He aha ka ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma

Nā hua'ōlelo "nukelea mīkini'ātoma" ka manawa kama'āina i nā mea a pau, ma ka mea, e lilo ana i ka hōʻailona o ka'āina. I loko nō o ka Loaʻaʻia he pilikia o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ia mau mea, i loko o ka malamalama o ka depletion o ka honua aila me ke koe reactors nukelea wahie e loa i olelo mua iaʻi.

A nukelea mīkini'ātoma mea he 'enekinia, ka manao, ma i ka naoh ua hoi malalo o fission o fissile radioactive mea, pu ma ke kala o ka ikehu. Na ka papa kuhikuhiE manao - ka hanauna o ka uilaʻikena (nukelea mana mea kanu - NPP), a me ka noho kaumaha fissile oihana mua o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina (huli ana). Ua akoakoa ka mua nukelea mīkini'ātoma, a hahao i loko o ana i loko o 1942 ma ka United States ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ka hale hoʻokamakama physicist o kona manawa - Enrique Fermi. makahiki ekolu, ma hope o kona mīkini'ātoma a hemo Canada, a ma ka MH 1946 - Russian.

Mākou e hoailona oukou i kekahi mea nui wahi: he nui kanaka i malihini i ke kumuhana, pinepine manaoio i ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma paha ke uila pono, a me ia mea he he hopena ia o radioactive fissile wahie. Eia naʻe, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka hihia. Ma o Mānoa, ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma mea he nui iaia? Aaaoaeuiuo, ināʻaʻole "reboiler" e hoike ana wela meakino i hanaʻia pono hana a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka uila ma ka mea o kaʻike mau mīkini hana wāwahie.

No ka pane i na ninau, noonoo i ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma pa alima. Structurally, i kekahi nukelea mīkini'ātoma ka loaʻa o ke kēia hehee wale:

- Centralʻeleu ciia me ka hookeai neutron moderator. Kēia mea ma ka fission naoh;

-, ahu iho hōʻikeʻana neutrons. He mea pono e emi i ka anal o ionizing pāhawewe, e like me ka hoʻoikaika 'i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka mea hoʻonoho;

- pāhawewe hoomalu. E like me ka rula, e alakai pale kaua;

- coolant. All papa Ke Ana Hoʻohālike o reactors mea he nui loa;

- ke koʻokoʻo o ke kāohi lima kūlana kiʻekiʻe nuclei palaho i ka naoh;

- anuanu maila a puni;

- i keʻano papa hana o ke keʻena ana.

No ka hoohana ia ana o nukelea reactors ieoaeunoai hoʻohana kaumaha ke hooheheeia - uranium-233, 235 a plutonium-239. Waiwai o kēia mau kumu mua o ia kela a me keia pa alima o ka manawa i loko o kā lākou'ātoma 'ole undergoes noho'na makaainana i ulu decomposition (splitting). Ma kēia kaʻina hana, na nuclei o na nā'ātoma hookuu neutrons. Atom nalowale (loaa) neutron ua hoohuliia i loko o kekahi hehee ai o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. No ka laʻana, ma ke ano o ka Uranium-Plutonium-238 ua hoʻomākaukau 239. Luku ma luna o nā'ātoma e pili ana o ka wahie i nā puke ia mea, i ke aloha i kona kiʻekiʻe ka māmā holo hoʻokuʻu aiiieieoaeuiuo iiauo neutrons. Total piʻina ma ka Holomua - kaʻina kānāwai he kaula naoh o fission. Inā ma kēia kahua ole e lawe hana ma kona rula hooponopono, i ka hopena o ka kipi nukelea kaula naoh, pu ma ka avalanche hoʻokuʻu alahula mau dala o ka ikehu (nukelea Naita me).

E kū hoʻohana mau ka paa iaoia - i hoʻolaunaʻia ma loko o ka 'ōlelo o ka moderator a ho'ēmi i kā ka neutron pakiko-sustaining wikiwiki i ke kō, a komo aku la i ka makemake helu o ke kāohi mau laau la (cadmium ole boron) Komo' o ia ka liki ole neutrons.

Ma ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o nuclei paha ke wela, a hoʻomehana i ka ai hoʻolahaʻia wela hoolilo loli (ka wai), ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o mahu ke ka ao ka mīkini peahi uila a me ka pila nui mīkini hana wāwahie.

Kēia kumu o noaia. Aia i kekahi mauʻano likeʻole o ka mea. No ka laʻana, wai-coolant paha e maoli paha nā kapuahi ma lalo o ka puʻuwai. Ka hope hoʻi i ka mea e hiki ai e loaa superheated mahu, e māhuahua ka hoʻokōʻana. Eia kekahi, i ka wai - i ka waleʻano o ka coolant (i e ka kinoea paha kekahi kinowai metala). Nō hoʻi, i loko o kekahi o nā reactors retardant ua ole i hoʻohana.