ʻO wai nā Normanists a me antinormanistov?

Ma ka Lūkini 'epekema i no ka lōʻihi manawa aia no he kūkākūkā Normanists antinormanistov a me ka mea pili i ke kūlana o ka Noremana (Norsemen) i loko o ke kahua o medieval statehood ma Rusia. Keia hoopaapaa ana i wahi ma kekahi Kekoa - ka ideological a me kaʻepekema.

mō'aukala kūkākūkā

Ke hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka Noremana i hele mai e pili ana i loko o ka XVII kenekulia, i ka wa a ka Kuekene kākau moʻolelo i hoʻohana i ka 'ike ma luna o nā kumu o ka Varangian Rus e kākoʻo aupuni? Anoe? I loko o HawaiianʻEulopa. Oia rhetoric ua kena ae la o ka hōʻole o na ideologists o ka XVIII kenekulia (mua o nā mea a pau, Mikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov hōʻole kekahi pilina Rus a me ka Vikings.

I ka pau ana o ka XIX kenekulia, ua noʻonoʻo loi iʻaneʻane nalowale. Ma ka manawa i hele mai i ou wahi lihi iki o ia mea? Iie hana o linguists, e ho'āpono aku i ka kumu o ka Scandinavian inoa o ka mua Lūkini aliʻi i loko o medieval kumu (e like me Oleg, Rurik, Igor, a no laila, ma luna o. N.). Pakahi aku la ia nui i ka puke o ke kaulana DenemakaʻImi Loa Vilgelma Tomsena. About Varangiansʻikeʻia i loko o Rusia ma ka VIII kenekulia, aia no he wahi lihi iki o ka hoike hōʻoia hou i. Ko lakou aoao ma ka moʻomeheu o ka hikina Slavs aʻo a hiki i kēia lā.

Naʻe, ka hoopaapaa Normanists antinormanistov a laila, me ka hou ikaika mua i loko o ka Stalin au, ka wā antinormanizma manaʻo hoʻohana ku e Nazi propaganda e pili ana i ka superiority o ka Germanic kānaka o ka Slavic (Swedes a Scandinavians i mau nō ka hea ka hoahanau o ka lāhui kēia kanaka Kelemānia). Mai ka lā mai o ka Soviet Union noʻonoʻo loi o ka Noremana holoʻokoʻa ola a hiki i ka keia lā.

Ke kumu o Rurik

Loa Normanists antinormanistov a arguing e pili ana i ka wahine paha, o Rurik - ke alii e alii iho la oia ma Novgorod i 862-879 makahiki. He hiki ia Rusia pu me kona poe hoahanau a me Truvor Sineus. E like me ka "nui o Bygone makahiki" i ka 862. Ilmen Slavs, a me ka kūloko Finno-Finns i kono ia, e alii ai maluna o Novgorod aina. Local ohana Ua waiho wale aku no ia mai ka hakaka pau ole. Kūloko o Herodia i waena o ka Slavs o ka North-West o Rusia, i lilo ai ma hope o ia e like me ka mea, hooauhee aku la i hala ka Vikings, e uku ia i ka waiwai auhau ia makahiki, no kā lākou ola. Independence Ua alakai ai i ka ikaika aku i ka hookahe koko. Eia hoi, e kaua ana aristocraticʻaoʻao Novgorodʻae e kono aku i ka'ākilikai nā aliʻi ma ka i kauoha aku e hooki i ka hakaka ma waena o lākou.

Keia kanaka, a lilo Rurik. Ke hoopaapaa Normanists a me antinormanistov pili ana i ke keiki i hele mai i ka Vikings i ma ka hikina mai Slavs. Aia mea i kanalua i ka luna i hele mai, mai Scandinavia, a me kona entourage a me kuhikuhipuʻuone. Ma ka moʻolelo o ka aina i kapaia o "Rus". Normanists a antinormanistov oko ma ke ano o ka makahiki.

Ruric Ua loaa Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. hele hoʻi iā Hrærekr Ka inoa o ka kaikuaʻana - Scandinavian inoa, no laila,ʻaʻohe mea i kanalua i ka mea, ua i ke kanaka. Eia naʻe Normanists antinormanistov a me kekahi mau ano o ke kumu o ke aliʻi mua o Novgorod. No ka laʻana, kekahi haumana hōʻike ia me Rerik Jutland, ka mea i noho ana ma ka waena o ka IX kenekulia, a no i ka mamo aliʻi scylding mai Denmark. Kēia kumumanaʻo ua muli ma luna aʻo Kīwala'ō o nā inoa, eia nae keia kumuʻanoʻole maoli hiʻona - ka wale mea i underpinned ke kuhiakau.

fragmentary kumu

A pau o ka mea kēia hoopaapaa ana Normanists a me antinormanistov muli o medievalʻoihana aliʻi i mea kekahi mānewanewa kanikau a me ka hapa i ua lilo ma muli o ke ahi a me ka palaho securities. A pau keia paha ke he wahi lihi iki o ka innuendo a me ka speculation.

Inā 'oe e hoohalike ai i ka oihana a me ka Normanists antinormanistov, ka mea i ike i ko lakou hoopaapaa kŰia mau Lūkiniʻoihana aliʻi, i kekahi manawa conflicting. No ka laʻana, ka mea hope, Ryurika Oleg i mua kapa i kona kia'āina. Ma aelike me Byzantium hoʻomaka o ka X kenekulia ka mea, ua oleloia, ua like me ka pili o ke aliʻi mua o Novgorod. Hope Lūkini kumu o XII kenekulia, i wahi keia kuhiakau, hoopaapaa i ka hana i kakahiaka nui o ka lulu popilikia kakaolelo.

pilikia kekahi moe i loko o ka mea ana i haole kakaolelo kuokoa kumu o ka wā, a, e hoomaopopo aku i ke kaʻao o Rurik, a me kona mau hoahanau. Ma keia manao, aohe mea i mau ka launa pū o na hana o ka Varangian aliʻi.

Kuekene noiʻi

Mea maʻa mau, ka mea, ua manaoio ia Normanists antinormanistov a hoʻomaka lākou kūkā ma ka hapa mua o ka XVIII kenekulia. Naʻe, ka mea mua study ma luna o ka pilina o ka Scandinavians a me Rusia lā hoʻi i ka XVI-XVII kenekulia. A ma Muscovy i ka mua o ka poʻeʻEulopa Western. No laila, i ka ninau o ke kumu o ka Vikings hoihoi i loko o imperialʻelele Sigismund Herberstein. Ma ka? Oaony ala āna i hele aku i nā noiʻi.

Ka manaʻo o Kuekene kumu o Rurik kokua i ka Kuekene diplomat a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo Petr Petrey de Ka Erlezunda, e noho ana i loko o Rusia i loko o ke au o Boris Godunov. Kana mau hana i lilo i mea mahaloia a hiki ma kahi e, a ua ua unuhi 'ia i loko o Kelemānia. Kuekene mea kākau Olaf Dalin, ma ka kūhelu noi i kākau "Ka History o ka Kuekene moku'āina," Rurik ia i hōʻike 'ia me Erik Björnsson mai Scandinavian Ynglingsʻana. Soon, naʻe, i kēia kuhiakau ua höʻoia 'ole.

Book Gottlieb Bayer

Mua ka mea maoli scientific hana i ka hoʻomaka 'normanizm noʻonoʻo (essay) "On Varyag" i loko o Rusia. Kona mea kākau i ke Kumu ma ka St. Petersburg Academy o Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). He hookolokolo aku la ia mua o ka mōʻaukala kau o ka wanaʻao medieval kumu, a ho'ōla lilo ai no ka manaʻo ka mea e hiki mai ana kekahi mau hanauna o nā kānakaʻepekema.

Ka mua Bayer hilinaʻi ma ka buke o nāʻoihana o ka wā. Academician hooleia Popular laila, i ka "Prussian kumumanaʻo" e like me i ka Vikings i yuzhnobaltiyskoe kumu. I kana hana, a loaa ae nei i ka palapala mai ka haole kumu, no ka laʻana, mai nā moʻolelo Bertinskih.

Ma lalo o Bayer Vikings ike i ka Scandinavians i loko o ka broadest ano o ka olelo: na Swedes, Gotlanders, Danes a Norwegians. Io i ka linguistics, oia ua kālailai i ka Lūkini ano hanohano, a me na inoa o na luna IX-X kenekulia. No keia hopena, huli i kumu o ka mea kākau e like me pōhaku runic palapalaia maluna penei, Greek hana, a me nā kia hoʻomanaʻo i o ka wā. Bayer i na palapala, a me ka Byzantine Emperor X kenekulia, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. E like me ka hopena o kēia mea kākau moʻolelo hana i manao ai, o ka inoa o ka Rurik, a ua Truvor Scandinavian kumu.

Hana Gerard Miller

Kekahi o ka "Varangian" puke koena ai o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), a me ka ua, ua kākau i nāʻia iā ia i loko o kona "History o Rusia". I ka Ia manawa ka Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema iho apo pono e ku pono ana ia i nā hana i Bayer. Tatishchev ua he apologist antinormanizma, Vikings manaoio i ka Finns a me Pinilana me Kinohi wahi i Rurik.

Ma waho aʻeo i ka mea kākau o ka "History o Rusia" i loko o ka kūkā o Scandinavia ma ka waena o ka XVIII kenekulia i hele e mau koʻikoʻi ma noiʻi. Ka mua ua he nui ethnographer a me ka geographer Gerard Miller (1705-1783), a me ka lua o ka - Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Hope oia i hana i kekahiʻano o sciences, a haʻalele i ka nui hoailona a me loko o ka mōʻaukala ana.

I ka 1749, ma ka mea o ka mea e hiki mai ana ka lā inoa lā o ka Empress Elizabeth, ke poʻo ua ia e mālama 'ia i ka lehulehu ahakanaka, i a koʻikoʻi kula'ākoakoa e heluhelu-mńlualua hōʻike. Pela Lomonosov kākau ihola i kona kaulana "Eulogy" no ka hanana. Miller koho i keʻano pahee kumuhana o "ka ho omaka ana o na kanaka, a me ka inoa o ka Lūkini." Ke kikokikona Ua makaukau ma ka manawa, akā, ka mea i ike ole e hoʻokomo ai i ka lehulehu hoopaapaa ana a me ka mea ia i loko o ka puka Revised edition hopu.

Miller ka hōʻike i ole makemake nui ka noiʻi a me ka poʻe kauwā a kokoke i ka Empress i loaʻa ia "predosuzhdenie Rusia." Luku aku i ka ia hoʻi, a Lomonosov, ka mea iʻoi he hoa paio o ka pähola 'ana o ka "Varyag" Roots o Rusia. Similar i loko o ko lakou mau manao ma ke kūkākūkā Tatischevʻaloʻana. Like no laila, ua nui na manawa ma mua i loko o 1749 Normanists kumumanaʻo a me ka antinormanistov, kena ae la kekahi kaua nui ma waena o wahi luluʻepekema.

Miller ma o kona beleaguered ia hoʻi pili kēia wahi ma Bayer. Hoʻohālikelike i ka oihana Normanists antinormanistov, a ho'āʻo ka mea kā lākou ki oko ao e hooholo. Ka mea hiki ke hoopuni kaʻawale ma ke kapakai a Miller a me University loiloi. Mua, ka pale 'ana i ka Noremana kumumanaʻo, ʻo ia me ia i ka Scandinavians a Vikings alakai aku i ka lokomaikai o keia kuhiakau, hou hoike. Ma kekahi, Miller hukihuki lakou i ka noonoo ana i ka mea maʻa mau "Lūkini" inoa o ka Dnieper rapids, i i haawiia mai i loko o kona hoonoho "Ma ka hooponopono ana o ke aupuni a pau" ma ka Byzantine aliʻi Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym. Nō hoʻi ka mea kākau o ka acclaimed hana o Laielohelohe i kona kuka nei paipai Scandinavian kākau o ka kakahiaka nui Middle Ages, Shoes ka hikina Slavs.

Moʻolelo Normanists a antinormanistov pinepine i nā mea hana keaka i loko o ka luna 'pili aupuni paio. E hoouka ma Miller i kena ae la i ka nui o ka 'epekema, ao ke ano o kana hana, e like me kona ideological overtones. Elizabeth ka noho alii ana i hoomaka ai ma hope o ka "pouliʻumi makahiki", ka wā, ka wā Anny Ioannovny hoakoakoa ae la a puni ka noho aliʻi nui loa kēia kanaka Kelemānia. Ma lalo o ka hou Empress i ukali ia e ka backlash. Ua nema aku na mea a pau haole, a me Kuekene, a hana i ka kaua, hoomaka ae la. O ka holo ana, e ku e keia kāʻei kua, hana, kamailio e pili ana i ka Scandinavian kumu o Rurik, Ua ike like me ka haukaʻe. Miller, i loko o ka maikaʻi ke kino kulana, kā lākou mau manaʻo,ʻaʻole naʻe, i ole loli. Kana hana i paʻiʻia ma kahi'ē, a me ka Russian ia i ka mau mea heluhelu ua loaʻa wale i ka 2006.

manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē antinormanistov

Piha muli o ka lehulehu ākea o Miller i ukali ia e kona mau papa kuhikuhiE hoa paio Mihaila Lomonosova. A makahiki kakaikahi ma hope o ka sensational hihia Varangian Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema hoomaka e haku `ia i kona iho nui hana ma luna o ka'āina o ka mōʻaukala. Hoopaa ia mea,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i i manawa no a hiki i ka makeʻana. Ma hope iho o ka make ana o Lomonosov i paʻiʻia wale i kekahi ka leo o kona "kahiko Lūkini mōʻaukala." Aka hoi, i ka ninau o ke Varangians (e like me kekahi o ka makakoho), ka mea kākau i loko o kona hana noʻonoʻo.

"Rusia mua Rurik" Mikhail laʻa mau Mokuna rigorous. No ka mea Slavs, hooili mai i wale i ka Slavs, akā, no ka Baltic Huipuia (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) a me Veneto, ka ko Media a me paflagontsev, wahi no hoi i ke kumu o keia, he pono ole lāhui pūʻulu kokoke i ke au o ka Trojan Kaua. Kela manawa, keia olelo hoopomaikai hiki ke ike i ka manaʻo i ole Vikings ai kekahi na ohana e hiki ole ho ololi i ke kahua o ka kūʻokoʻa Rusia, nona kêia kanaka lā hoʻi e kahiko. I ka papa kuhikuhiE drawback Lomonosov ka hana o ua i ka mea i loko o ka mea, o ka mea kākau hahai ma hope o nā loina o ka historiography XVI-XVII kenekulia, oiai ma Europa 'epekema mea e hoʻomōhala hou ano o ka noho pilikia Ka Ikepili o na kumu.

"Russophile" pähola i hele mai Rurik mai Slavs ana a me Ekaterina II, lehulehu i ka "History" Vasiliya Tatischeva. No ka laʻana, kekahi o ka loa nui historiographers o ka manawa, Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) ua noʻonoʻo i ka mua Novgorod alii pili lunakahiko Ilmen Slovenes Gostomysl.

manao Karamzin

A oi 'O ke kaulike a me ka mea kokoke loa i kahi hoʻohālikelike me kā lākou wā i Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). Kona nunui-ka leo "History o ka Lūkini State" Ua lilo i ka loa nui kŰia o Lūkini moʻomeheu a me ka 'epekema.

Karamzin ua like ka poÿe känaka e Normanists a me ka antinormanistov mea ua olelo mai a. Manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma na aoao elua i ka mea ia i loko o ka mooolelo a me ka mea i kā mākou malama i na olelo. Karamzin hoi i na hana o Bayer a me Miller, noonoo ia i ka poinaʻole no ka mea a pau o ka mōʻaukala. Akā, antinormanskaya manaʻo Tatishcheva ka mea i nema aku. Special-Liloa kākau moʻolelo i kapa hoike o podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya moolelo.

Karamzin mai la a pau eono apau o kūʻiʻo e kākoʻo i ka Scandinavian kumu o Rurik a me ka Varangians i ka mau. Mua, hoike o Western kākau, no kekahi laʻana, Bishop Liutprand Cremona, kahi Russ manao ka mea, ua i ka Noremana. ʻO ka lua, o ka inoa o Rurik, a me nā aliʻi papahana me ka maopopo Scandinavian etymology. Ekolu, ka Byzantine kumu. Vikings ma Constantinople i kapaia Scandinavian naita. Ha, Miller ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i na inoa o ka Dnieper rapids. Elima, aʻo Kīwala'ō o ka ohi ana o Lūkini kānāwai i ka oiaio a me ka ia Kelemānia a me ka Scandinavian vaults. Ono, i ka "nui o Bygone makahiki," ma ka mea kākau Nestor i olelo ia i ka Vikings noho i loko o ke komohana o ka Baltic kai.

eo Normanists

Hot paio kālaimanaʻo ideological mau hoa paio hihia ma waena o Normanists antinormanistov a me kekahi o na kumu nui "laʻa ninau" o Lūkini moʻolelo i hana ai. Ka popoiwi wahi i loko o kona kūpono 'ana i ka buke o ke Denemaka linguist Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "Home Lūkini moku'āina." Ua ua i loko o kēia hana i mua imua a hiki i ka piha i loko o ka panina Noremana kumumanaʻo. Hapanui puke Thomsen ka oko ao mai kona mua pāʻewaʻewa ma linguistics. 'Oihana o ke nä känaka' epekema no ka'ōlelo ke keʻena o medieval kumu, ua i nalowale lākou pilina i kēia lā.

E like me ka nui wale hoa paio Thomsen la o Stepan Gedeonov (1816-1878), no ka mea, ua i kana hana "Ka Vikings a Rus" i ia Dane, "ka manaʻo o ka mea noonoo." Other hana antinormanskie linguist kapaia kānalua o. I kona puke Thomsen i ka walaau ole ka loiloi 'ia o ¶ʻO'Araba, a Byzantine kumu i loko o Roma ma ka Vikings.

Ke kālailai i ke kumu o ka hua'ōlelo "Rusia", ke nä känaka 'epekema kapa ia i ke kumu o ke kumu o ka Kuekene like paha o ka hua'ōlelo "holo" a me ka "hoe". Ma keia pilina Thomsen laila'ōlelo akula ia mea, i kapaʻia ka inoa ia lakou iho i ka Scandinavians, ka mea i noho ma na kapakai o ke awawa o Finland, a ua ma luna o ka hele ana a hiki i ke kokoke'āina. Like me, he linguist i mai i ka hua'ōlelo "Vikings". E like me kona kuhiakau, ka mea hele mai i ke Kuekene kumu "var", i translates like "olu" a me "ka palekana".

Thomsen kaukahi, no na mai he kakini olelo a kahiko 'ōlelo, ka mea hiki ke maopopo ke ike Scandinavian etymology (Tiuna, laina maka, shop, lāʻau, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Summing i kona ao, ka mea kākau i manaoia he capacious metaphor: Ua waiho ka Scandinavians ke kumu o ka uuku ana, a i kona mau Slavs mahuahua i gigantic huliāmahi. Inā 'oe e hoohalike ai i ka oihana a me ka Normanists antinormanistov, e like me ka hoʻohālike pono maluna o ka manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i ka mea i lawe mai Dane Vilhelm Thomsen mua.

i ka hope o ka hihia

Hoomaopopo ana mea pono i loko o ka hoopaapaa Normanists a me ka antinormanistov ka mea, ka mea e e ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia e lākou hoʻopaʻapaʻa i la me ka manao wale nō i loko o ka maikai hihia i loko o ka XIX kenekulia, ka wā i ke kahua o ka moku'āina pili me ke kumu o ka mamo aliʻi. Akā,ʻo ka mea kākau o ka ki medieval kumu "moʻolelo o Bygone Nam" Nestor pane kaawale i ekolu mau ninau, "kahi i hele aku ai" Slavic kanaka, ka poe i Rurik, a, ma hope, pehea la Rusia iho. A puni ka ia kokoke i kēia lā hanohano malaila i ka mōʻaukala 'epekema.

Hoikehonua, Normanists antinormanistov, a hoomau i ko lakou hoopaapaa, inā ka mea, ua lōʻihi Ua akaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka moku'āina ho okumu mea kuokoa o ka Lāhui o ka rula ana ohana. Ka mea i Rurik ua haole kanaka, i ole ole i kana keiki Igor mai ka wā kamaliʻi, e mahuahua ma ka pono okoa kaiapuni a me assimilate. i kana keiki a me ka moopuna a Vladimir Svyatoslav ma ole ala e kohu ai ka Scandinavians - ka mea, he mau Slavs elua i loko o ke koko, a me nāʻano a me ka 'ōlelo. Ka mea i hiki mai ai me ka Varangian haawi aʻoaʻo, kahu, a me kekahi poe e hea mai huakaʻi i ke kai a hiki i Rusia northerners.

Hoʻohālikelike i ka oihana Normanists antinormanistov, a ho'āʻo i ka hooholo ana i ka nui o ua i ka aoao o ka Scandinavians ma ka hanaia'na o ka Old Lūkini moku'āina. ʻOiai Novgorod a me na rula o ka Vikings (Rurik), a me Kiev i pioʻia kona mau kumu aʻoaʻo, a me ka pili (Oleg), ka mea uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ka heluna o ka hou aupuni i mau Ua he Slav. Scandinavian hehee ai e ho'ōla nalowale i loko o ke kai. A no laila, i ka 'epekema lanakila o nā kākoʻo o "Varangian kumumanaʻo" hiki ole nei ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa "ka aina haaheo o ka Great", a ua kūkākūkāʻia i nā Normanists loa mua a me ka antinormanistov. Ma pōkole, i kēia hakakā ma ka hala. 'Oihana, a ma-hohonu, noiʻi ma ka aoao o Norman Kahiko Rus mau i kēia lā, akā, e hai aku i ka poe liilii, lāliʻi: kekahi mau'ōlelo i loko o ka Lūkini' ōlelo, i ka aoao, koa oihana e pili ana, a no laila, ma luna o ..