He aha ka chromatin: ka ho'ākāka 'ana,' ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Biochemical haʻawina i loko o aaiaoe? - nā'ōewe a me chromosomes - i ka noiʻi i kona papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou nui ala i. Ma kēia 'atikala, e nana aku kakou, i ka mea chromatin, loaʻa mai kona' ole a me ka hana i loko o ka halepaahao.

Nā kūpuna mai - ke kumu waiwai o ke ola mea

Mawaena o ka papa kuhikuhiE keʻano o ka hanaʻana i emi iho na meaola e ola ana ma ka Honua, e ha, no kou kino, ulu, koho a me nā'ōlelo. Ka hope papa o ka nui loa no ka malama ana o ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua. Pehea ole i ka hoole i ka haawiia mai ia e ke Akua, e Adamu laua me Ewa mua kauoha i na kēia: ", E hoohua mai oukou, ae mahuahua" Ma ka nui o ke keena generative kuleana pili i ua hana me ka nukelea nāʻakika (constituent waiwai o chromosomes). Mau hale e e kūkākūkā i ka mea penei.

pū mākou hookui aku i ka malama ana a me ka EYI o aaiaoe ike laweia aku la oia e na mamo o ka iaʻano papa hana i ka mea e hilinaʻi ma ka nui o ka hui ana o na kanaka, i mea no ka mea hoʻomaʻi a me ka koʻohune, a me ia mea paʻa i kānaka.

He aha ka i ka waiwai o nā kūpuna mai

Ma keia pepa, ua hoʻopaʻa haʻawina o ka chromatin 'ole a me ka oihana o ka i mea pono e kaukaʻi ma ka hoʻolālā o nukeleaʻakika nā lātoma. Hawaiian nä känaka 'epekema Miescher i ka 1869 i huiʻia i' akomi i loko o nā nuclei o keena o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana, hoike waiwai o nāʻakika kapa ia mua nukleina, a laila nukelea nāʻakika. Mai ka oiai ua o kemika, ia macromolecular hui - polymers. Mau monomers mau nucleotides me na kēia 'ole: he purine a pyrimidine waihona ipu, a me pentose i koe o orthophosphoricʻakika. ʻepekema, ua loaʻa ia mau ano o nukelea nāʻakika i e noho ana ma na keena: DNA a me ka RNA. Ka mea, i ka luna 'ia me nā polokina, e lilo ka huina lakou o chromosomes. Like pono me nā polokina, nukelea nāʻakika i mau pae o māhele hui.

I ka 1953 ka Nobel uku ua Watson a me Crick deciphered i ka 'ole o ka DNA. He He lātoma haku o nā kaula hiloʻelua interconnected ma ka hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa i kupu mai ma waena o nitrogenous kumu ma luna o ka loina o ka complementarity (e ku pono adenine thymine kumu ke aupuni 'e ku pono ana cytosine - guanine). Chromatin 'ole a me ka hana o ka a mākou i këia, ke lātoma maupaʻa he deoxyribonucleicʻakika a ribonucleic like kŰia ke kau. Ma keia hilo, ke kūkākūkā i oi au mamuli o ka Pauku "pae o ka chromatin hui."

IIeEeAIEUAA o ka waiwai o nā kūpuna i loko o ka halepaahao

DNA makana i loko o kēia mau cytostructure like me ka Kora naʻEsau, a me ka organelles, hiki o ka papa - mitochondria a me chloroplasts. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i kēia mau organelles hana nui oihana i loko o ka halepaahao: ATP hoʻololi kemikala, a me ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka monakō koko a me ka oxygen ma ho okumu i kanu keena. Kemikala organelles pani makua pāpālua lifecycle. Pela, ke kaikamahine keena ma mitosis (mahele ana somatic aeee) ole meiosis (i ke kahua o ka sperm a me ka pio) mau wahi i ka makemake arsenal aeea hale a hoolako na keena me ka māhuaola a me ka ikehu.

Ribonucleicʻakika ninoieo o kekahi kaula, a mai kekahi malalo hakakino kaumaha ma mua o DNA. Ua loaʻa nā loko o ka nucleus, a ma ka hyaloplasm, a me ka hapa o na mea he nui aeea organelles: ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, plastids. Chromatin i loko o kēia mau organelles pili me ka histone kumuʻiʻo a me kekahi hapa o na plasmids - hoʻopoepoe paʻa DNA nā lātoma.

Chromatin 'ole a me ka

No laila, ua hoʻokūpaʻa mākou i ka nukeleaʻakika na i loko o ka waiwai o chromosomes - ka mall huahelu o nā kūpuna mai. Lākou chromatin ma lalo o ka huina'ine microscope i ka palapala o ka granular a filamentous hale. Ua na, he okoa ka DNA, a me RNA nā lātoma, a me nā polokina hoike walaʻauʻana waiwai, a kapa histones. A pau o ka luna i kekahi hapa o na hale a nucleosome. Ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka nucleus, a ua kapaʻia ka chromosomes fibrils (ka pae-solenoids). Hōʻuluʻulu i nā mea a pau o ka luna, ke hooholo i keia chromatin. Kēia luna 'i huiia o deoxyribonucleic nāʻakika a me ka ho'ākāka' ia i nā polokina - histones. Lakou, e like me ka coils, i wahi lua-ili DNA nā lātoma e hana i kekahi nucleosome.

Pae o ka chromatin hui

nā kūpuna mai substance mea he okoa 'ole, i hilinaʻi nui ma na mea he nui aʻe. No ka laʻana, ma ka ke kahua o ke ola kalapona undergoing aeea: ka māheleʻana i ka wā (metoz a meiosis), a kemikala presynthetic i interphase. Mai ka palapala o ka solenoid, a fibrils, e like me ka loa noonoo ole, aia no he hou compaction o chromatin. Heterochromatin - he oi anuanu moku'āina, ua hanaʻia i loko o ka intron haʻawina o ka chromosome, i mea ole e hiki EKOLU. Iloko o ke koena keena - interphase, ka wāʻaʻole hoʻi he mahele kaʻina - heterochromatin karyoplasm aia i loko o ka nucleus peripherally, ma kahi o konaʻili lahilahi. Hoailona iho la i nukelea Contents postsynthetic ke kahua ia lŘlŘ i loko o ke ola kalapona o aeee, a laila koke ma mua i ke ku e.

He aha e hoʻoholo i ka condensation o ka mea o nā kūpuna mai

Hoomau ana e makaikai i ka ninau "He aha ka chromatin," noiʻi i loaʻa i ka mea hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka hoailona-histone nā polokina e, a me na nā lātoma o ka DNA, a RNA ma ka nucleosome. Ka mea, he poe eha ke ano o nā polokina, kapaʻia bipi wahine a me ka linker. Ma ka manawa o ka EKOLU (heluhelu o ka 'ike mai ka'ōewe Via RNA) nā kūpuna mai nā poorly fused, a ua kapaia euchromatin.

Currently mau hoi o ka makana o ka DNA nā lātoma pili me ka histone nā polokina e ke? Anoee. No ka laʻana, noiʻi ike ia chromatinʻokoʻa loci o ka ia chromosome pae okoa o ka condensation. No ka laʻana, ma ka wahi o ka IeIIeYOA i ka mitotic kālī chromosome filaments kapa centromeres, mea, Ua oi ke kaumaha o mua o ka telomeric pauku - hopena loci.

Nā'ōewe-regulators a me chromatin

I ka manaʻo o ka rula o ka'ōewe haʻawina, hanaia ma Farani, geneticists Iakoba a me Monod, haawi i ka manaʻo o ke ola o ka mau o deoxyribonucleicʻakika, ma a he mea ole 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ka mea hana i ka hoʻokahi wale nō bureaucratic - managerial hana. Hea nā'ōewe regulators, i kēia mau māhele o ka chromosomes pele i loko o kona 'ole devoid-histone nā polokina. Chromatin, i ka wehewehena o i i laweia mai ma ka sequencing, i ka inoa o hamama.

Ma hou haʻawina mea i loaʻa ia ma kēia mau loci i ke aupuni 'ka nucleotide kaʻina e pale aku adherence i ka DNA nā lātoma o kumuʻiʻo (particles). Oia'āpana hoʻohui pū i ka hoʻokonukonu nā'ōewe i: promoters ehansery activators. Ke compaction o chromatin i loko o ia mea kiʻekiʻe, a me ka lōʻihi o kēia mau pauku averages e pili ana 300 HI. Aia mea he papa hana no ka hoomaopopo ana i ka biochemical hamama chromatin ma kaʻawale nuclei ma i ka hoʻohana o ka DNA-ase'ūhū. He koke mai hemo mai ia loci o chromosomes, nele-histone nā polokina. Chromatin i loko o kēia mau mea, ua kapaia hypersensitive.

Ke kūlana o nā kūpuna mai ka waiwai

Pono a pau o me DNA, RNA a me ka kumuʻiʻo kapa chromatin, komo i ka halepaahao ontogeny, a hoololi hou kona haku mele 'ana ke kaumaha ma muli o ka'aʻaʻaʻano, a ma luna o ke kahua o ka? Acaeoey o ka meaola me ka a pau. E laʻa me, ma ka epithelial keena o ka ili ia nā'ōewe me ehanser a me ka mea hoʻopaipai wahi nā polokina repressors, a me kēia mau hoʻokonukonu nā'ōewe ma ka secretory keena o ka intestinal epithelium a me ka mea hana i loko o ka wahi o ka hamama chromatin. Epekema, geneticists loaʻa ia ma ka hapa iki o ka DNA i mai ole encode nā polokina, helu mahina no maluna o 95% o ke kanaka genome. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka'ōewe hooponopono Ua nui oi ma mua o ka poe i kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o peptides. I ka hoike o nā 'ana i kūpono e like me DNA inoaia, a sequencing' ae 'ia ka huli mai mea i ka chromatin, a me ka hopena, e palapala i ke kanaka genome.

Haʻawina o ka chromatin mea nui i loko o ia mau wahi o ka 'epekema e like me kanaka aaiaoe? A me ka ' inikua aaiaoe?. Keia ua pili me ka ikaika nui ae kiʻekiʻe o ka hanana o hereditary mai - e like'ōewe a me ka chromosome. Kakahiaka nui ka loaʻaʻana o kēia mau syndromes maoli ka pakeneka o ka maikaʻi Time] i loko o ko lākou nohoʻana.