai ae. All mercaptans i ka pungent ala.

Ka hoʻohana a maoli kinoea

I ka hokii, a maoli kinoea ua lawe mai i na mea he nui na hana a me ka mea. No kekahi laʻana:

• ChP.
• Ieoaeunoai lumi.
• Kinoea kiko'ī.
• Nine? Iecaianoaaiiuo (hana o nā lula a me nā mea).
• Wahie no ka hi.
• Paio hahana maoli nō o ke akea maikai.
• Keiki.

No ia mea, ke ao nei? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka maka mea he nui, a me ka waiwai hoʻokomo a me nā waiwai hoʻolilo i oaeuiinoe ma ieeeea? O dala.

Na? Aneie kēia lākiō

Mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka aku no keʻanoʻaʻohe maikaʻi wahie kumu ma mua o maoli kinoea. ? Aneie? Aia oo endorse kona hoʻohana. Eia naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki,'ā kinoea hele aku ai i ka hoʻomāhuahua ana o kekahi o ka naoh huahana - o carbon dioxide.

A me ka mea pili i ka kinoea hoʻomehana honua, ka Honua o kana poe hipa, ua noho pilikia loa. No ia mea, i mālama 'ia na hana lehulehu, papahana no ka hoomalu ana i ka? Aneeo moku'āina o ka Honua, mai ka looming hoʻomehana honua.