Immobilized nā'ūhū a me kā lākou hoʻohana

I ka manaʻo o ka immobilized nā'ūhū ae la i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 20th kenekulia. Ia manawa, hoʻi i ka 1916, ka mea i loaʻa i adsorbed ma luna o carbon sucrose hoopaa catalytic haʻawina. I ka 1953, D. a me N. Shleyt Grubhofer lawe mai i ka mua ka paa pepsin, amylase, ka carboxypeptidase a me RNase i ka insoluble lawe. I ka manaʻo o ka immobilized'ūhū i legalized i ka 1971. Ua ua i ka mua hālāwai kūkā ma'ūhū 'enekinia. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. I kēia manawa, i ka manaʻo o ka immobilized'ūhū i loko o ka lehulehu pono ma mua o ka mea i loko o ka weuweu 20th kenekulia. keia waeʻano i oi au mamuli mākou noonoo.

Overview

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. A mmobilizovannye nā'ūhū - hui a i artificially ua hoʻopili i ka insoluble lawe. I ka Ia manawa e hoopaa i ko lakou catalytic waiwai. Currently, kēia kaʻina ua noʻonoʻo i loko o nā ao ke ano - i loko o ka hoʻokau 'o ka helehelena a me ka piha kīvila o ka hele o ka kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma.

kiʻekiʻe

. ʻepekema, Ua loaʻa kekahi pomaikai o immobilized nā'ūhū. Hana like heterogeneous catalysts, ka mea hiki eaaei e hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka naoh meakino. может быть многократным. Nā haʻawina i loaʻa i ka hoʻohana 'ana o immobilized nā'ūhū hiki ke hai. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka paa i huiʻia hoʻololi 'ana i kā lākou mau waiwai. Ka mea kuai i ka kūpapakū specificity, kumupaʻa. Eia naʻe, kā lākou hana hoʻomaka e hilinai ma? Aneie olelo. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. Immobilized nā'ūhū e mau nō a kiʻekiʻe loa o ke kumupaʻa. Ka mea, Ua oi aku, no ka laʻana, ua o ka noa'ūhū ma na tausani, na umi o na tausani o ka manawa. A pau i kēia i nā kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻokōʻana, ka hoʻokūkū a me ka puka waiwai o ka 'ike loea, ma i loaʻa i immobilized nā'ūhū.

nā moku halihali mokulele

J .. Porath hōʻike 'ki waiwai o ka maikaʻi mea e e hoʻohana no ka immobilization. ʻO nā moku halihali mokulele Pono e loaʻa:

1. Insolubility.
2. High liluwelo a Nine Inch kumupaʻa.
3. Nona iho no ka kokololio ho'ā hope. ʻO nā moku halihali mokulele Pono e neʻe wale i loko o ka kū'ē? Ueo.
4. Nui hydrophilic.
5. Ke koi permeability. Kona anakahi E e like oluolu no nā'ūhū a me coenzymes, naoh huahana a me substrates.

Currently, ka mea, aohe mea i makemake hoʻokō loa me kēia mau koi. Eia naʻe, ma ka hana, hoʻohana nā moku halihali mokulele i poe pono no ka immobilization o nā'ūhū i loko o ka kekahi waeʻano o kekahi ana.

Mea Maluna

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka mea, ma ka launa pu, a me i ka hui i hoohuliia mai i loko o immobilized nā'ūhū e māheleʻia i loko o'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha. Ka paa ana o na mea he nui i huiʻia ua lawe mai me ka polymeric nā moku halihali mokulele. Mau ke aloha kumuhana i maheleia i mau papa: maoli a me ka kemikala. I kela mea keia mea o lakou, ma ka huli, līkaia pūʻulu ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ole. 'okanikaʻole nā moku halihali mokulele iʻano nui na poe ma ke aniani kumuhana, pālolo, palolo, ka silica i, graphite kalaponaʻeleʻele. I ka hana ana me ka pono hana kaulana maloo kemika ki ina hana like. Immobilized nā'ūhū i loaa ma ka penaʻana i ka lawe ho film o titanium'okesaside, alumina, zirconium, hafnium paha aaioee ke aloha polymers. An nui ia Morohiha o na mea o ka nanea o ka noho.

kumuʻiʻo nā moku halihali mokulele

Ka loa kaulana lipid, polysaccharide a me ka kumuʻiʻo lako. Mawaena o ka hope o ka hoʻolako mall polymers. Mau kuhikuhi nā collagen, fibrin, keratin, a me ka gelatin. Oia nā polokina e he ākea ma ke kaiapuni. Ka mea, e loaʻa a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. Eia hou, ka mea, i ka nui helu o ooieoeiiaeuiuo pūʻulu no e kuhikuhi ana. Nā polokina OAOOUIEeE biodegradability. . Ua apono 'oe, e hohola aku i ke ano o ka immobilized nā'ūhū ma ka laau lapaau. Ia manawa, ka mea, ua kumuʻiʻo a me ka io waiwai. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. Ke keakea ana o ka hoʻohana 'ana immobilized nā'ūhū e kumuʻiʻo nā moku halihali mokulele o ka kiʻekiʻe immunogenicity o ka hala, a me ka manawa kūpono e hoʻokō i kā lākou naoh wale kekahi pūʻulu.

Polysaccharides aminosaharidy

Kēia mau mea i ka loa pinepine hoʻohana chitin, dextran, kelulose, agarose a me nā mea loaʻa a pau. I polysaccharides ua oi hoʻopale ai i na reactions o ka laina kaulahao crosslinked epichlorohydrin kea. Ka hei 'ole o kela ionic pūʻulu i hoʻolauna loa ka uku ole ia. Chitin ua loaa i ka nui mea like me ka wao akua huahana ma ka hanalima aaioee o māhikihiki a me ka pāpaʻi. Kēia mea i kekahi chemically hoʻopale, a mai ka pono-i ho'ākāka 'ili' ole.

kemikala polymers

Kēia pūʻulu i ke 'ano nui o nā mea a me ka loaʻa nui. Ua nā polymers ka nānā 'ana ma luna o acrylicʻakika, styrene, Tewetewe ka waiʻona, polyurethane a me polyamide polymers. Ka hapa nui o ia i okoa me mechanical ikaika. Ma huli ana ka mea, i ka manawa kūpono o ka loli iki ili nui ma luna o ke akea huahelu, i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o nā ooieoeiiaeuiuo nā pūʻulu.

ka paa Nā Papahana

Currently, ma laila nō nā fundamentally okoa Lolina immobilization. Ka mua o ka makaukau o ka i huiʻia me ka covalent makaukau na kaula paa a me ka mea lawe. Kēia iaoia He physical. Kekahiʻano komo ai i ka hanana o ke covalent hoopaa me ka mea. Kēia Nine Inch hana.

adsorption

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Me ka mea immobilized nā'ūhū loaa mai ma ka mālama o ka lāʻau ma ka lawe ili ma muli o ka lakou hoopuehu, hydrophobic, electrostatic hana kūleʻa a me hydrogen paa. Adsorption o ka mua ala o ke kaupalenaʻana i ka ka hoʻoneʻe o hehee wale. Naʻe, Ke i kēia koho i ole nalowale kona pilina. A, i ka adsorption ua manaoia e ia i ka loa e like me ka ano o ka immobilization i loko o ka hana.

oi loa aku hoi ke ala

Ke scientific moʻokalaleo wehewehe ma 70 nā'ūhū loko adsorption hana. E like me nā moku halihali mokulele hana advantageously, porous aniani, likeʻole clays, polysaccharides, alumina, kemikala polymers, titanium a me nā mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ma keia hihia, e hoʻohana hou pinepine i ka la mahope. I ka laulā o ka adsorption o ka lāʻau ma luna o ka lawe i nā puke me ka nānā 'ana i ka porosity a me ka hana i ho'ākāka' ili.

ʻano papa hana o ka hana

Adsorption o'ūhū i ka insoluble pono ka poe noonoo ole. Ua Ua loaʻa ma ka hui 'ana me ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana o ka lāʻau lawe. Ua hiki ke kūpaʻa a hōʻeuʻeu ala lawe. Ke'ūhū pāʻoihana ua kawili pu ia me ka hou sludge, no kekahi laʻana, titanium hydroxide. A laila, ma lalo o mehana rula, o ka hui ua maloʻo. Ua paa ia ia ka'ūhū hope, i ka wa ia immobilization e aneane 100%. A i kekahi mau 'lehulehu o 64 mg no gram o ka lawe keia ihoiho.

io, ao ke ano

Ke keakea nā haahaa adsorption ikaika o ka paa ana o'ūhū a me ka lawe. Ma ka loli kaʻina naoh kūlana hiki e na hiohiona lilo oihana mua, mea hoʻohaumia o nā huahana, desorption o ke kumuʻiʻo. E hoomahuahua i ka ikaika o ka paa k? Ko? I, ua Hoʻololi '. Ua hōʻike hewa, pono ia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia Ion, polymers, a me nā hydrophobic i huiʻia me ka polyfunctional konohiki. Ma kekahi mau hihia, i ka lāʻau iho ua hoolilo i ka loli. Akā, pinepine lawa, ua hiki aku i ka emi i loko o kona hope.

Inclusion i loko o ka tuko pīlali

Kēia AOAIAaOO mea nō, he pono ole no i kona kū hoʻokahi a me ka naau kupono. Kēia iaoia mea pono ole wale no ka mea kēia hehee wale, akā, no hoi no multiehnzimnyh eiiieaenu. Inclusion i loko o ka tuko pīlali i e hana ia mau ki ina hana like. Ma ka hihia mua, i ka lāʻau ua hui me ka koʻana koko lātoma pāʻoihana, a laila, hana i ka polymerization. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka māhele 'ole o ka tuko pīlali i loaʻa i ka'ūhū nā lātoma i loko o ke keena. I ka lua o ka hihia, me ka lāʻau ua hoʻolauna i loko o ka hoʻopau 'ana i pīlali. Ua Ua laila hoohuliia i loko o ka tuko pīlali moku'āina.

I ka hoike ana o ka translucent hale a

Ke ae pā o kēia iaoia ninoieo i immobilizing ka hookaawale koʻana koko'ūhū pāʻoihana mai ka kūpapakū. Ua hoʻohana he kalaka nui-permeableʻili lahilahi. Ua hele haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha eiiiiiaiou o cofactors a me substrates, a hoʻopaʻa nui'ūhū nā lātoma.

microencapsulation

Aia i kekahi mau koho no ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana ma o ka translucent 'ole. Ka loa hoihoi 'ana o kēia mau mea kumuʻiʻo microencapsulation a me ka inclusion ma liposomes. Ke koho mua ia i manaoia i ka 1964 ma T. ano hou ia mai. Ua he loko i ka'ūhū pāʻoihana ua wahahee i loko o ka paʻa mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kona mau paia i i o ka semipermeable pīlali. Ke ano o kaʻili lahilahi 'ilikai, kena ae la ia e naoh o na hui o interfacial polycondensation. Kekahi o ia ua mea hoʻoheheʻe ma ka ke aloha, a me ka 'ē aʻe - i loko o ka koʻana koko pae. E like me ka hana i ke kāheaʻia i ke kahua o ka microcapsule loaa mai ma ka polycondensation o sebacicʻakika halide i-oe (ke aloha pae) a 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (pakahi, i ke koʻana koko pae). Ka mānoanoa o kaʻili lahilahi he pōpilikia ma-haneri, o ka micrometer. Ke kumukuai o ka capsules - haneri, a me na umi o micrometers.

Inclusion i liposomes

Kēia hana o ka immobilization mea kokoke i ka microencapsulation. Liposomes i hōʻike mai iā ia i loko o lamellar ole spherical lipid bilayers nenoai. Kēia hana i hoʻohana mua ma ka makahiki 1970 F. No ka kaawale ana o na liposomes mai ka lipid pāʻoihana ua lawe evaporating ka ke aloha'ūheheʻe. Ke koe lahilahi Auana ua hoopuehuia ma ka koʻana koko pāʻoihana, ai ka'ūhū mea i loaʻa. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, i ka pakiko-ʻaha kanaka o lipid bilayer hale. . Muli o kona kulana mahalo kēia mau immobilized nā'ūhū ma ka laau lapaau. O ke kumu ho i ka oiaio i ka hapanui o na nā lātoma ua IIeEeAIEUIeXAIIUE i loko o ka lipid'ōpū mai o liluwelo membranes. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. Hookomoia ma liposomes immobilized nā'ūhū mea nui ma ka lapaau noiʻiʻia, hiki study, a wehewehe lauana o ke ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana.

Ke kahua o ka hou pili 'o Randy

Immobilization ma ka ho okumu i hou covalent kaula hao, a ma waena o ke kanaka maoli nā'ūhū ua noʻonoʻoʻia e ka hapanui nuipa a hoʻomake a biocatalysts no hanalima ana. Haʻalele physical aoao, keia koho hoʻolako i irreversible a me ka ikaika hoopaa o ka lātoma a me ka mea. Kona hoʻonaʻauao ua pinepine pu ma ka noaaeeecaoee o ka lāʻau. Naʻe, i ka wahi o ka'ūhū ma 1 minuke covalent ka ponaʻana e pili ana i ka lawe hana kekahi hihia i loko o ka lawelaweʻana i ka catalytic kaʻina. Lātoma ua kaawale mai o ka mea ma ka hookomo. E like me ka mea pinepine hana poly- a me ka difunctional konohiki. La lakou, me ka nui, e hydrazine, cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl koloriside, a no laila, ma luna, No ka laʻana, no ka Napuelua galactosyltransferase'ūhū mai ka Media, a me nā kēia kaʻina hookomoia -CH ₂ -NH- (Ch _{2) 5} -CO-. Ma ia wahi, i hiki ka makana i loko o ka 'ole o ka ho-o, a me ka lawe lātoma. A pau o ia i pili ma ka covalent paa. No kumu nui o ka pono, e hoʻolauna ooieoeiiaeuiuo hui ma ka naoh, mea e nui no ka mea catalytic hana o ka hehee ai. No laila, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO, e pili glycoproteins i ka lawe kumuʻiʻo mea,ʻaʻole ma luna, a ma ka carbohydrate moiety. I ka hopena o ka immobilized hou i ka pilina paʻa, a hana nā'ūhū.

keena

Nā kiʻina hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, ua manaoia e e paʻa no nā ano o biocatalysts. O nā, i waena o Alia, nā keena, subcellular hale, immobilization i lilo ia nei he ākea. O ke kumu ho i ka eia. I ka immobilization o aeee mea,ʻaʻole e pono ke kaʻawale, a huikala ia i ka'ūhū hoomakaukau ia? Cofactors ma ka naoh. E like me ka hopena, e lilo ia i hiki ke loaa nenoai e hana nunui-ʻanuʻu keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia noke.

Ka hoʻohana a immobilized nā'ūhū

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. Ma kauka holoholona lapaau, ka hana, a me na hana e loa kaulana hale hoomakaukau ana i loaa mai ma ka luna ki ina hana like. Depleted hana hoʻokokoke mai i ka pāʻoihana i na pilikia o ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomāka haawi o ai 'i loko o ke kino. Immobilized nā'ūhū i 'ae' e kiʻi i ka loa-e hana ai 'me ka palena haʻahaʻa kaʻawahia a me ka allergenicity. Ano,ʻepekema ke hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia pili me ka bioconversion o ka nuipa a me ka ikehu, ka hoʻohana 'ana microbiological hoʻokokoke mai. Ia manawa, he nui na makana no ka hana ana i ka hana 'ike loea hou a me ka immobilized nā'ūhū. Development ka manaʻolana 'ia i ka laulā lawaʻepekema. No laila, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kekahi o na kī mau manamana i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna o ka papa e pili ana i na ano hou o Ka Ikepili. Ma 'ana, i ka ninau o ke bioluminescent, a me ka 'ūhū immunoassay. A pau nui i ka holomua hoʻokokoke mai i loko o ka aaioee o lignocellulosic feedstocks. Immobilized nā'ūhū Hiki ke hoʻohana i amplifiers o nawaliwali no lepa. ʻeleu paena i ia ma lalo o ka aoao o ka Media, i mea ma lalo o sonication, me mechanical stress a paku ole ia i phytochemicals loli '.