I ka moolelo o ka mahu engine a me kona noi

Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka mahu kiko'ī ua ka popoiwi wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka. Somewhere ma ka huli ana o XVII-XVIII kenekulia ka mea, hoomaka ae la ke kūapoʻana inefficient manuale hana, wai huila, a me nā huila makani ala, ma ka loa hou, a me nā hana maomeka - mahu kiko'ī. He mahalo ia ia lilo e hiki oaoieei-a me ka hanalima kipi, a me ka mea a pau holomua o ke kanaka.

Akā,ʻo wai invented ka mahu engine? I kanaka ka mea, ua koiia e? A i ka wa i ia? i kēia mau nīnau a pau a mākou i ho'āʻo i ka loaʻa pane.

Mua mākou au

I ka moolelo o ka mahu engine Hoʻouna 'hoʻi i ka mea mua kenekulia BC. Geron Aleksandriysky ho'ākāka 'ia ma kekahiʻano papa hana i hoʻomaka i ka hana wale nō ka wā e loli Leomakana. Ka mea o ka hoʻonui, a ua paa kīʻamo. Mai nozzles tangentially mai mahu, ma laila e kauoha ana i ka Hawaii, e ka ao ka. Ka mea, ua ka mua ka manaʻo e holo ma ka mahu.

Ka mea nāna i hana o ka mahu engine (aho paha e olelo, he mīkini peahi uila) - Taqi AL-olowalu (¶ʻO'Araba poe akeakamai, lunaʻenehana a me ka astronomer). Kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole lilo lohe nuiʻia i loko oʻAigupita i loko o ka XVI kenekulia. Keʻano papa hana i ua hoʻonohonoho like penei: mahu pele ua kuhikuhi 'ana ma keʻano papa hana me vanes, a me ka wā uahi'ōpua - kōmi' ka ao ka. Kekahi mea i 'ano like i ka 1629, a kaumaha aku la i ka Italia lunaʻenehana Dzhovanni Branka. I ka papa kuhikuhiE keakea ana o kēia mau hana ua nui kiʻekiʻe hokii, o ka mahu, a ma ka huli koi 'ia o ka nui nui o ka ikaika a me ka mea, ua i kūpono. Aey? Acaeoey i, ua kau mai ka laila,ʻepekema, aʻanoʻenehana ike o ke kanaka ua i lawa. Eia hou, o ka nele no ia mau hana loa kahi e.

mea i manao ai

ka hanaia'na o ka mahu engine ua i hiki a ka XVII kenekulia. Akā, i ka wā i ka loloa kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka? Acaeoey i aku la, alaila, he i ka manawa mua a me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole. 'Oiai, seriously ka mea, ua i ia manawa,ʻaʻole au i lawe. No ka laʻana, i ka 1663 o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia nä känaka' epekema paʻi i loko o ka ahakanaka manao i kana hana mea hou i hana muaʻole, a hoʻonoho iholaʻo ia i loko o ka pakaua Raglan. Kona mea ua hoʻohana 'ia e hoala mai i ka wai me ka hale kiaʻi ma luna o ka pā pōhaku. Eia naʻe, e like me nā mea a pau hou a me ka ike ole ia, i loaa mai me ka Oiaio i kēia papahana, aʻaʻole kākoʻo ana ma no kona hou ulu ua.

I ka moolelo o ka mahu engine hoʻomaka me ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole paroatmosfernoy mīkini. I ka 1681, nä känaka 'epekema, mai ka Palani Denis Papin invented i ka mea i EII ni i ka wai, mai ka mines. E like me ka ka hoʻokukeʻana pūʻali koa no ka manawa mua hoʻohana i ka lepo, a laila ka mea i UAIAaIN ma ka mahu. A laila paroatmosfernaya mīkini. A nui na makana i ka hana hou i ma nā kānakaʻepekema, maiʻEnelani Tomas Nyukomen a me Thomas Savery. Invaluable kōkua hoopakele mai no hoi ka hoʻoponopono-aoia Lūkini inventor Ivan Polzunov.

A ole ho'āʻo Papen

Paroatmosfernaya mīkini, oiai mamao mai ka hemolele, ua o Laielohelohe mau noonoo ana i loko o ke kula o ka shipbuilding. D. Papin lākou hope makauliʻi lilo ma ke kuai ana o ka liʻiliʻi waapa, a hana i loko o ka mea hoʻonoho o ka wai-e hookiekie ana machines paroatmosfernoy iho? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Keʻano papa hana o ka hana e moe ana i loko o ka mea ana, e haule mai ke kiekie, hoʻomaka i ka wai, e milo i ka huila.

Kona inventor ho'āʻo ai i mālama 'ia ma 1707 ma ka Fulda River. nui na kanaka e ike i ka hana mana: E lawe i ka muliwai moku me ka holo pū lāua a me nā hoe. Naʻe, i ka hoao ana ua ka ulia: ka engine exploded, a pepehi iho la kekahi mau kanaka. Nā luna i huhu i ka pōʻino inventor a banned aku la ia ia, mai kekahi hana a me nā papahana. Ka moku i confiscated, a lukuia, a me Papen iho make iho la ia i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope.

hewa

Ka mokuahi Papen i ka kekahi rula. Ma ka lalo o ka paukūʻolokaʻa ka mea, ua pono, e ninini iho i kaʻuʻuku nui o ka wai. E iho ke aupuni 'roaster paukūʻolokaʻa i mālama ai e hoʻa'ā i ka wai. A hiki aku i ka wai, hoomaka ae la e paila, i ka mahu ua hanaia, e holo ana, hoala kuʻe. Mai ka makahiki ma luna o ke kuʻe ma ka pela-e iai? Oaiaaiiua kiwikā buoyancy. Ma hope iho o ka wai, hoomaka ae la e ka'ōhinu a me ka ohu haule, ka mea, ua pono ke wehe i ka brazier, e pani i ka nohona kiwikā o, e wehe i ka lewa, a ma ka mea o ka wai huihui e hoomaalili i ka paukūʻolokaʻa pa. Ma ia hana hui, ka mea i loko o ka paukūʻolokaʻa, Punk, ka mea i hana ma lalo o ke kuʻe holo a me ka lewa puʻe aie i ka ikaika o ke kuʻe hoike i kona wahi mua. I loko o kona ma lalo ka hele, a hana maikaʻi kēia hana. Naʻe, i ka mahu engine ka hoʻokōʻana Papin ua io. moku engine ua like uneconomical. A me ka hapanui o importantly, ka mea, uaʻoi aku huikau a me kekahi kaʻao ka i ka hana. Nolaila, o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole Papen i ole wā e hiki mai, mai ka loa kinohi mai.

e hoohalike ana

Naʻe, i ka mōʻaukala o ka mahu engine i ole e pau i laila. Next, ua loaʻa he nui oi holomua ma mua o Papen, huli i nā English nä känaka 'epekema Tomas Nyukomen. He Ua lōʻihi? Anoee na hana o ko lākou mau mua, hoʻomālama ma palupalu. Aʻo ia i nā mea maikaʻi o kā lākou mau hana, hana i ka 1712 kona kookoo. Ua kūkulu i ka hou mahu engine (Hawaii photo hōʻike) like penei: hoʻohana paukūʻolokaʻa mea i loko o ka vertical kulana, a me ke kuʻe. It Newcomen i mai ka hana Papen. Naʻe, i ka hui i hanaʻia i loko o kaʻokoʻa ipuhao. A puni ke kuʻe i paa integralʻili, a me ka nui loa mahuahua tightness i loko o ka mahu paukūʻolokaʻa. Kēia mīkini kekahi, ua paroatmosfernoy (ka wai i hoala mai i ka koʻu ma ka mea o ka lewa puʻe). I ka papa kuhikuhiE keakea ana o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ua i kona cumbersome a me uneconomical: ka mīkini "ai" he nui nui o ka lanahu. Naʻe, ka mea ia e pōmaikaʻi ai lawe mai me ka nui loa i oi aku mamua Papin hana mea hou i hana muaʻole. No laila, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka aneane kanalima makahiki i loko o nā ana, a mines. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka pumping groundwater, e like me ka ka maloʻoʻana kaa. Tomas Nyukomen ho'āʻo e hoohuli i kona kaʻa no laila, e like me ia e hiki ke hana ia i ka kalepa. Eia naʻe, i kona ho'āʻo pilikia.

I kekahi nä känaka 'epekema, hai mai la ia ia iho lilo D. hauna o maiʻEnelani. I ka 1736 hoʻolaunaʻo ia i ke ao nei i kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole: paroatmosfernuyu mīkini, a me ka engine pau na impellers. Kona hooulu ana ua i oi holomua ma mua ia o Papen. Koke kekahi mau o kēia mau moku i lawe. Ka mea, i ka hapanui hoʻohana no ka hauling moku, moku a me nā ipu. Eia naʻe, no ka pono o ka mīkini paroatmosfernoy nele credibility a me ka moku i hoʻolako pono me ka holo hou aku i like ka nui Keaukaha.

ʻOiai hauna i oi loaa ma mua o Papen, o kona hana mea hou i hana muaʻole i nā nalowale pilina, a ua hoomalau mai lakou i. Nō i paroatmosfernyh machines ia manawa, ua nui loa kekahi hewa.

I ka moolelo o ka mahu engine i loko o Rusia

I kekahi Hopu i hele mai i loko o ka Russian aupuni a pau. I ka 1766, ma ka metallurgical laau ma Barnaul ka mua mahu engine, a ua lako pū i ka mea i hana i ka mahele heheʻe i ka umu ahi ea hoʻohana kūikawā upa makani. Ua lilo i ka mea nāna i hana Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov, ka mea no kona lawelawe ana i kona aupuni i haawi mai ai i ke ano o ka makai. Inventor hooku iho la ia i kona mauʻoi aʻe nō hoʻi Nails a me na manao "ahi kaʻa" hiki ke LIKE upa makani.

Eia naʻe, hoʻopaʻi pâʻani i kaʻino'ōlelo hoʻomakeʻaka me Polzunova: makahiki ehiku ma hope o kona kikoo i aponoia, a ua hoakoakoa ke kaʻa, haule iho la oia maʻi, a make iho la ia o ka hokii, - pono hebedoma kekahi ma mua o ka ikea ai hoomaka kona engine. Naʻe, ua lawa e hoʻomaka i ka engine kona palapala.

No laila, Augate 7, 1766 Polzunova mahu engine Ua ee, a waiho ma lalo o haawe ana. Eia naʻe, i loko o November no ia makahiki, ua wawahi ia. Ke kumu no ka ieoaeunoai e eʻoi aku ka lahilahi pā pōhaku,ʻaʻole manao no ka haawe. A, i ka inventor kākau ai i loko o keia mau kauoha, i keia mea wale nō i ka hoao ana hiki ke hoʻohana ipu. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka hou ieoaeunoai makemake ua hoopuni uku aku, no ka mea, o ka mahu engine Polzunova ka hoʻokōʻana ua maikaʻi. Over 1023 hola o ka hana me ka kōkua o smelted kala oi ma mua o 14 paona!

Akā, ma muli naʻe o kēia,ʻaʻohe i kekahi, e hana hou i keʻano papa hana hana ole. Mahu engine Polzunova hoiliili lepo no maluna o 15 makahiki i loko o ka neeaa, oiai ke ao nei hana ua ole e ku malie oukou, a ulu. A laila, loa Ua dismantled no māhele. Apparently, i ia manawa Rusia i ole i ulu ai i ka mahu kiko'ī.

manawa koi

Ia manawa, ke ola ma luna o ka wahi i ole e ku. A me na kanaka i mau manao ana e hana i kekahiʻano papa hana no ka i hilinai ma ka capricious ano, a lawe hooponopono hopena. Mai ka holo hou aku i makemake a pau e makemake, e haawi mai i ka hikiwawe e loaa. Nolaila, o ke kukuluia'na o ka paʻaʻano papa hana no ka mahu kaulia i loko o ka lewa. I ka 1753 ma Paris,ʻo ia i hoʻopiʻi 'Competition i waena o Artists, nä känaka' epekema a me inventors. Halau o Sciences hai i ka ia nā kumu kāki i ka mea nana e hiki ke hana i kekahiʻano papa hana e hiki e puku i ka mana o ka makani. Akā, mamua o ka mea i komo i loko o ka hoʻokūkū i na manaʻo like L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, Canton de Ka Lacroix a me nā sensible nā noi e i puka mai ai kekahi.

Makahiki i hala. A me ka hanalima kipi i ka hoomoe ana aku a me ka oi'āina. Primacy a alakaʻi i waena o ka mea 'ē aʻe mana invariably kuʻiʻEnelani. Ma ka pau ana o ka umikumamawalu kenekulia, e lilo i ka mea nāna i hana o UK nui-unahiʻole, i hana, pela i lanakila 'o ia i ka inoa o ka honua monopolist i loko o kēia hana. Ke kahe o ka mana-kipaku i kela lā lilo nui a me ka oi nui. A Ua hana keia engine.

Ka mua mahu engine i loko o ke ao nei

1784 ua no ka Pelekāne a me ke ao nei haliu ae la ia wahi i loko o ka hanalima kipi. A me ke kanaka kuleana no ia i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia lunaʻenehana Dzheyms Uatt. Ka mahu engine, ka mea āna i hoʻokumu, lilo iho la i ka loa kiʻekiʻe-Profile loaʻa o ke kenekulia.

Dzheyms Uatt no kekahi mau makahiki a nānā aku i nā Nails, ke 'ole a me ka hana me nā loina o paroatmosfernyh machines. A ma luna o nā kumu o nā mea a pau i kēia, ka mea i manao ai, i ka ka hoʻokōʻana o ka engine mea pono e equalize i ke ana wela o ka wai i loko o ka paukūʻolokaʻa a me ka mahu, a komo i keʻano papa hana. I ka papa kuhikuhiE keakea paroatmosfernyh machines o ka ikaika pono no ka anuanu maila ka wai o ka paukūʻolokaʻa. Ka mea, ua ke koikoi a me ka consumables.

Ke hou mahu engine i kūkulu i ole ia. Ke'ī mai, i ka paukūʻolokaʻa ua i ka kūikawā Awaits o ka mahu. Pela Watt hoʻopaʻa i kona mau wela moku'āina. Ke inventor Ua hana kekahi kūikawā ipu, lū i loko o ka wai anuanu (condenser). Ua Ua hui paukūʻolokaʻa Tube. I ka ua i hahai mahu i loko o ka paukūʻolokaʻa ma ka ohe, a haule iho la ia i loko o ka mea pihana ma laila huli hoʻi i ka wai. Hana ana ma luna o ka holomua o kona mau kaʻa, Watt hana i ka holo i loko o ka condenser. Penei, o ka mahu a pau, hele mai o ka paukūʻolokaʻa, Punk ma loko o laila. Mahalo i kēia HOU nui maoli ke anoe o ka mahu, a ma ka huli e leie aku oe e extract i ka hookahi dala o ka mahu Ua nui hou ikehu. Ka mea, ua i ka pomaikai o ka pāpale aliʻi.

Created e ka mahu engine i hoʻololi a me ke ea lako rula. Ano, i ka mua mahu komo ma lalo o ka kuʻe, malaila e hookiekie ana ia ia, a laila, e hele ana ma luna o ke kuʻe, hookuu iho. Penei na ka hahau ana i loko o keʻano papa hana hana kila i ole, a hiki mua i hiki. A hoʻokahi-horsepower lanahu hokii, ua eha manawa emi o, niioaaonoaaiii, ma paroatmosfernyh machines, a laila, imi iho la Dzheyms Uatt. Mahu engine loa koke lanakila 'o ia i ka UK mua pono, a laila, i ke ao nei a pau.

"Charlotte Dundas"

Ma hope o ke ao nei i luku aku la ma ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o James Watt, hoomaka ae la he ākea ana o ka mahu kiko'ī. No laila, i ka 1802 ma ka UK i kona mua moku elua i hoeeia e - ". Charlotte Dundas" moku Kona kanaka haku manaoio William Symington. Ka waapa Ua hoʻohana i ka towing o na moku ma ka moana. Ke kūlana o ka propeller ma luna o ka moku hookani i ka hoe huila luna ma luna o ka hope. Ka moku o ka mua manawa ana ho'āʻo: elua nunui moku ke kaulaʻoka, 18 mile i ka eono hola. I ka Ia manawa mea ikaika ālai ia me ka headwind. Akā,ʻo ia e hoʻokele.

Aka, ka mea i kauʻia ma luna o ka'ōlelo hoʻomakeʻaka, no ka mea, makau iho la lakou i no ka mea, o na ale ikaika, a i hana ma lalo o ka hoe huila, Canal mau kapa a pau, e e blurred. Ma ke ala, "Charlotte," hoao kanaka hele, ka mea a pau, ao o i ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka mea nāna i hana o ka moku mua.

Ka mua moku i loko o ke ao nei

English shipbuilder Robert Fulton me kona wa opiopio, moe o ka moku me ka mahu engine. A, ano, ua lilo hiki i kona moe. Ma hope o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka mahu kiko'ī i lilo i hou impetus i ka shipbuilding. Together me ka Home o America R. Livingston, ka mea i luna o kaʻaoʻao kālā o ka pukana, Fulton i i ka hei ana o na moku me ka mahu engine. Ua Ua ka huikau hana mea hou i hana muaʻole ua ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka holo moku propulsion. E like me ka aoao o ka moku i ka i unuhiʻia ma ka helu o nā hoe, simulating keʻano o ka leʻaleʻa. Ma keia hihia, hoe, a laila, ālai ia 'aʻe i kekahi i kekahi, a wawahi ae la. I kēia lā, i hoʻokahi hiki eaaei e olelo aku i ka mea ia ia ke ke loaʻa ina a pau ekolu, eha paha hoe. Akā, mai ke kuanaʻike o ka 'epekema a me ka' ike loea hou ma o ka manawa ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka ike. No laila, ua nui aku kona huikau shipbuilders i.

I ka 1803, Fulton ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole i ua hōʻike mai iā ia a puni ka honua. Ka mokuahi ua lohi a kōā kaulike ma ka Seine, kupaianaha manaʻo a me ka manao ana o na mea he nui ka noiʻi a me na kii o Paris. Eia naʻe, Napoleon ka aupuni hoomalau i ka papahana, a me nāʻano shipbuilders i puʻe wale eʻimi i kona waiwai i loko o Amerika.

A ma August 1807 o ka honua ka moku mua inoa "Claremont" ma i ka loa ikaika loa mahu engine i 'ole (Hawaii photo hōʻike), hele aku la ma ka Hudson Bay. He nui nā kanaka wale mai i manaoio i loko o ka pomaikai.

I ka lele mua, "i ka Claremont" hele aku la me ka waiwai, aʻaʻohe ohua. makemake No kekahi, e hele aku ma luna o ka hele ana ma luna o ka moku ahi-hanu. Akā, ma ke ala hoʻi, ua ka mua ohua - he kūloko mahiai, ka poe i uku eono dala no ka balota. He lilo ka mea mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ka ohua moku hui. Fulton ua no laila, nui ihola ia daredevil i lifelong noa ka hele ana ma luna o nā mea a pau kā lākou mau hana.