Sources o Geographic Information. Papa Inoa o ka Tilly moʻokalaleo. Maps, atlases

Mai ka wā kahiko, ke kanaka i hoihoi i loko o ka mea ma luna o ka moana - he hou mokuna a me na welau o ka honua. Kenekulia maalo ae, ua loaa ka noho ike. Ua hiki mai i ka manawa i ka manawa o ka noiʻi, ka poe i ike ole i ka mamao aina, ua ike i ka hailona no ia. Ma keia mea, ua kōkuaʻia e nā kumu o Geographic Information.

He 'atikala, e hai aku oe ia ia mea, e like me kā lākou mauʻano likeʻole.

General manaÿo

E like me 'oe ke koho, no laila au i kapa aku i na kumu o ka' ike mai i ke kanaka ke loaa ia ia 'ikepili o ka hoihoi ia ia. A huli aku i nā kumu o Geographic Information Papa 5 (i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe)? E ka helu ia:

• All palapala, atlases, a me keʻano o topographical manao, me ke koa.
• Like Geographic hōʻike o ka laja.
• Nā palapala kuhikuhi, encyclopedic pauku, a me ka hoike i ka hopena o ka huakaʻi nui likeʻole.
• Aerial kiʻi a me ka ukali e nānā ai mau mea.
• GIS a me ka GPS / GLONASS.

Eia nō kekahi kumu o Geographic Information ike Grade 5 i loko o ka awelika hulina kula. Mākou i ho'āʻo e noonoo i ke ano o kekahi o ia i iki hou au mamuli.

ʻenehana

Ma nā makahiki, e hoolilo nui a hou kumu waiwai mai ka pepa i ka mīkini ano. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole kahaha ko oukou naau. Aneane pau 5 'ike kumu Geographic, a mākou i pono oleloia, i keia la, ua hiki ke loaʻa ia i loko o kikohoʻe palapala. ʻO 'oihanaʻepekema i loko o nā makahiki makemake, e hana me ka "helu".

Me ka ia GIS'ōnaehana hana nui oi pono ma mua me ka wahie o ka puke. A e kūkākūkā kekahi kumu o Geographic Information i au mamuli.

kāleka

Kāleka kapaʻia he generalized kiʻikuhi kiʻi o ka ili o ka aina, i ka pau Honua a ano lani kahi. Ua Ua kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka loina o ka Ua ho'ēmi ', oa ka makemakika ki ina hana like i hoʻohana ai no keia mea. Ia mea, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka pālākiō o na pepa a pau hiki ke subdivided i loko o ekolu nui pūʻulu.

• Nui-pālākiō.
• Mesoscale.
• Small-pālākiō.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka waeʻano mua, alaila, o ka lākiō o kēia mau palapala ke e 1: 200 000 a me ka nui. Kēia nā aneane pau topographical kuka. Small ka unahiʻole, i pau na pepa, i ka lākiō mea i emi aku 1: 1 000 000 maʻamau Mea Maluna Iho mai nā 'ai liʻiliʻi-ka unahiʻole, a me ka meakino-pepa paia manao kuka i ka mea pono hoʻomākaukau no ka hoʻopaʻa' ana o ka ua Wahiiki.

Hoʻokaʻina cartographic 'ike

Oe e ike i ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka mea i hanaia hoʻomalu paka ai maps rigorous koho kaʻina mea e e hōʻike ma luna o laila. Ua kapaʻia kēia kaʻina hana like penei: cartographic generalization. Maoli ai, o ka loa rigorous koho ole i ka mahalo o ka liʻiliʻi-pālākiō palapala, e like me ka mea pono e lawa i ka i kā mākou dala o ka pono keia mau mea 'ike i ka palena iki footprint o ka palapala. kūlana aliʻi nui pâʻani 'o ia ma ka pololei koho kāleka like me ka makemake o kona nā mea kūʻai mai i loko o ka hapanui generalization.

paena mea kuka

No laila, kapa'āina nō, a ua mālamaʻia ma ka mea kaupaona o ka nui (1: 5000 a oi), a ua holo hoʻohana kūikawā hōʻailona. Ma keia mea, e hoohalike ai i ke kula Hawaiian Edition. Ieoaeunoai o ia manao ua ma muli o ka pilikia makapō, vocal e kaha, Honolulu For the 'ole ka hui hana.

Mai i na mea kuka i hoakaka ia wahi kŘpa a uuku o ka honua i ka ili honua, ka Honua ka curvature ka wā e pili ana hiki ke malama ole. It E e mōakāka loa ia mau kumu o Geographic Information, a mākou i hōʻike pono, e radically okoa mai kekahi i kekahi.

I kaʻokoʻa o ke kāleka kuka

• Ke kenimika kuka kuka kau iho la oi ma mua o elima kilomika i ka maoli'āina. Ka mea, ua ikaika nui ae pepa i loko o kekahi millimeter i hiki ke waiho haneri o kilomika o ka honua i ka ili honua.
• Nā mea ma luna o ka honua kuka i hōʻike 'ia me ka' ike piha i hiki. Ma rula, a pau oi a emi nui wahi ia ma luna o ka awelika huahelu. Penei, topographical manao o ka General Staff (a me ka Soviet Union, o ka papa) hiki ke hōʻike i nā lāʻau a me ka uuku kahawai. Ma ka palapala he mea hiki ole ke loaa i ke ike. Maoli, nolaila, lawe mai generalization, a mākou ana no ma luna. ʻO ka mea mau outlines o na âinapuni ma na palapala hiki ole ke hōʻike, akā, no ka mea, ua pinepine pili me ka nui ei. Eia hou, i ka luna hou moʻokalaleo ma luna o ka hana kemika o ka pono scaleless hōʻailona.
• Mākou Ua kuapo hookahi hou i ka hana papahana no ka malama ole i ka curvature o ka honua i ka ili honua. Pepa, o ka oi aku ma luna o kaʻuʻuku me ka unahiʻole, noʻonoʻo ia OAXA.
• Ma na mea kuka ole degere maka aha. I ka Ia manawa, na laua a me meridians mea ma luna o kela mea keia mea o lakou.
• Ke kumumanao He mau mea i loko o hua'ōlelo o ka hoʻokele. Luna o ka palapala - ke kūkulu'ākau, i ka lalo, niioaaonoaaiii, - i ka hema. Ma na palapala o ka wahi i ho'ākāka 'ia e ka ia laua.

Image aoao nā mea ma luna o nā mea kuka a me ka palapala

Conditional huapalapala ma keia hihia iʻike mau nā kinolau ma i ka kivila mai hiʻona hoikeia ma ka palapala 'āina a me kumumanao mea. Me kā lākou kōkua, e hiki i kekahi mea pōhaku puna (i ka mauna, no ka laʻana), a me ka mea e loa Hōʻuluʻulu, conditional (i ka pa apŘ o ka heluna kanaka i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, kauhale, a no laila, ma luna o. N.) hōʻike. O ka holo ana, ka mea, i nā mea a pau nui kōkua i ke ola ana o ke kanaka, ka mea i ike i ke kumu o ke o ka cartography a me ka mea hiki ke heluhelu i kēia mau nō.

Pehea lā ka lōʻihi o ka palapala koe pili?

Keia ninau ua ma ka liʻiliʻi loa einozhdy i aneane e pau geographers a me kanaka hulihonua. A i ho'ākāka 'pane hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hana, laulā, i ke kumu o ka manao. Penei, ka medieval haumana pinepine kahaki ii i kekahi palapala 'āina literally "ma ka iho", no laila, kamailio e pili ana i pololei mea i pono. Akā,ʻo General Staff palapala, hoʻowahāwahā i ka manawa, nō, heʻe piʻoloke ihola me lākou miomio.

Mai poina i ka palapala o ka Hōʻole akula North i reasonably kiʻekiʻe kumupaʻa, oiai ka Amazon, a me ka muliwai, i na manao hiki e maluhia hoolilo o kanalima makahiki ma hope o kā lākou mau puke. mau muliwai e like me ka maiau a me ka hoʻomaka koke hoʻololi i ka 'äina o ka ili honua, mai ka palapala mua naʻauao lākou wale mai i ka mōʻaukala kuanaʻike.

Kuʻe Huli wehewehena, wehe

All kumu o Geographic Information kūkā mai luna, kekahi manakā, uninteresting. Where leʻaleʻa e kikoo mai i ke ano o ka aina, wahi a hoi'āinapuniʻole, i kākauʻia e ke kanaka nana i ike ia a pau!

Kāpena Barber aʻe, akā, hiki i kekahi manawa i ka wehewehena a me nā lono ma Geographic (geodetic, liluwelo) haʻawina haawi i ka hailona 'ike hou aku ma mua o ka loa piha hi ona māhele palapala'āina. No loko o ka la mahope, aole ia i hōʻike 'ana i kekahi o ka meaʻawaʻawa loa hiʻona o ka ua Wahiiki (malaria, ua loaʻa i loko o kekahi Central mau o Aferika, ma kela anu u, no ka laʻana).

Ka papa inoa o ka moʻokalaleo ma ka hana kemika, a ua puka mai no nā haumāna ma ke kula (e like Nikolina VV hana kemika, 'oihana kūpono' ana; Samkova VA mākou i këia i ka ulu lāʻau, Forest puke noiʻi kūʻikena: 2 na / Ch hua G. I. Vorobov ... ), e like me ka manawa a me ka hana i ke aloha i ka hana o ka noiʻi i ka manawa, e kikokiko i loko o nā mea a pau i ka 'ike ma luna o ke kāleka i loko o ka manoanoa o ka mea.

Pōkole 'ike e pili ana i ka puka o Africa

E hai mai oe iā mākou i wahi e pili ana i ka mōʻaukala o ka puka o ka Dark'āinapuniʻole. O ka holo ana, i ka hua'ōlelo "loaʻa" mea,ʻaʻole he pololei: i ka Australia -ʻo ia, ka mea, ua hana eha iaʻi e. Ma ka hihia o Africa i ua pono? Anoee mākou Hawaiian wahi, kahi kauāʻeleʻele i hopu, a kuai mai ¶ʻO'Araba poʻe kālepa nihoʻelepani, akā, o ka mea e hele ana i loko o ke Keena Kalaiaina o ka'āinapuniʻole, i i ikeʻaneʻaneʻaʻole.

Na mea a pau hoʻololi i loko o ka XIX kenekulia, ka wā o nā kaʻao hiki ma Africa, David Livingstone. Ia ia, no ka hanohano o ka weheʻana i ke kumu o ka muliwai, a me ka nani Lake Victoria. Mau kanaka ike, akā, Central Africa haʻawina ma ka manawa i hana ia ma ka Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema VV Junker (i loko o 1876-1886 makahiki).

No ka lāhui 'ōiwi heluna o ka'āinapuniʻole mea i pau ai inoino, ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu o Geographic Information (' o ia hoʻi palapala),ʻikepili no i mea no laila, paakiki, a ikaika aku i ka pilikia ke ola ohi i mau koaʻepekema i ua 'Imi hoʻohanaʻia kauwawahine poʻe kālepa e ...

No laila, me nā palapala a me nā mea kuka, ua nae pau. Kuʻe Huli atlases pili ana i ka ia waeʻano. A me ka aha i ke kūlana o kaʻiʻo nō o kēia kumu o Geographic Information? No ka pane i kēia nīnau, noonoo i ka loina o ke kaʻana like i nā kahiko pepa palapala a me ka hoʻokele, i ua manawa 'Imi hoʻohana' ia ma ke ahiahi 'oihana geographers a me kanaka hulihonua ua.

GPS / GLONASS + palapala

It E e kaulana i keia iaoia mea pono pono no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka pololei o ka palapala, atlases a me topographical manao. Eia hou, ke hoʻomanaʻo udovletovryaet pono o ka moʻolelo, e like me ka mea hiki ike no lakou iho he mau i ka nui o ka'āina, i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o Contemporaryʻoihana likeʻole hanana i loli. Eia naʻe, Tilly moʻokalaleo pinepine nā paena kuka, a i ole, ua hōʻano hou 'ia mai ka hoʻomaka o ka hope kenekulia.

E lawe ka lanakila o ka pololei, akā, i ke manawa-e hoopau ana a me kekahi mau mea extravagantʻano hana, oe i ka hana i ka Triple hoopaaia e (ekolu kekahi mau pepa) a hiki i ka ia paena āpana:

• Mua, huli i oi a emi ke kālā no ka palapala 'āina a me ka palapala hi ona ńina.
• He kupono e lawe i ka hou kope kēia o ke ao aerospace'āina me ka topographical pili i ka i kahi kūlike o ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele.
• Eia hoi, i kāleka, a me ka 'ike ana au e hele e nānā mākou pono.

Ke ano o keia hana mea e hoonui i ka hoomanao ana o ka hoʻokele, a pau ekolu o ka unuhi wahi. O kēia Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o kēia mau mea i ka 'ano ikaika unu lawelawe, a he kilakila dala o ka hipa kāne, no laila, e hiki OIeEOEIeAeEIIe, ma waena pepa makemake nei.

Hoʻoholo 'ana o ke ala

A ala ua pono ke hana ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke kālā no topographical palapala'āina a me ka manao. Mākou e e kūkā, e hana no kēia palapala kahiko. He hiki ia ia ma-paena Marsh ua manawa kaahele aku la oia i ka wahi, akā, hookahi ma ka lihi o ka mea pohihihi keia uʻi nahele, oe eʻaʻole e hiki ke hele, no ka mea, o ka wahi i loli radically ka hana kemika. Kāleka - ka mea maikai, i ka wale i loko o ka hapa nui o ka hoopii, i kēia mau palapala a pau loa pololei ole.

No ke aha Honolulu For the a me ka ukali e nānā ai ua oʻa ia kāleka?

Akā, no ke aha la pepa Nails ai emi i nā huahana o ka 'ike loea hou kēia? Ka wahi i loko o ka i kēia mau kumu:

• Mua, i ka pilina o ka ukali e nānā ai a Honolulu Hawaii photo i loko o ka hapanui o na hihia nui kiʻekiʻe. I ka cartographers nō vouchsafed e paa kekahi generalization o hou ikepili a me ka he kala kuka no ka wahi?
• Ma nā kiʻi oe i literally i maoli manawa e e hiki ke hooholo i nā 'ano o kekahi wahi. Ma ka palapala, a me he topographical kumumanao o ka laau? Ueo i loko o ka ulu lāʻau, e e hōʻike wale schematically a wale i loko o kekahi mau hua'ōlelo. Aloha i, hina i loko o ka waena o ka mānoanoa spruce prolesok birch ka loa hiki, a ma ka manoanoa tidara ulu no ka lilo nui maʻalahi.

Koho i ke ala hele, a e kaha i ka hou kiʻi, ka mea, ua? Aeiiaiaoaony e huli i ka mea kahiko palapala'āina. No ke aha la ka mea i pono? Manao wale ia oe i ka biologist ma ke kahua auoiaea. Oe Pono e hoʻoholo pehea makua ulu lāʻau, a ikea mai la hou laau? Ueony, he nui ululāʻauʻAno hoʻololi i loko o kēia mau makahiki a pau. Maikaʻi no ka hoʻoponopono i kēia mau pilikia a pau wale, kau iho la i ka hou kāleka i kona kahiko counterpart. Penei, na mea a pau i maopopo hiki i hiki.

Eia nō nā kumu ia mea kemika. Map - paha i keʻano nui o ia mau mea, akā, ua pono e poina ia ma luna o ka mea i halaʻumi makahiki, 'epekema a me ka' ike loea ua i weliweli strides, a no ia mea naaupo,ʻaʻole i lawe ka lanakila o nā mea a pau i kaʻiʻo nō o kēia e piʻi like.

ka hopena

Pela no oe i ka kumu o Geographic Information i ka keia manawa, me ka pili loa. Oddly lawa, akā mākou i ka ia manao a me ka palapala i i invented mua mākou au nō ke hoʻohana 'ia a pau. O ka holo ana, like me kā lākouʻiʻo nō o kēia nānā.