He aha ka benzene? 'Ole benzene haʻilula, ka waiwai a me ka noi

Mawaena o ka nui arsenal o ke aloha i huiʻia ma laila i kekahi mau hui, ka loaʻa, a study o i i ukali ia e lōʻihi-manawa scientific hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Ka mea, rightfully no benzene. 'Ole i loko o benzene kemika i pono'ī ma ka hoʻomaka o ka 20th kenekulia wale, no ka mea hoi elemental haku mele' ana o ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia a hiki i ka makahiki 1825 ka makahiki, highlighting ka mea, mai ka lanahu hohono, i i hua mai la me he he hopena ia o coking lanahu.

Benzene me ka toluene, anthracene, phenol, naphthalene ua a ianoiyuaa a haawi ia ia e like me ka onaona hydrocarbons. Ma kēia 'atikala, e nana aku kakou, i ka mea na ano o keia lātoma hydrocarbon, loaʻa mai ke kino ai ka waiwai, e like me solubility, baila aʻela i wahi a me ka pa apŘ o benzene a Kû ke i ka laulā o ka i huiʻia ma ka hana a me ka mahiai.

He aha ka ke Arena?

Kemika o ke aloha i huiʻia classifies a pau ike 'ona i loko o kekahi mau pūʻulu, e like me alkanes, alkynes, waiʻona mai ke kino, aldehydes, etc. Ke kumu nui hiʻona o kēlā me kēia papa o ka mea o ke alo o kekahi mauʻano o ka paa. ʻO nā lātoma komo wale paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons sigma paa, he helu o ka waiwai'etolina - kaulua, Triple hoopaa ma alkynes. No ka papa ka benzene?

Ke 'ole i ka' i ke alo o ka benzene i loko o kona lātoma he onaona ke komo lima, he benzene apo o ka inoa. A pau i huiʻia o ke aloha ano i loaʻa i kekahi a oi o kēia mau apo i loko o kā lākou nā lātoma, haawiia keia i like me ka papa o arenes (onaona hydrocarbons). Ma waho aʻeo ia benzene, a mākou i kona hoomaopopo ana, ua pae ka loaʻa o ka nui helu o ka mea nui 'ona, a me toluene, aniline, phenol a me na mea e ae.

Pehea e hooholo i ka 'ole o ka pilikia o nā lātoma o onaona hydrocarbon

Initially, ua hoʻokumu 'epekema ka qualitative a laupaʻi haku mele' ana o ka hui i hoike ma na _koi, C ₆ H _6, ai ka hoahanau hakakino nui o ka benzene ka 78. A laila kekahi mau nā kinolau o ka mall nā papakuhikuhi i ua manaoia, akā,ʻaʻohe o lākou i ole hoʻopili like i ka mea maoli kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka benzene malama chemists ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ho okolohua.

Ua Ua Ua aneane kanaha makahiki ma mua o ka GermanʻImi Loa Alexander Kekule hooku iho la ia i kona mana o ka mall haʻilula, a i ka benzene lātoma. Ua Ua hele ia e ekolu kaulua paa ana, e hoike ana i ka hiki unsaturated ano o ka Nine Inch waiwai o hydrocarbon. Ua hoole ka maoli na ano hana kūleʻa huina lakou o ka haʻilula C ₆ H ₆ a me nā waiwai, e laʻa me, me ka bromine, nitricʻakika, chlorine.

Wale ma hope o clarification E benzene lātoma hoʻonohonohoʻia i loko o kona mall haʻilula ikea inoa benzene nucleus (komolima), a me ka hoʻohana 'ia nō ia i loko o papa o ke aloha kemika.

Electronic hoʻonohonohoʻia o ka lātoma C6H6

He aha ke ano o ka māhele 'ole i ka benzene? Ka 'ole o ka benzene i hope hookupaa iho la ia e mau reactions: ka trimerization o acetylene e benzene a me ka cyclohexane i ka hydrogen ka ho'ēmiʻana. Ua Ua loaʻa ia o carbon nā'ātoma i interconnected e hana i kekahi i lalo hexagon, a eia i loko o SP ² hybridization ka hoʻohana 'ana i ke kamaʻilio me ekolu'ē aʻe nā'ātoma o kona eha valence electrons.

Ke koe eono noa pa-electrons i hoonohonoho p ÷ haku i ka hakakino pelane. Ano kekahi i kekahi, e hana i ka huina huina'ine ao, i kapaia he benzene nucleus.

Ke ano o ka Nine Inch hoopaa-hapaha

He mea maopopo loa i ke kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai o na hui hilinaiʻano nui ma luna o lākou kūloko ma 'ole a me nāʻano o Nine Inch paa ana ma waena o nā'ātoma ana. Ka huina'ine 'ole o ka benzene, e mea hiki ke manao nei makou, o ka lātoma meaʻaʻole noʻonoʻo,ʻaʻole hoʻi kaulua paa ana, i hiki ke ike i ka haʻilula Kekule. Ma ke kue, ka Nine Inch mea paa ma waena o kalapona nā'ātoma e like. A, mau π-huina'ine ao (a pau eono C nā'ātoma) 'ano apau loa i ka Nine Inchʻano o ka pili ana, i kapaʻia he aliʻi wahine, a me onaona. Keia mea ke kumu o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'waiwai o ka benzene apo, a, me ia i kaʻilihune, ka ano o ka Nine Inch AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o onaona hydrocarbons a me nā waiwai.

physical waiwai

Arenes i loaʻa i loko o ka lātoma he uuku ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma poe ka hapanui ke kinowai. Ua mea,ʻaʻole he koe, a me ka benzene. Ka 'ole o ka benzene, e like me mākou keia iloko o, e hoike ana i kona hakakino ano. 'Aʻole kēia mea pili Pehea kona waiwai?

Ma ua hakumakuma ke ana wela o ka loli ae i loko o ka paa pae a me ka benzene ua hoohuliia i loko o ka keʻokeʻo mea pōaka nuipa a. Ua hooholo koke maule iho la ma ka wela o 5,5 ° C. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, o ka waiwai o ka colorless wai a me ka hoailonaʻala. Kona baila aʻela i wahi o 80,1 ° C.

benzene nuʻa loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka mahana loli. Ka wela mea kiekie, o ka pa apŘ mea emi. Eia nō kekahi mau examples. I ka wela ana o 10 ° pa apŘ o 0,8884 g. / Ml, a ma 20 ° - 0,8786 g. / Ml. benzene nonpolar nā lātoma, no laila, o ka waiwai ka insoluble i loko o ka wai. Akā, ke hui iho mea he pono ke aloha'ūheheʻe, no ka laʻana, bipi kūpaluʻia.

No benzene Nine Inch waiwai

Ua Ua hoʻokūpaʻa experimentally i ke onaona nucleus o ka benzene mea i ka pilina paʻa, a laila Ua wehewehe aku ma kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i haehae. Kēia mea wehewehe i ka waiwai 'ino i ka reactions o ke' ano o ka hakahaka, no ka laʻana, me ka chlorine ma lalo o maʻamau rula, me ka bromine me nitricʻakika ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu. It E e kaulana benzene kiʻekiʻe ia'ku i oxidising konohiki e like me potasiuma permanganate, bromine wai. He hookahi hou keʻae i ka wa e kaawale aku i loko o ka lātoma Arena o kaulua paa. ʻoʻoleʻa'okesaside, oleʻikeʻia me ke ahi, ano o nā mea a pau onaona hydrocarbons. Mai ka pakeneka ka maʻiʻo o kalapona ma o ka lātoma, C ₆ H ₆ nui, benzene smoky lapalapa retardant ua pu ma ke kahua o ka pouli (particles). Ke naoh produces carbon dioxide i a me ka wai. An hana hoihoi ninau mea: hiki i ke onaona hydrocarbon pane koke pili? E hoi kakou i ka mea i loko o oi au mamuli.

He aha ke kumu o ka benzene apo nahā i?

Hoole i loko o nā nā lātoma hoopaa arenes keia alii wahine i kūpono, mai ke ano o eono pa electrons kalapona nā'ātoma. , Ae waiho nei ma ka naau o ka benzene apo hookahi. E luku ia, a hoʻomaka hou naoh, pono i ka helu o kūikawā rula, e like me ka malamalama waiū, kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka malihini, catalysts. A hui o benzene a me ka chlorine reacts pili ma lalo o ka hana o ultraviolet pāhawewe. Ke huahana o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, e hexachlorocyclohexane -ʻawahia aniani waiwai hoʻohana i ka mahiai me ka insecticide. I hexachlorane lātomaʻAʻohe benzene ke komo lima, ma ka wahi o ka rupture ana eono IeIIeYOA o chlorine nā'ātoma.

Ka pili ana o ka benzene

Ma kekahi mau hana waiwai ua hoʻomano hoʻohana like me ka'ūheheʻe a no hoi me ka feedstock no ka mea hou makaukau o varnishes, Ka lula ea Ke, make e like me ka mea hoʻonui i Hawaii mōʻalihaku. An i oi aku huahelu o ka palapala noi i nā mea loaʻa o ka benzene a me homologues ona. No ka laʻana, nitrobenzene, C ₆ H ₅ NO ₂ o ka iniiaiie mea kemikala no aniline. E like me ka hopena o ka hakahaka naoh me chlorine ma ke alo o ka Aluminum koloriside like me ka hōʻeleu ua makaukau hexachlorobenzene. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka mālama'-lapaʻau o na anoano, me pono me hoʻohana i loko o ka ulu lāʻau hana no ka palekana o ka wahie ma luna o pests. Homolog nitration o benzene (toluene) ua loaa ka mea pahū, ikeia like TNT a TNT.

Ma keia 'atikala, ua hookolokolo aku la ia i ka waiwai o ka onaona i huiia me ka hou naoh a me ka hakahaka o ka benzene'ā, a ua hōʻike' kona hoʻohana i ka hana a me ka mahiai.