Hafnium: palapala noi a me ka waiwai

Mau makamaka, a me kēia 'atikala, e hiki ai i ka mea heluhelu, e huli mai ka mea hafnium (Nine Inch hehee ai), i ka hana o ka i ua hoʻomanoʻia ia ma ka ke kanaka i loko o nā hana o kona hope. A e manaoia kekahi waiwai o ka Nine Inch, a physical ano o na mea, ki ina hana like o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ke alo ma ka Honua, e e noʻonoʻo i ka manawa pōkole mōʻaukala o ka loaʻa o keia hehee ai.

He aha ka hafnium

Hafnium - he Nine Inch hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Waiho i loko o ka ha o ka pūʻulu, i ka ono o ka manawa, i ka'ātoma helu mea he kanahiku-mau. Pili ia i ke 'ano o ka mea waiwai, ua kiʻekiʻe nuʻa a kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka wahi, kala like' ole, silvery-keʻokeʻo metala. Hafnium hiki nei i loko o nā hoʻololi 'ia. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mahana o ma kahi o 2016 Kelvin 'ano hexagonalʻolu, ua undergone allotropic loli i loko o ka moku'āina kino-e pili ana cubic puka olu oia i palapala, i mehana ea, ka mea i he aniani puka olu oia o hexagonal kahua.

Mai ka mōʻaukala o ka puka hehee ai

I ka loaʻa mai o ka hehee ai ana i ka 1923, i kona Derd De Heshevi, a penei wale Coster. ua hiki ke kilokilo i ka valence, a me kela qualitative ano o ka hafnium ma muli o Bohr ka hoopaapaa ana, a, ma ka huli, ua kālailai i ka hana o ka Farani Jean Urbena, ka poe i manaoio ia ia i ike ai i ka Celts ka mea, - he hou hehee ai. Eia naʻe, ma hope ka mea, huli mai i ka Celts poe i ka läÿau, no ka uuku o ka nui hafnium me ka lutetium a me ka ytterbium.

Niels Bohr, ka hana këia a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i loko o kā lākou mau hana quantum ÿano hoʻomaulia hōʻike i hafnium mea he mea like o ka hehee ai ma ka helu 71 ma komo pū nō, oia hoi zirconium. Derd De Heshevi, a penei wale Koster maila e pili ana i loaa i ka hou hehee ai hafnium, i kapaʻia ma hope o ke kūlanakauhale i loko o i ka loaʻa i i, ma hope o ka hoʻohana X-Ray iaoia, pinepine ua kālailai i nā zircons Norway, a Greenland. Ka loaʻa o ka X-Ray diffraction laina o ka similarity ua aeia kānakaʻepekema, e haʻi i ka loaʻa mai o ka hou m-lani hehee ai.

Nā Papahana no ka hoomakaukau ana a me ka honua me ke koe

Hafnium mea i loko o ka honua ka pńpa, akā, puke i ka mea pōhaku, akā, no ka mea, o ka "hoa" o ka zirconium. Ka helu o HF i loko o na mea e hooheheeia ma kahi o 2,5%, a me ka makahiki? Iecaianoaaiiie mea ma kahi o kanahiku tona. Hafnium - heʻano pipiʻi mea, kona papa kuhikuhiE wahi ua kia ma ka Australia, South Africa, USA, India a me Brazil. Location e helu i ka'āina i loko o ka kūpono wahi ma ka helu o HF alo aku i loko o ke aupuni. Ua mea no hoi ke kumukuai i olelo ia ana Rusia a me Ukraine i 'ano nui me ke koe o keia metala, ka luna nui o ka i ua kia ma ka tsirkonome, e hina ia a me ka baddeleyite.

physical hōʻikeʻano

Part o ke kino ai 'waiwai o ka hafnium i kau aʻela ma luna. Kēia hiki ke huiia, i keia mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a ua lawe i ka finely puunaueia palapala, ia mea aneaneʻeleʻele. Heheʻe ma 2233 kekelē Kelekia ma, baila aʻela i hoʻomaka ma 4603 ^C. keʻa pauku no ka hopu ana i thermal neutrons mea kiʻekiʻe loaʻano. Zirconium, hafnium, e like, o ka nui o ka Pauku ekolu kauoha o ka nui nawaliwali. Oiai hoʻopio aku i HF like i 115 ki, i zirconiumʻo ia wale nō ma kahi o 0.2 bar. Hafnium i he like kiʻekiʻe o ka wela nona iho o ka germanium (GE) mea'āno'ē. ilepili wela piko mea ma 60-80 Kelvin. He mea hiki ole e wehewehe i kekahi kumumanaʻo pili ana i Hooke koa, a ua kauoha aku ma ka hikiʻole o Einstein superposition o ka oihana, e hoolako i kekahi hālawa me ka i kā mākou.

Nine Inch mall

Hafnium i m-ical ia'ku mea nui ka ikaika ma mua o ka analogous zirconium. mea hiki ke hooheheeia iho i keʻano nui 'oni', a ua pili i ka OE type'okesaside ho film i ua hanaʻia ma luna o ka hafnium. Best HF hoike mai i loko o hydrofluoricʻakika, hydrofluoricʻakika, läÿau, he nitricʻakika a me ka Ohana Waikiki regia. Ma kiʻekiʻe mahana, ka mea, ua combusted ma o oxygen, a ke ao o waho hoʻomaka e oxidize. Ke hui pu i ka m-aiao reacted me halogens. Ka mea, i ka waiwai o ka hydrophobic ano.

Hui di- tri- a me ka tetravalent HF

Ma keia hehee ai valence waiwai mea ee iaaanu aey, a, ma e like me ka mau aiee o ka helu ana o hiki m-ana nā loulou, loaʻa nō kekahi mau ano nui hafnium i huiʻia me nā waiwai.

Divalent dibromide hafnium i ka pouli uliuli waihoʻoluʻu. I ka wela o ka 400 kekelē Kelekia ma hoʻomaka ka decomposition kaʻina hana, e hana i ka HF a me HfBr4. I hana extracted disproportionation HfBr3 ma vacuo ma lalo o thermal keiki.

Trivalent HF poe tribromide (HfBr3) - ka waiwai meaʻeleʻele a me ka uliuli, nani paa. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mahana o ka 400 kekelē Kelekia ma hoʻomaka i disproportionate i loko o nā eiiiiiaiou tetrabrombity dibrombidy a me ka hafnium. Ka papa hana ninoieo i loaa ke ola HfBr4 ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ma ka hydrogen, kohoʻia me ka hou o ka Aluminum.

I huiʻia o ka tetravalent hafnium pili 'ano nui helu o nā hui, oia hoi HfO2 - ia'okikene lua a me ka hydroxide m XYZ haʻilula HF (OH) 4. Koke i tretrahlorid (HfCl4), tetrafluoride (HfF4), tetraiodide (HfI4) a me ka hua tetrabomid hafnium (HfBr), he ua no hydrogenphosphates hafnium (HF (HPO4) 2).

Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka maʻamau o ke ola a me ka launa pu me ka laau lapaau

Hafnium ua loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻohana o kona no nā hana o ka ha awina o ke kanaka lāhui. Kēia mea ma muli o ia i kekahiʻano o ka mea e like ai 'ano, ka waiwai i e ka mea i paʻa mau mea i nā puke ma keʻano o nāʻoihana o ke kanaka iʻiʻo holoholona hihiu, koa, a hiki nukelea hana.

No laila, pehea e oe ke hoʻohana hafnium? Ke hoʻohana i ka lapaau - nei kekahi o na mea he nui nā koho, kahi e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka waiwai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. No ka HF carbides o kaumaha-hana,ʻaʻole malalo kokoke i ka popopo, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no ka hana o ka cutlery hoʻohana ma ka lapaau a me kā lākou mau hana i loko o ka hana o ka X-Ray aniani.

Hehee ai me ka maikaʻi waiwai o nā Nine Inch, a physical ano - ka hafnium. Ke hana i loko o ka hale ia mea like me ka mea i loko o ka hana o ka Radio, Radio a me ka kīwī paipu. Ua Ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka metallurgical hana i ka mea e hai aku i na mea hiki ke hooheheeia maikaʻi physico-oaoieei-a me mechanical waiwai. Hafnium palapala noi i kekahi i loko o ka m-lani 'enekinia, akā, ua ponoʻole i hoʻohana no ka mea, o kona wī, a me ka oi nui hana.

I ka hoʻohana 'ana o hafnium i loko o ke koa o kana oihana

Pehea'ē aʻe e hiki ai oe ke hoʻohana i ka hafnium? Ka hoʻohanaʻana i mākaukau aku nō mākou - o kekahi poepoe o kanaka haʻawina, i mea e piha me keia hehee ai. Oxides, silicides, borides a me carbides o hafnium mea nui refractory i huiʻia, no kēia mea, i loko o koa kana oihana hiki ke hoʻohana i ka aiiay ka penaʻana. He hoi loa sverhzharoprochnym mea e leie aku HF, a hui no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o māhele manao ultrafast mokulele a me Kao lele lako kaua, a me ka spacecraft.

Mai 1998, i i ho'āʻo e hana i kekahi "hafnium pōkā pahū", ma muli o ka isomer 187m2Hf. Akā, me ka hopena o ka noiʻi a me ka hoao i ka manao ua untenable, ia mea ma muli o ka nele o nā manawa kūpono me kaʻikena loea, e kū i ke kala o ka oi ikehu mai i ka 'ōlelo o ka palapala o ka isomer.

Other hoʻohana mea waiwai HF

Ma nukelea mana, a me ka luna-i hoike ia wahi, akā, he oiaio, nui ka helu i kekahi hoʻohana hafnium. Where keia metala ua hoʻohana 'ia? No ka mea, o kona hiki ana i neutron ka hopu ana o HF kookoo i i no i ka rula o ka hana kūikawā aniani a me ka pālolo.

I hafnium kŘpa a haʻahaʻa hana hana (3,53eV) a no keia kumu ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o cathodes a me ka huina'ine ka pū. Ka mokulele hēkī o ke kinoea-pae nukelea kiko'ī hiki ke loaʻa borides a me carbides o hafnium, a nui kaʻoi loa i loko o kekahi o ka mall hehee wale.

Hafnium i loaa noi i loko o ka hana o ka pou nā mīkini uila thermionic type, a ua pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ion kiko'ī. Ma ke kumu o HfO2 mea dielectrics me he dielectric a eia i kiekie aeʻilikai. I ka wā e hiki mai ka mea, ua? Oaony e puku a pau o ka mau silikone'okesaside ma microelectronics ma HfO2'okesaside. Kēia hope, e hoʻonui aku i ka 'inideka o ka pa apŘ oihana mua ma luna o ka? Inoaia.

Ma ka hopena, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka hafnium, i ka hana o ka a i wahi ma kekahiʻano o nāʻoihana o ke kanaka haʻawina, e hoʻomaka ana a pau me ka maʻamau o koa, a me ka nukelea, mea loa nui i hehee ai. He He kiʻekiʻe loa koi, a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ma ka aoao maoli ua mau pu zirconium. Ke rarity a me kona ano ho oholo i ka mea e like ai ano o kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe lilo.