I ka haʻilula o chlorophyll a me kona kūlana ma ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai

No ke aha la o ka nahelehele, a me nā lau ma luna o nā lāʻau a me nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi uliuli? 'Āhewa chlorophyll. 'Oe ke lawe i ka ikaika kaula o ka ike, a ku e ia ia i loko o ka familiarity ikaika.

moʻolelo

Ma hope o ka iki hele i loko o ka kŘpa a kāu mau hala. Joseph Bienaimé Caventou a me Pierre Zhozef Pellete - i ka poe e pono e lulu lima. Men Science ho'āʻo e hookaawale i ka uliuli pigment o ka lau o nā mea kanu. i kau hana me ka pomaikai nui ma ka 1817.

I ka inoa o ka pigment chlorophyll. Mai ka Greek chloros - omaomao a me ka phyllon - kuina. Aka, o ka keia, ma ke kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, Michael Rihard Vilshtetter Waihoʻoluʻu, a ua hiki i ka hopena: e huli mai, mai nā 'mau eiiiiiaiou ma chlorophyll.

Ape i kona mau lole a, Willstätter hele aku i ka hana. Huikala ana a me ka crystallization hōʻike mau eiiiiiaiou. E kāhea aku iā ia wale, alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua (me ka a b). No ka hana ma ka mahinaʻai o ke ao ana o ka waiwai i loko o 1915, oia i hoike aku la ia ia me ka makana Nobel.

I ka 1940 Hans Fischer laila'ōlelo akula i nā hualoaʻa a hope loa 'ole o ka chlorophyll "ka". King hoʻololi kemikala Robert Burns Woodward a me kekahi mau kānakaʻepekema, mai Amerika loaa i ka 1960. ku pono chlorophyll. A ke hoʻoponopono i ka mea pohihihi - i keʻano o ka chlorophyll.

Nine Inch mall

Haʻilula chlorophyll, manao paa, mai ka mana kiko'î, Ua like penei: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ mg. Ke 'ole i komo ke aloha dicarboxylicʻakika (chlorophyllin), a me ka meto ka waiʻona, a phytol. Chlorophyllin - mea he organometallic hui me ka pololei pili e magniyporfirinam a loaʻa ka naikokene.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll ikeia ester aie i ka mea i nā māhele o ka meto ka waiʻona Ch ₃ OH a phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH koe auou caiaiai i ka hydrogen o ka carboxyl pūʻulu.

Waiho pūʻia ihola ma luna o ka mall haʻilula o Alpha chlorophyll. E noonoo mea pono, ka mea hiki ke ike i ka Hoʻokolohua-chlorophyll hoʻokahi oxygen ma'Ātoma oi akā, emi ma mua o nā hydrogen nā'ātoma (ma pae ma ka wahi o ka Ch _3). Nolaila, i ka hakakino kaumaha Alpha chlorophyll haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka Hoʻokolohua.

Ma ka waena o na (particles) o ka ukupanee i ka mākou mea i noho makanekiuma. Ua hoʻohuiʻia i 4 naikokene nā'ātoma o ka pyrrole nā pūʻulu. System o haʻahaʻa a me ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi mau mea paʻa hiki ke malama i ka pyrrole ligaments.

Chromophore ho okumu, pono pono i loko o ka 'ole o ka chlorophyll - keia mea N. he mau hiʻohiʻona nō ke omo o na kukuna kanaka o ka poe pae, a me kona kala like' ole, i mea aha lā i ka lā puhi e like me ka lapalapa, a ma ke ahiahi, e like embers.

E huli iā mākou i ka nui. Porphyrin kāna mau 'ōlelo anawaena o 10 HI, fitolny apana nahaha ua hou ma mua o 2 HI. Ma ka nucleus, chlorophyll mea 0,25 HI, na microparticles ma waena o ka pyrrole naikokene iki pūʻulu.

It E e kaulana i ka makanekiuma'Ātoma i ka hapa o ka chlorophyll ke anawaena o wale 0,24 HI, a me kekahi loa hoopiha i ka makahiki ma waena o ka naikokene nā'ātoma o ka pyrrole pūʻulu, a i ka 'ōlelo o ka lātoma e e oi ikaika.

He mea hiki ke hele mai i ka hopena i ka mau eiiiiiaiou ma lalo o uncomplicated kapa, alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua, a me ka loaʻa o chlorophyll (i kekahi, a b).

chlorophyll he

Ke pili nuipa o ka lātoma - 893,52. E hana i ka hoʻokaʻawale microcrystals nohoʻeleʻele me ka uliuli tint. I ka wela o 117-120 kekelē Kelekia ma, ka mea, ua maule iho, a hoʻololi i loko o ka wai.

Ma ka mea hookahi ethanol chloroform, acetone a me ka benzene i mea hoʻoheheʻe hou ma ka haiia. Nā hualoaʻa lawe i ka uliuli-omaomao waihoʻoluʻu a mai i kekahi kiʻiona hiʻona - waiwai ulaula fluorescence. Iki wailana ma kaʻaila kā Etera wale no. Ka wai Aʻole i ua pua i nā mea a pau i.

Alpha chlorophyll haʻilula: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ mg. Ka waiwai i loko o kona Nine Inch 'ole haawiia i like Chlorine. Ma ke apo no ka ihu i ka propionicʻakika,ʻo ia kona mea i koe, pili phytol.

Kekahi mea kanu meaola, kahi o ka chlorophyll kekahi, he mea like palapala. Eia, he'eto pae (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ iloko o II pyrrole ke komo lima i UAIAaIN e vinyl (-CH = Ch _2). Oia ka lātoma maupaʻa i ka mua, a me ka vinyl pūʻulu i loko o ke apo hoʻokahi, nā lua o ka apo hookahi.

chlorophyll b.

Haʻilula chlorophyll-Hoʻokolohua i ka kēia palapala: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ mg. Ke hakakino kaupaona ana o ka waiwai, he 903. Ma ka C ₃ kalapona nā'ātoma ma ka pyrrole apo mau 'akomi i wahi waiʻona devoid o ka hydrogen -HC = O, i ka mea he lenalena waihoʻoluʻu. Kēia mea e like chlorophyll he.

Mākouʻaʻa i ka e kaulana i loko o kūikawā paʻa māhele o ka halepaahao i mea e pōʻino ai i kona hoomauia ola ana plastids, chloroplasts, e noho ana kekahi mauʻano o ka chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll l a me ka b

Ma cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, e like me ka batsillariofitsievyh a me ka kelp loaʻa me ka chlorophyll. Classic porphyrin - e ka i ka likeʻole ma waena o kēia pigment.

No ka līoho, ka mea ula ano o ka chlorophyll d. Kekahi e kanalua kona ola. Ua Ua manaoio ia ia mea wale he chlorophyll degeneration huahana o ka. I ka manawa, ua hiki, he olelo i chlorophyll me ka palapala D - o ka papa kuhikuhiE kalameaʻai mea a photosynthetic prokaryotes.

mall o ka chlorophyll

Ma hope o ka noiʻi ua hōʻike i nā hiʻona o ka chlorophyll, e noho ana i loko o ka mea kanu, a loko mai o ka mea, ike dissimilarity. Chlorophyll i ka mea kanu hui me ke kumuʻiʻo. Keia ua mea e hoikeike ma ke kēia mau loina:

1. Omo pae o chlorophyll i loko o ka lau i kekahi, ina kakou e hoakaka aku ia me ka haʻawina.
2. Pure waiʻona mai maloo mea kanu paha wehewehena e kiʻiʻoia iʻo. Pōʻalo i loaa mai maluhia ma ka luawai-wai lau, a me ka waiʻona i ke kainuʻu i ka wai. Ua Ua pili me ka chlorophyll, mai hemo mai ia kumuʻiʻo.
3. Material e holo ana mai o ka lau o na mea kanu, ua hoʻomaka koke luku ma lalo o ka aoao o ka oxygen, he kiaʻakika, ka malamalama kukuna.

Akā, chlorophyll i mea kanu hoʻopale ai i nā mea a pau o ka luna.

chloroplasts

I mea kanu, chlorophyll na 1% o ka maloo mea. E huli i hiki i ka kūikawā organelles o ka halepaahao - plastids, a hoike i ka haoʻa i ka makana o ka mea i loko o ka mea kanu. aeea plastids, pena i ka uliuli waihoʻoluʻu a loaa i ka chlorophyll, ua kapaia chloroplasts.

I ka helu o ka H ₂ O ka chloroplasts papa koa mai ka 58 a hiki i 75% puaʻa hiwa maʻiʻo ninoieo o nā polokina, lipids, chlorophyll a me carotenoids.

chlorophyll kuleana pili i

ʻepekema, ua loaʻa i ka kahaha ko oukou naau similarity i hoʻomākaukauʻia nā lātoma o chlorophyll a me ka hemoglobin - ka papa kuhikuhiE naehana ke keʻena o ke kanaka koko. Ke koena unuhi o ia i loko o ka waena maiuu o na hui i loko o ka pigment nō waiho makanekiuma a me ka hemoglobin - hao.

Ma kāʻamaʻai, i ke kanu ana o ka Honua absorbs carbon dioxide i hookuu aku oia i ka oxygen. Eia ka kekahi hiʻona nui o ke chlorophyll. Ma ka ha awina hiki ke hoohalikeia ia hemoglobin, akā, no ka nui o ka waiū ma luna o ke kanaka kino he mau hou.

Chlorophyll - he mea kanu pigment, i ka 'ikepili i ka malamalama, a kapa komo iā ia me ka uliuli. Next mea kāʻamaʻai, ma a kona microparticles hoohuli i ka la o ka ikehu ke kemu ma ke kanu aeee i loko o Nine Inch ikehu.

Oe ke hele mai i ka hopena a kēia mau mea kāʻamaʻai - o ka ikehu huli ana kaʻina hana o ka la. Inā hilinaʻi lā hōʻike, ka mea, ua hoʻomaopopo i ka kahe ana o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke aloha i huiʻia, mai ke kalapona'okikene lua a me ka wai me ka hoʻohana malamalama ikehu ua decomposed i ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

ke kahua №1

Kēia pae Ua hoʻoholo i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka photochemical decomposition o ka wai, a me ke kōkua o ke chlorophyll. Aia evolution o hakakino ka oxygen.

ke kahua №2

Eia ka mea, i kekahi mau redox reactions. Ka mea lawe i kaʻeleu paipai 'ana i nā cytochromes a me nā nā moku halihali mokulele o electrons. Naoh i wahi no a hiki i ka malamalama ikehu lawe ma electrons, mai ka wai i ka NADPH mīkini hana wāwahie a me ATP. Eia ua waiho i ka malamalama ikehu.

ke kahua №3

Mua i hana NADPH a me ATP i loko o ka noi e hoʻolilo i carbon dioxide i loko o carbohydrates. Na ke kemu malamalama ikehu ua komo i loko o nā reactions o 1 a me 2 kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Naoh o ka hope, ke kolu, e ana me ke komo ana o ke ao nei, a kapa pouli.

Kāʻamaʻai - ka mea wale liluwelo kaʻina hana o ka hele mai i ka noa ikehu, piʻi pū. 'Ana paha kahiko o ka'āina, i komo i ka Nine Inch entrepreneurial uhane e noho i ka'āina o nā-legged, eheu, wingless, Style, a me nā meaola.

Hemoglobin a me ka chlorophyll

ʻO nā lātoma o hemoglobin a me ka chlorophyll i luna ', akā, i ka mea ia manawa he like'ātoma' ole. Common i loko o kā lākou 'ole o PROFIN - he komolima o liʻiliʻi apo. Ke koena unuhi ike i otrostochkah pili ana i ka ProFin a me nā'ātoma ke aupuni 'loko: hao'Ātoma (Fe) ma ka hemoglobin mai chlorophyll makanekiuma (mg).

Chlorophyll a me ka hemoglobin e like me ka 'ole, akā, hana i kekahi kumuʻiʻo hale. A puni ka makanekiuma'Ātoma chlorophyll i hanaʻia a puni hao - hemoglobin. Inā mākou e lawe wai a chlorophyll lātoma, a, e hoʻokaʻawale fitolny huelo (20 kalapona lei), loli ma ka makanekiuma hao'Ātoma, ka pigment omaomao i ulaula. E like me ka hopena - ka pau hemoglobin lātoma.

Kemu chlorophyll mea ola a me ka oluolu, hoomaikai kaʻoi loa a hiki i keia similarity. Good kākoʻo i ke kino ma ka o oxygen pololi. Saturates i ke koko pono micronutrients, mai keia wahi aku ia mea maikaʻi, e hoolilo aku i ka mea nui no ke ola o ka waiwai i na keena. Ua lŘlŘ 'eleu hoʻokuʻu o ka neoneo mau mea, toxins a me ka neoneo mai ana ka pūnao maoli. Ua loaʻa ka hopena ma luna o ka moe ko keʻokeʻo koko keena, prompting ia.

Ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka meʻe ka makau ole, a me ka hōʻinoʻia i malama, Hoʻoikaika i ka halepaahao membranes, kōkua e loaa i ka connective'aʻaʻa. Ma ka pono o ka chlorophyll i nā wikiwiki hoola ana o ulcers, eha a me kekahi mau erosions. Iaono? Ienoai'ōnaehana paleʻea hana kahiāuli ka hiki, e hopu i ka pathological kāna hana DNA nā lātoma.

A maikaʻi nā mea kū ma ka lapaau ana o nā mea palahēhē a me ke anu. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka pau papa inoa o nā mea maikaʻi ona waiwai nānā '.