Erythrocyte: 'ole, a me ka palapala kuleana pili i. Ka 'ole o ke kanaka ulaula koko keena

Erythrocytes kapa hemocyte, hiki no hemoglobin hālāwai hoʻolohe, e lawe aku i oxygen e kinoea i nā nā'aʻaʻa a me carbon dioxide i - i na ia maʻiʻaʻai. He He mea ke kelepona hele 'ole, me ka nui loa no ke ola ana o mammals a me nā holoholona. A ula koko aeea o ka loa nui aeea 'ano o ke kino. E pili ana i ka hapaha o nā keena o ke kino - ka mea, o ka ula koko keena.

General regularities o ke ola erythrocyte

A ula koko aeea - aeea ana mai o ka ula germ hematopoiesis. I ka lā i kēia mau keena hua mai la ma kahi o 2.4 miliona, ka mea e komo aku ai i ke koko, a hoʻomaka i ka hana i ko lakou mau oihana. Iloko o ka ho okolohua, ka mea, ua nānā 'ia ka makua ulaula koko keena, kona' ole ua me ka nui loa Nohie hoʻohālikelike ana i ka 'ē aʻe aeee i loko o ke kino, e ola 100-120 lā.

All vertebrates (me ka pohihihi, koe) mai naehana oxygen ma a hiki i na nā'aʻaʻa ua lawe ma ka erythrocyte hemoglobin. Aia nā 'ia: lala a pau o kaʻohana me hemoglobin o "keʻokeʻo-koko" iʻa ma laila, eia nae ka mea hiki ke synthesize ia. Mai hoike mai i pono i ka mahana o ko lākou mau 'ia ka oxygen i loko o ka wai a me ke koko wai koko, a laila ka mea oi nunui nā moku halihali mokulele i nā erythrocytes, mau iʻa i ole koi.

Red koko keena o chordates

Ma ia i ka halepaahao, me he ula koko aeea, he okoa 'ole ke kaumaha ma muli o ka papa o chordates. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka iʻa, manu, a me nā amphibians e like me ka morphology o kēia mau keena. Ka mea, oko ka nui wale. Palapala ula koko keena, i ka buke, i ka nui a me ka wa e kaawale aku o kekahi mau organelles oko mai nā mammalian keena, a nō ma ka 'ē aʻe chordates. Aia ua hoi i kona mau kumu: ulaula koko keena o mammals mai i apo ia AND organelles a me ka halepaahao nucleus. Ka mea, ua oi aku ka li, akā, i ka nui ihe ili honua.

E noonoo pono i ka 'ole o ka rana, a kanaka erythrocytes, na hiʻona hiki ke hōʻike' koke. He mau keena iloko hemoglobin a me ka pae'āina ma o oxygen amo. Akā, kanaka keena, ua uuku, ka mea, i ka'ololaha, a i mau concave surfaces. Poloka erythrocytes (e like me na manu, a me nā iʻa amphibians, salamanders koe) spherical, ka mea, i ka nucleus a me aeea organelles, i hiki ke ho'ā 'ia paha ina e pono ai.

I kanaka ula koko keena, e like ulaula koko keena o kiekie ae mammals,ʻaʻohe nuclei a me organelles. Size kao erythrocytes - 3-4 microns, kanaka - 6,2-8,2 m. At amfiumy (caudate amphibian) aeea nui o 70 microns. ʻae nō hoʻi, i ka nui mea nui he ololi. Kanaka ula koko aeea, naʻe uuku, akā, i ka nui ili āpana aie i ka mau concave.

Ke uuku ka nui o na keena a me ka helu nui kā lākou 'ae i ka weliweli no mahuahua i loko o ka hiki ana o ke koko, e hoopaa oxygen, i ua manawa e hilinaʻi ma mawaho olelo. A me kēia mau mall hiʻona o kanaka ulaula koko aeee i mea nui, no ka mea, ae oe e manao he 'oluʻolu i ka kekahi kaianoho koholā. He He ana no ka hoʻololiʻana i ke ola ma ka aina, a ua hoʻomaka 'ana e hoʻomōhala a hiki ma amphibians a me ka iʻa (Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i ka iʻa i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka evolution, he hiki ke noho ma ka aina), a hiki i ka piko o ka? Acaeoey i kiekie ae mammals.

Ka 'ole o ke kanaka ulaula koko keena

Ka 'ole o ke koko keena hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mana häʻawi mai ai iä ia. Ua ua ho'ākāka 'ia mai ekolu kuanaʻike.

1. Hiʻona o ka mea mawaho 'ole.
2. Ke keʻena haku mele 'ana o ka erythrocyte.
3. O na morphology.

Externally, ma ka pili, ka mea nana e like erythrocyte biconcave pā hōkū a me ka alo - e like me ka poepoe nā kaula. Anawaena maʻamau 6,2-8,2 micron.

Pinepine hoonoho ia ma ka lāʻau lapaʻau keena me hōʻemi iki oko ao ka nui. I ka hao deficiency holo hoemi a me ke koko haukaʻe i 'ike anisocytosis (na keena meʻano nui like' ole a me ke anawaena). I ka folate deficiency a wikamina B ₁₂ Ua mahuahua e megaloblasts erythrocyte. Kona nui mea ma kahi o 10-12 microns. Ka buke o ka maʻamau aeea (normocytes) 76-110 cubic mika. aku.

Ka 'ole o kaʻulaʻula koko aeee i loko o ke koko - mea ole ka mea wale hiʻona o kēia mau keena. Aole loa oi nui ma mua o lākou helu. Ka mea uuku Ana ae, e hoomahuahua i ko lakou helu, a nolaila, ke papa ili honua wahi. Oxygen ma ha awina ua lawe pio ai ma ka mea kanaka ulaula koko keena, aole i ma mua o ka rana. A ka mea, ua loa ke puanaʻia i loko o nā nā'aʻaʻa o ke kanaka erythrocytes.

Ka helu mea nui maoli. Ma kekahi, he kanaka makua i loko o ka cubic millimeter he 4.5-5.5 miliona keena. Ma kao ma kahi o 13 miliona ula koko keena no mililika me, a me nā mea kolo - iʻa wale 0.5-1.6 miliona 0,09-0,13 miliona no mililika me. A keiki kamaiki ula koko aeea helu mea a puni 6 miliona no mililika me, oiai ka kūpuna - emi o 4 miliona no mililika me.

hana o erythrocytes

Red koko keena - ula koko keena, o ka huina, 'ole, oihana a me nā hiʻona o i i ho'ākāka' ia i loko o kēia puke, e mea pono loa no kanaka. Ka mea, hoʻomaopopo kekahi mea nui i hana ':

• amo ka oxygen i nā'aʻaʻa;
• O carbon dioxide ua hoololiia mai na nā'aʻaʻa a hiki i ka ia maʻiʻaʻai;
• hoopaaia e toxins (glycated hemoglobin);
• limahana ma ka'ōnaehana paleʻea pane (a me ka'ōnaehana paleʻea i ka mea hoʻomaʻi ma muli o kaʻeleu o oxygen ioeo i hiki hoi ke detrimental lakou aloha ia ma luna o ke koko maʻiʻaʻai);
• e hiki ke tolerate kekahi ai ';
• komo i loko o ka manaʻo o ka hemostasis.

E hoomau noonoo ana o ia i ka halepaahao mea he ula koko aeea, kona 'ole ua hoʻomākaukau leʻa i mea e loaa ana ia? I ka luna hana. Ua o ka loa Lightweight a me ka lawe lima, i ka nui hui 'ili no ka kinoea maholahune a Nine Inch reactions me ka hemoglobin, a mahele ae la koke, a hoopiha i loko o kaʻike ākea koko poho. Kēia mea he lahui hana kūikawā aeea e puku i ka hana o ka i mea ole nae e hiki.

erythrocyteʻili lahilahi

Ma ia i ka halepaahao, me he ula koko aeea, ke 'ole ka loa mea, ka mea aole i pili i konaʻili lahilahi. He 3-Ply. Mass hapa iki o kaʻili lahilahi o 10% o ka halepaahao. Ua ninoieo o 90% kumuʻiʻo a wale 10% o ka lipids. Kēia i ka 'ulaʻula koko aeee i kūikawā aeee i loko o ke kino, e like me ka aneane a pau nāʻili lahilahi lipids lanakila ma luna o nā polokina.

Paa palapala erythrocytes aie i ka fluidity o ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi hiki oko a. Waho o kaʻili lahilahi mea he ahu iho o ka ili nā polokina me ka nui helu o ka carbohydrate residues. Keia glycopeptides, ma lalo i ua aia ka lipid bilayer, hydrophobic welau alo, maloko, a mawaho o ka erythrocyte. Ma lalo o kaʻili lahilahi, i ka lilo o kaʻilikai mea hou nā polokina nele carbohydrate residues.

Erythrocyte mea loaʻa pono a pau o

I ka hana o kaʻili lahilahi mea e hōʻoia i ka deformability oʻulaʻula koko aeea, i mea e pono ai ka capillary e hooholo ia. Ma keia hihia, me ka 'ole o ke kanaka ulaula koko keena hoʻolako nā uea' - aeea AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN a me electrolyticʻikena. Nā polokina me ka carbohydrate residues - he mea loaʻa lātoma ana i ula koko keena ole i loko o ka "hei" CD8-leukocytes a me macrophages o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoaiu.

Red koko keena ma receptors like paha i kahi a me ka mea i lukuia e ko lakou mau'ōnaehana paleʻea nenoai. A i ka wā i ka hopena o ka mau pahu aku ai i ma ka capillaries paha no i ÿole mechanical poino erythrocytes kekahi receptors lilo aku, macrophages Spleen "loko" mai o kā lākou mau koko a me ka luku aku.

Na na 'ole o ka erythrocyte

He aha ka ka ula koko aeea? Kona 'ole mea i emi hoihoi ma mua o kuleana pili i. Kēia aeea e like me ka kieke me hemoglobin,ʻili lahilahi-kau palena ia ana, ma i receptors kaheaia: huhui waina a lākou o ka differentiation a me keʻano o ke koko pūʻulu (Landsteiner, RH, Duffy, a ma ka mea'ē aʻe). Akā, i loko o ka halepaahao mea kūikawā a me ka loa okoa mai nā aeee i loko o ke kino.

Ka oko ao e like penei: ulaula koko aeee i na wahine a me na kanaka mai i pihaʻi me na kāna mau 'ōlelo, ka mea e mai i ribosomes a me endoplasmic reticulum. Ua wehe 'ia i kēia mau organelles ma hope e hoopiha mai ana i ka cytoplasm o ka halepaahao hemoglobin. A laila, organelles loaʻa ia e hoʻokali kūpono ', no ka mea, no ke keku ma na capillaries pono ai aeea me ka palena iki Ana. No ka mea, iloko o hemoglobin a me kekahi mau kākoʻo nā polokina wale. Ko lākou kūlana mea,ʻaʻole i maopopo. Akā, ma muli o ka nele o endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes a me nuclei ua lilo i mea malamalama, a me ka olelo hoopomaikai, a me ka hapanui importantly, hiki ke eaaei ino me ka loliʻili lahilahi. A me kēia mau mea i ka loa nui hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka ula koko keena.

Erythrocyte lifecycle

I ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona i kaʻulaʻula koko aeee i loko o kā lākou pōkole ola. Lakou hiki ole e puunaue a synthesize ke kumuʻiʻo aie a hiki i ka wehe 'ana o ka nucleus keena, a no ka mea, mall poino i kā lākou mau keena loaa. E like me ka hopena, ulaula koko aeee ano o ka poe oo hoi. Eia naʻe, e mau e hoouna mai i ka hemoglobin e ua lawe pio ai ma ka macrophages o ka spleen i erythrocyte ka make i ke kahua o ka hou ka oxygen nā moku halihali mokulele.

Ke ola kalapona o kaʻulaʻula koko aeea hoʻomaka i loko o ka iwi lolo. Kēia hui, kēia mea i loaʻa i loko o ka pā mea: i loko o ka sternum, ma na eheu o ka ilium iwi o ka puniu wale waihona ipu, a ma ka lua o ka femur. Aia ua i hana, hoʻokomo hoopai karaima o myelopoietic koko anei i keena ma lalo o ka aoao o cytokines (CFU-GEMM). Ua laila mahele ana hematopoietic haawi kupuna, i hoʻokohu 'ia me ka code (BFU-E). Mai ka mea i hana i ka hoʻokomo o ka erythropoiesis, i hōʻikeʻia hoʻi ke code (CFU-E).

ʻO ia keena i kapa panalaau ia-ho okumu i keena o ka ula koko germ. He ikepili koʻikoʻi ia erythropoietin - he waiwai hormonal maoli, excreted ma nā puʻupaʻa. Mahuahua i ka nui o ka erythropoietin (ma luna o ka loina o ka maikaʻi i kou manaʻo ma ka ooieoeiiaeuiuo nenoai) hōʻeleu i mahele a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o erythrocytes.

ho okumu ana i ulaula koko keena

Ke kaʻina o nā loli 'o ka iwi lolo aeea CFU-E ka i: ka mea, ua hana mai erythroblast, a mai ia - pronormotsit haawi ala basophilic normoblast. Like kumuʻiʻo hoʻomāhuahua ka mea, lilo polychromatic normoblasts, normoblasts a laila oxyphilic. Ma hope o ana o ka nucleus e lilo reticulocytes. Hope i komo i ke koko, a ua differentiated (ʻoihana kaua) i ka maʻamau ulaula koko aeea.

loa ia'na o ka ulaula koko keena

Kahi o 100-125 lā o ka halepaahao ai hoʻolahaʻia i loko o ke koko, mau hāpai o oxygen, a wehe i nā huahana o pūnao o na nā'aʻaʻa. Ua 'ohua' ua nakiiia ma ke hemoglobin i carbon dioxide, a hoouna mai ia hoʻi i ka maʻiʻaʻai, ka poʻe e hoopiha mai ana i ko lakou kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma o ka oxygen. A me ka nui o ka ino a me ka losing ka lātoma phosphatidylserine mea loaʻa nā lātoma. No ka mea, o keia, ka erythrocyte hina "ma lalo o ka laulā" o ka macrophage, a luku iho la ia lakou. A heme loko mai hemoglobin i loko o nā mea a pau hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo kauoha hou a hiki i ka hoʻololi kemikala o hou erythrocytes.