Luaipele i huiʻia. Degere o ka sulfur'okesaside i loko o ka huina. Luaipele i huiʻia o ka haʻilula

chalcogen subgroup nā luaipele, - i ka lua o ka hehee ai i ka mea hiki ke ho okumu i ka nui helu o na mea i eliia hoʻokomo kālā. Sulfates, sulfides, oxides'ē aʻe luaipele i huiʻia e loa he ākea, a me ka nui hanalima ano. No laila, i loko o kēia 'atikala, e nana aku kakou, i ka mea e, i ho i ka luaipele ia iho, kona he mea mea.

Luaipele a me kona characterization

Kēia hehee ai i ke kēia kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu.

1. Ke ono o ka pūʻulu, i ka papa kuhikuhiE pae.
2. A kolu uuku wā.
3. 'ātoma nuipa - 32,064.
4. Serial helu - 16, protons a me electrons e like me 16 neutrons.
5. Ua pili ia i na kumu mua, ole-ke hooheheeia.
6. Ma na nā papakuhikuhi heluhelu ia "es", ka inoa o ka hehee ai luaipele, Roma luaipele.

Ma ke ano maoli, he mau eha i ka pilina paʻa isotopes me ka nuipa a nui 32,33,34 a me 36. kēia hehee ai o ke ono loa, he pono ole ma ka ano. Ua pili ia i ka biogenic hehee wale, me kekahi hapa o ka mea nui ke aloha nā lātoma.

Ka lolouila 'ole o ka'Ātoma

Luaipele i huiʻia e ku pono ana i keʻano o nā hiʻona o ka huina'ine 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Ua Ua kāheaʻia ma ka kēia haʻilula hoʻonohonohoʻia: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^4.

Ka luna kauoha Hōʻike 'i ka napoo ana o ka hehee ai. Akā, ua ike ia ina ka'Ātoma e hoʻolako i nā mana, he mea hiki ke paʻa wawahi electrons ma 3p a me 3s-sublayer, i ukali ia e kekahi hoʻololi i 3d, a koe noa. E like me ka hopena,ʻaʻole wale EUIAaIN ka valence o ka'Ātoma, akā, i nā mea a pau i ka hiki'okesaside Hawaii. Lākou heluʻia me ka nui loa, a mahuahua nui e like me ka helu ana o kekahi mau waiwai me ka luaipele.

Degere o ka sulfur'okesaside ma ka hui

Aia i kekahi mau walaʻauʻana koho o keia anakahi. Luaipele mea:

• -2;
• +2;
• 4;
• 6.

O kēia mau mea, no ka nui loa o S ^+2, e hoʻopuehuʻia mai'ō a'ō i ka koena. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o ka luaipele i huiʻia ma ke kalele iho reactivity a oxidizing ka mana o nā waiwai. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, i huiʻia me ka -2 - ia sulfides. Lakou i hoomanao mai i ka typical hehee ai o ka oxidizing Agena.

Ke kiekie o ka degere o ka'okesaside i loko o ka hui, o ka oi'ōlelo ai, e i oxidizing hiki waiwai. Keia ua hikiwawe ike ina ua hoole ka kumu o nāʻakika elua i kuahene luaipele.

• H ₂ ¶ ₃ - sulfurous;
• H ₂ ¶ ₄ - sulfuricʻakika.

Ua ua ike ia i ka la mahope mea nui aku i ka pilina paʻa, ikaika i huiʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe lehulehu o ka mea nui akamai e oxidize.

na mea waiwai

E like me na mea waiwai luaipele mea he melemele maikai nā pōaka palahalaha elongated pololei. Oiai keia mea wale kekahi o kona ano, no ka mea, he mea mau ka papa kuhikuhiE allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana o keia waiwai. Mua, monoclinic paha orthorhombic - keia mea he lenalena mea pōaka waiwai, ʻaʻole wailana i loko o ka wai, akā, wale i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe. Wehewehe aku fragility a me ka nani shape 'ole na poe ma ke ano o ka pāpale aliʻi. Heheʻe wahi - ma kahi o 110 ⁰ C.

Inā 'oe e ole skip i ka palapala wahi ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ia i ka hoʻololi', e mea hiki ke manaʻoi hoʻokoe 'huai ae i kekahi moku'āina - ea luaipele. He He rubbery (viscosity)ʻeleʻele pāʻoihana, a ma luna o hou hahana maoli nō kēia a hoopio ai hoi i hou ae i loko o ka rhombic palapala.

Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i chemically maemae luaipele, loaa e mau filtrations, ia mea he melemele nā pōaka liʻiliʻi, fragile a pau loa insoluble i loko o ka wai. Hiki ia oe ignite ma ka hui 'ana me ona mau a me ka lewa ka oxygen. Oko i lawa ke kiekie Nine Inch hope.

I ma ke ano maoli

Ma ke ano maoli, ma laila nō ma kona ano maoli e waiho mai i luaipele i huiʻia i extracted ia ia iho me he mea waiwai. Eia hou, inā loaʻa:

• i loko o nā minelala hao, i eliia a me nā pōhaku;
• i na holoholona, mea kanu a me nā kānaka, e like me kekahi hapa o na mea he nui ke aloha nā lātoma;
• ma maoli kinoea,ʻaila kā a me ka lanahu;
• i ka aila a me ka shale kūlohelohe wai.

Oe ke inoa i kekahi mau o ka richest luaipele nā minelala hao:

• cinnabar;
• pyrite;
• sphalerite;
• stibnite;
• galena a me na mea e ae.

Ka hapa nui o ka luaipele hua mai i kēia lā hele i ka sulphate? Iecaianoaaiiie. Kekahi kuleana ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka' inikua hana, mahiʻai, hanalima Nine Inch manufacturing keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

physical waiwai

Ka mea, ke kakau i kekahi mau paukū.

1. mea insoluble ma kalapona disulfide, ai hua pisetakia, ai ka wai - pono mea hoʻoheheʻe.
2. Hooloihi ae i kū'ē accumulates io kauoha.
3. Heheʻe wahi o ka 110 ⁰ C.
4. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o ka 190 ⁰ C.
5. I a hiki i 300 ⁰ C hele i ka wai-e kahe ana.
6. A maemae waiwai mea hiki ke mau loa maikaʻi ka hoʻoponopono-ignite flammable waiwai.
7. E iho i kokoke i nā dudima, akā, hydrogen luaipele i huiʻia hoʻokuʻu akula i ka pungentʻala o ka popopo hua. Like pono me kekahi lunamakaainana o gaseous aeaie.

Ke physical waiwai o ka waiwai ma ka nīnau i ike ai i kanaka, mai ka manawa kahiko o ka'āina. Ua mea no lākou combustibility o ka luaipele, a loaʻa kona inoa. Ma na kaua hoʻohana asphyxiating a me na nahesa niho fumes i i ua loaʻa i ke'ā o ka hui, e like me ka mea kaua e ku e enemi. Eia hou, i mau heʻakika me ka luaipele hanalima nui.

Nine Inch mall

Ke kumuhana Ke: "luaipele a me kona hui" 'aʻole e lawe i ka haʻawina i loko o ke kula kemika holo ana, akā, kekahi mau. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he hailona no ia. O ke kumu ho i ka Nine Inch ha awina o ka waiwai. Ua hiki e nā oxidizing waiwai me ka ikaika hoemi konohiki (ke hooheheeia, boron, etc.), a me ka hoihoi hou ia ana o ka loa non-ke hooheheeia.

Eia naʻe, eia nae ua hana me ka fluorine AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN wale puka mai ma lalo o maʻamau ana. No ka mea'ē aʻe, e makemake e hoʻa'ā i. kekahi mau waeʻano o nā mea i hoʻohikiʻia e, i mea hiki ke reacting me ka luaipele.

• mea hiki ke hooheheeia;
• ole-ke hooheheeia;
• alkalis;
• ikaika oxidizingʻakika - sulfuric, a me ka nitric.

Luaipele i huiʻia:? Ueo

ʻano o ia mau mea, e ke wehewehe ma kekahi degere o ka'okesaside o ka papa kuhikuhiE hehee ai - luaipele. No laila, he mau walaʻauʻana ano o ka waiwai hiki ke hōʻike 'ia ma ke kumu o:

• i huiia me ka'okesaside -2;
• 4;
• 6.

Inā mākou e noonoo i ka papa, aʻaʻole he anakahi o valences, keia hehee ai 'ano apau loa e like nā lātoma like:

• ʻakika;
• oxides;
• hydrogen luaipele i huiʻia;
• ka paʻakai;
• aeaie i huiʻia me ka 'ole-ke hooheheeia (kalapona disulfide, chlorides);
• ke aloha 'ona.

Ano, e noonoo i ka papa kuhikuhiE kamalii, a me ka haawi aku examples.

Waiwai me ka'okesaside -2

luaipele i huiʻia 2 - o kona conformation me ke hooheheeia, e like me:

• kalapona;
• hydrogen;
• phosphorus;
• silikone;
• arsenic;
• boron.

Ma kēia hihia, ka mea hana e like me ka oxidizing Agena, no ka mea a pau kēia mau kumu hou electropositive. oi loa aku hoi nui poʻe noonoo.

1. Kalapona disulphide - cs _2. Ka aniani moakaka wai a me ka maikai aroma Etera wale no. Meaʻawahia, flammable waiwai, a me ka exploding. Hoʻohana 'ia me ka'ūheheʻe, a no ka hapanui ke ano o ka mea kāhinu, bipi kūpaluʻia, ole-ke hooheheeia, kala nitrate, kēpau, a rubbers. Ua mea i nui i kuleana i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie oʻimi hoʻopunipuni silika - viscose. Ke hana ua synthesized ma ka nui mea.
2. Hydrogen sulphide a hydrogen sulphide - H ₂ S. ke kinoea, ka ole waihoʻoluʻu a me ka meaʻalaʻaiʻana. Ala ikaika, loa kaʻawaʻawa loa, reminiscent o popopo Kepakailiula. Make, depresses ka naehana ioauoa e kuhikuhi ana i ke keleawe Ion. Nolaila, i ka wa e hiki mai kaʻapu kōheoheo suffocation a me ka make. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia ma ka oihana lapaau, ke aloha hoʻololi kemikala, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o sulfuricʻakika, a me energetically ano maka mea.
3. mea hiki ke hooheheeia sulfides e hoʻomano hoʻohana i ka lapaau, ma ka sulfuricʻakika-i? iecaianoaaiiuo, noho HW manufacturing phosphors, a me nā wahi. General haʻilula - Me _x S _{y me.}

I huiʻia me keʻano o ka'okesaside o +4

Luaipele i huiʻia 4 - mea kaʻoi loa he'okesaside, a me ka paʻakai e like me kaʻakika. mau loa, he pono ole i huiʻia me kekahi mau 'cia i loko o ka hana a pau o ia mau mea. Ka mea hiki ke hana me oxidants, akā loa hōʻike hoemi waiwai.

Haʻilula luaipele i huiʻia i loko o ka'okesaside moku'āina +4 kēia:

• 'okesaside - sulfur dioxide i ¶ I _2;
• ʻakika - sulfurous H ₂ ¶ _3;
• paʻakai i ka mau haʻilula Me _m (¶ I _{3) y me.}

Kekahi o ka loa, he pono ole ka sulfur dioxide i, a me anhydride. He He colorless waiwai me ka ala o nā mōhai ihoiho. I ka nui he mau huhui i hanaʻia i loko o ka lua i ana o ka lua pele, kona ma keia wahi mea oluolu e hooholo ma ka hohono.

Ia mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai me ka ho okumu ana o ke puana decomposingʻakika - luaipele. Ua hoi like me ka typical ʻakika'okesaside ano paʻakai, a loaʻa i ka sulfite ion ¶ I ₃ ^2-. Kēia anhydride - iniiaiie kinoea, a e loli ai i ka? Aneie lewa haumia ea. I mea e loli ai ke kahua o ka ʻakika ka ua. Industrially hoʻohana 'ia i loko o sulfuricʻakika hana.

I huiʻia ma i luaipele i loko o ka'okesaside moku'āina +6

Mau nā kuhikuhi sulfuric anhydride a sulfuricʻakika me kona paʻakai:

• sulfates;
• hydrogen sulufahate.

Mai ka luaipele'Ātoma maloko mea i loko o ka lani kiekie loa'okesaside moku'āina, a me ka waiwai o kēia hui e loa explainable. Ka mea, ua ikaika oxidants.

Ka sulfur'okesaside (VI) - ka sulfur trioxide - ho i ka colorless yiaeaiiacaaeneiie wai. A ano hiʻona - ikaika desiccant hiki. Ke ao o waho nicotine. I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai ka mea, ua 'oi aku kekahi o ka ikaika mea pōhaku nāʻakika - sulfuric. Ke kiaʻana i kāna kākoʻo pāʻoihana ia mea kaumaha iki yellowish oily wai. Inā ka anhydride ua mea hoʻoheheʻe ma sulfuricʻakika, ua loaa i kekahi mau hui i kapaia oleum. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kaʻakika.

I waena o paʻakai - sulphate - He mea nui i huiʻia e like me:

• gypsum CaSO ₄ · 2H ₂ O;
• baryta BaSO _4;
• ka paʻakai;
• kēpau sulufahate a me na mea e ae.

Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kūkulu, Nine Inch hoʻololi kemikala, lāʻau lapaʻau, i ka hana o ka'ōnohi kani a me ka makaaniani, a hiki i ka ai puolo.

Hydrogensulfates e hoʻomano hoʻohana ma ka metallurgy, kahi hoʻohana me ke koko. A ka mea kōkua i unuhi na mea he nui o ka luna 'oxides i loko o wailana sulufahate palapala i ua hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka pili na hana.

I ka like o ka luaipele i loko o ke kula kemika holo ana

I ka wā o ka momona a ua ka kaʻaluna o ka ike ma nā haumāna i ka luaipele, aha nō kona waiwai, i mea he huina lakou o ka luaipele? Grade 9 - ka maikaʻi loa wā. Kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka loa kinohi mai, ka wā kamaliʻi a pau hou a me ka malihini. Kēia o ka waena i loko o ke ao o ka kemika, i ka wa a na kumu i waiho ai ma mua kōkua loa puliki i ke kumuhana. No laila, ma ka noonoo ana o kaʻikepili kuu mea, o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka Ua puka 'ka papa. Ke kumuhana holoʻokoʻa ua maheleia i mau palaka, a ku kaawale haʻawina "luaipele i huiʻia. Class 9".

Kēia mea ma muli o ka helu nui lākou. I kaawale noʻonoʻo no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o sulfuricʻakika ma ka hana. I mau, ua haawiia mai ia e ka awelika o 3 hola keia kumuhana.

Akā, ke aloha i huiʻia o ka luaipele i hoʻouna 'ia no ka ao wale nō i loko o 10th o ka papa, i ka wa nīnūnē e manaoia ke aloha. Kekahi iʻa nō a me ka kālaimeaola i loko o ke kula kiʻekiʻe. Ua, luaipele mea he hapa o ke aloha nā lātoma, e like me:

• thioalcohols (thiols);
• nā polokina (tertiary 'ole, i mea ke kahua o ka disulfide na alahaka);
• thioaldehydes;
• thiophenols;
• thioesters;
• sulfonicʻakika;
• sulphoxides a me na mea e ae.

Ka mea, e noho kaʻawale ia ma ka pūʻulu kaawale o organosulfur i huiʻia. Ka mea, e nui ole wale i loko o ka liluwelo keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola kanaka, akā, i ka hana mau. No ka laʻana, sulfonicʻakika - i ke kumu o na mea he nui ai '(aspirin, sulfanilamide a streptocid).

Eia kekahi, luaipele i huiʻia e like paʻa ke keʻena me kekahi:

• 'amino nāʻakika;
• nā'ūhū;
• nā wikamina;
• hormones.