Information Nucleotides

Ka DNA lātoma, a me ka mālie nā'ōewe

Ke a pau e noho ana honua ua i mai o aeee. Animals, ka iʻa, manu, mea kanu, fungi, microbes, na kanaka a pau ia lakou iho i haku no keena. Mawaho o ka halepaahao, aole he ola. Na keena o nā meaola e noho ana i like me ka 'ole, Nine Inch haku mele' ana, pūnao, a pau na keena eʻalo mai ma ka mahele ana. Kēia mea he nui loa luna '' ole, kokoke i ka anai luna ', kahi 1 kekona i na umi o na tausani o ka pane. Eia naʻe, ua hiki ole ka pāʻana i ke kuleana hūnā 'ike o ko mākou kanaka keena. Here ka mea, loaa e hoʻonele, a mākou e pono e hoomaka ana i ka e lanakila. Ke kanaka i loko o kou ola alakaʻi ma ke kumu, a me na keena mai i ia mea, e noho ma ko lakou mau rula, i e ole mau coincide me ko makou mau makemake. Akā, e ka loa hiki i loko o ka wā e hiki mai ma kahi o mākou e e hiki ke loaʻa i ka hoʻomaopopo like 'ōlelo me ia, a pili no hoi e pili ana i kekahi mea nui no mākou, a no ia.

I ka waenakonu o ka Kora naʻEsau keena manaʻo i loko o i i ka hoʻoluli i loko o ka papalua helix Watson-Crick kū hoʻokahi i loko o nā hale a me ka hana ana o ka DNA lātoma. A pau o ka DNA lātoma ua maheleia i Hoʻohana uuku i kapaia o nā'ōewe. 'O kēia ka kumu o ka mokuna o ko heritable kāna moʻolelo mākou mau helehelena, hoohanau,' imi naʻauao nona iho, ola expectancy e hooholo, a, ma luna o ka mea, e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka laulā huahelu o genetically paa abnormalities, me oncology külana.

DNA nā lātoma e'auwaʻa i hoʻopūʻukiʻuki i loko o ka kumuʻiʻo wahī a me ke ano conglomerates kapa chromosomes. Ma somatic keena o ke kanaka, i mea, i loko o na keena o kona kino, o ka diploid, a papalua kau o chromosomes. Ka mea, he 46 mau'āpana, a me 23 hui. Kēlā me kēia mau kekahi mau loa'ālike 'ia paha ka' ike. I ka wā o ka halepaahao i hookaawale hui o chromosomes kaawale, a me kēlā me kēia halepaahao hookipa mai i ka piha 'ia o ka' ike. A laila ua hoihoi hou ia ka diploid helu o chromosomes. Ke kanaka germ keena pihaʻi me 23 chromosomes, akā, i ka wa a ka sperm a me ka hua manu kaula hō'ā, ua hoihoi hou i fertilization, he papalua kau o chromosomes. Pela ka mea, he läÿau, o ke kane a me ka wahine ikepili, e kauoha ana i ka fetus loaa na hoailona a me na makuwahine a me na makua.

Ke totality o na nā'ōewe a pau i kakauiaʻi ma ke lākou o chromosomes o germ keena, i kapaʻia kanaka genome. Ka piha kanaka genome he ma kahi o 80 tausani nā'ōewe. Ka DNA lātoma ua kūkulu,ʻaʻole nō paha me paʻakikī e like me ka mea i palapala. Ua ua poe e mau pae loa. Nā filaments ua i mai o nucleotides. Nucleotides - he Nine Inch hui iloko olaila o ekolu waiwai: he nitrogenous kumu, carbohydrate deoxyribose a me phosphoricʻakika. Me ka hele ana i loko o lāliʻi, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka DNA o ka mea a pau ke aloha ao nei i hana eha wale ano o nucleotides. O lau palapala, eha huapalapala o ka Hawaiʻi o ke ola: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) a me ka cytosine (C). Ka mea, e pili ana i kēlā me kēia 'ē aʻe i loko o ka pīlali kaulahao o ka haneri o na tausani o nanometers, oi ma mua o 3 mika loa. Kēia lōʻihi o ke kālepa ma ke kahua o ka. Nucleotides oi ma mua o 3 ieeeea? I loko o ke kaʻina ia, a me nā mea a pau o ka aaiaoe 'ike encoded. Kēia mau kaula makalii i interconnected ma ka hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa a me ka mea spirally wahi a puni kekahi i kekahi, e hana i kekahi anuanu 'ole i loko o i ai na mea huna waiho waho. Nā kānakaʻepekema ke ehuehu o ka pilikia, e hoike aku i kēia mau mea pohihihi e decode i ke kanaka genome, 'o ia hoʻi, kuhikuhi a pau o na nā'ōewe a me ka hooholo o ia mau mea. Ka hana mea inevitable a me ka manaʻo, a me ka hoʻokō 'ana o ka papahana "hōʻike' Genome" hoomaka i ka makahiki 1990.

Ma ka papa o na kumu o hana i ua deciphered na genomes o ka oi ma mua o 800 mea kanu a me nā holoholona laha ', a me ka causative konohiki o na mea he nui nā palapala koʻohune: tuberculosis, typhus, opu ulcers, a me na mea e ae. He nui loa no ka pharmacology. he okoa pūʻulu o hou ai ', e hakakā hereditary mai e pili vaccines i ua hoʻomohala ku ei ka causative konohiki o kēia mau maʻi i hanaia. Mau ai 'ua oi mana ma mua o mua ola, no ka mea, i ka selectivity o ka hana, a aʻo i kaʻoihana no ka'ōewe a me ka kumuʻiʻo pale. Ikaika maikaʻi momentum loaa i loko o ka mahinaʻai o hakakino lapaau aaiaoe maʻiʻike, a me ka Inc, a aaiaoe 'enekinia, ua ike mākou i loaʻa kekahi hanana, ka mea nui o ka i mea paha i ka cloning. Cloning e hoola, a hoonui aku i ka maikaʻi loa discoveries o ke ano maoli, a ma ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kanaka.

Alaheo ka manaʻolana 'ia e hamama ana mai ma breeders. Created ma luna o ke kumu o aaiaoe? , E 'ae' transgenic mea kanu e dramatically hoʻonui i ka hana a ulu, loa hoʻopau poho mai nāhelehele a me pests, a me transgenic holoholona luku aku mākou wale a me kona productivity, maʻi ia'ku, fertility.

Criminologists no hoi i ia lakou, 'ike loea hou i hoʻohiki loa pono i ka mea o ka' ike o ka mea uuku loa o ka mea: .. A kulu o ka tuha, (particles) o ka lauoho, dandruff, etc. kauohaʻia lākou o ka poʻe halaʻole i loko o ke ao nei i ua ho'āponoʻia, akā, i ka maoli karaima ho'āpono hoopaiia ma ke kumu o 'ōewe Ka Ikepili. Aia i ka ike loeaʻano papa hana e hooholo paternity, maternity a me ka pili i ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i kumuhana o ka hooilina o ka waiwai, ala mai ka hana o ke kānāwai.

Loaa he unexpected a me nā hualoaʻa e noi aku i mea hoike. No ka laʻana, ka hopena o ke kapakai a na kanaka genome me ka genome o ko mākou hea ka mea e pili ana, i ka chimpanzee hoike aneane piha paha, ka 'o na tausani o ka mea kiko'î. Kokoke ka mea, he poe wale iki oi aku mamua o na oko ma waena o kanaka, mai kekahi lāhui nā pūʻulu. Ke kanaka i huli mai e e nui kokoke i na holoholona ma mua o ka mea, ua hiki no hoi i noonoo ai. Oia kekahi degere kiʻekiʻe o ka pili loaʻa iʻa wale noiʻi a me ka pono iā lākou i kū hoʻokahi, ke hoʻokokoke mai a me nā pāʻoihana. Aia paha e kekahi ka hoʻoponopono 'ana i ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution o ke ola mea.

Aaiaoe?, Me ke poo o ka papahana "hōʻike 'Genome> F. Collins, hooeueuia lakou e ka pomaikai, ua kālaiʻia kekahi mau grandiose wānana no ka mea ma kahi o wā e hiki mai. Mai ka 2020 i ke kuai e ike i ka laau no ka mimikō, hypertension, Ka maʻi 'aʻai, a noʻonoʻo maʻi hoʻomohala ma aaiaoe ka hana' enekinia, a e leie aku kaʻoi loa e hana i ka poino keena. 'ōewe Inc ma germ-laina keena, e pale aku hereditary maʻi. I ka 2040, ka mea e e hiki ma Archive kanaka kanaka genome, a pana aku au i cataloging nā'ōewe komo i loko o ka poe oo hoi kaʻina. Kēia, e hoʻonui aku i ka awelika ola expectancy o kekahi kanaka i ka 120 makahiki, a ma ka wā e hiki mai, e haawi aku ia ia nui makemake ka make ole. Eia hoi, kanaka e e hiki ke kū i ko lakou iho evolution. Mau nā wānana waiwai a pau he fantastic, akā, ka mea e lawe makahiki, paha mea ma lalo, ma mua o ka poe no a ka noiʻi e olelo aku nei, a pau ka mea lilo i ka ike maopopo, a me mākou nō e 'ē aʻe.

Eia naʻe, i keia la i ka DNA lātoma hoʻopaʻa he nui hou mea huna a me nā mea pohihihi. Kamepiula Ka Ikepili o ka holoholona genome ae mai, e hooholo i ka like ana o ka pauku o ka DNA nā lātoma e hana likeʻole oihana. Here, geneticists Ua loaʻa e kahaha ai kūʻiʻo. Ua huli mai ia i ka nui? Ueony, wale i ka hapa uuku wale no o ka huina kaʻina o ka genome encodes nā polokina. No ka mea, he kanaka wale nō ma kahi o 2% o ka genome encode he kumuʻiʻo 48% o ka genome e komo wale i loko o ka loiloi mua kahua o ka helu kuʻina, a a laila i ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina kaulia ana a ua haku oi ma mua o 50% o ka genome o ole-helu kuʻina, repetitive DNA kaʻina ec, eia hoi, he nui i ka helu o ke koena o ke kea laa, nā mea hoʻomaʻi. I ka hoʻohālikelikeʻia kēiaʻikepili me na genomes o nā holoholona e ku ana ma kekahi mau kuʻina o ka evolutionary hulili, eʻalo noiʻi me i kekahi paradox. Ua huli mai i na holoholona ma ke kahua malalo o evolution o ke kaʻana like 'ana o non-helu kuʻina DNA mea uuku loa. Ma pakeneka hua'ōlelo, Ua like penei. No laila, koʻohune, kokoke pau loa ka DNA ua hana, ka mea, o 90% a wale 10% me ia, he lapuwale. I ka hū, 68% o ka DNA o ka helu kuʻina, 32% o ka 'ole-helu kuʻina. Nematodes i keia lākiō he 24% a me ka 76% niioaaonoaaiii. Ka meaola i oi eiiieaena, a me ka like ana o ka helu kuʻina wahi o DNA emi, oiai ke kaʻana like 'ana o ka hookahuli ai i' ike ai no mākou maoli. Eia, e like me ka mea pono i mua kilohi, kekahi makemake nui i ke ku pono hopena. F.Krik, noonoo "keu" DNA no? Ieoaeunoaa "ioni?", Na koina evolution a me ka uku no ka mea i koe hapa oo. Unquestioned mana o ke nä känaka 'epekema no na makahiki hoonele ia i ka hanohano pono i ka nui loa o ka hanana lātoma. Eia naʻe, i loko o nā makahiki, i ka helu o nā kānakaʻepekema mai e ike i ka mana, ua hoʻoholo ihola e kanu i ka manaʻo o "junk DNA" hea ka hiki pāʻoihana o ka malu non-helu kuʻina DNA ua kena ae la i ka olelo kūkākūkā i loko o ka Media o geneticists. haneri o nā 'atikala ma ke kumuhana,? aaei nui hana hoihoi Aey? acaeoey i palapala. It? Aaei Ua he aiiay kūlana o non-helu kuʻina DNA, ho okumu i kekahi pilikia nui koi 'ia e holo i kekahi mau intracellular keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i ke kahua o ke oki laina, a glue ma kekahi papa hana splicing. A DI Mattick, no kekahi laʻana, manaoio i ka ole-helu kuʻina DNA a pau - nō encodes ka ai-kapaia kākoʻo ribonucleic ʻakika, RNA.

Mākou a kokoke i ka pilikia o ka mālie hapa o ka DNA a me ka mea'ē aʻe lima. Ua Ua ua? Aaei i ua kākau i ka DNA lātoma a me ka waihonakala,ʻaʻole wale ka aaiaoe hōʻike, akā, i ka mea no laila, i kapaʻia noho pilikia 'ike. Noho pilikia 'ike ua pili i nā hanana i oweliweli he maoli hoʻoweliweli' ana i ke ola ana o ke kino. ike pōʻalo enehana me neia mai kona mau ano, a e e kūkā mai ma lalo nei.

No ka mea like i koho maʻamau mahalo i ka hū pae Saccharomyces. Hū mea he kupanaha kükohu mea eukaryotic keena no keʻano o ka noiʻi i loko o nā kula o ka biochemistry, immunology, aaiaoe?. Hū aaiaoe? Nunui dala o ka hana, nāʻimi naʻauao a me ka noiʻia ulu loa hoʻomaka koke, ka mea i lawe mai. Eia hoi, i ka 1996, ka mea, ua loa kaʻina genome o ka hū Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a ua i ke kumu no ka Hopu ma hakakino systematics o ka hū. Ua 'ae' o ka pololei hoʻohālike o ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides i loko o kā lākou genome. Ia mea ke kumu o ka hū, a ua ua koho i ka mea o ko mākou noiʻi.

Kēiaʻano o ka hū ua hooku iho la ia ma kaʻike mau eukaryotic, a laila me ka 'ōlelo aeea anawaena o 3 - 7 mm o. Fungi hiki ke ku imua o loa haʻahaʻa mahana, a hiki ma ke kūpaleʻana, aole ia i make, akā, wale pa ahau, ape a pau o kou metabolic keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Well ka mea, haha mehana 'ia, akā, ma ka wela ma luna o 47 degere lākou ola keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kaulia ana, a ma ka wela o ka 80 - 100 degere ka mea make.

Nolaila, o ka pilikia keia no ka punahelu ka mahana mea kokoke i 80 degere. I alakaʻi ai i na mahana ma na keena o ka fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ua ua ike e hoʻololi nucleotide kaʻina ma mumule loci o ko lākou DNA nā lātoma. Moreʻano pākīkē hopena entail loli ma ka helu kuʻina māhele o ka DNA, a hooweliweli i ka viability o ka uuku kino.

Ke'ī mai, ma ka noho malie loci DNA o fungi i kākau 'ike e pili ana i adverse olelo hooweliweli ko lakou mau ola. A, i kēia mau mea o nā kūlana a lawe aku la ia ia 'inoʻino loa, akā,ʻo ia ua hiki ke ola me ia i ka uku hana no lakou iho. Once i loko o kēia mau rula, o ka fungus mea, ua ike e pili ana i ka disastrous hopena, a lawe i nā ana, e pale aku ia lakou. Ka mea hana me ka kanaka keena. Ke kino pū nā aeee i loaʻa i kekahiʻano o ke ku okoa ana a me ka kū kaʻawale. Ka mea, i palapala i ka pilikia 'ike a me ka mea i ho'āʻo i ka hana ia e like me ka hooweliweli lākou ke kelepona hele ola wahi, i hiki. Noho pilikia 'ike i loko o na keena ua palapala like i loko o ka lolo, ka mea, ua kākau i loko o ka waiʻona ma ke. Kela a me keia ka waiʻona ma, e ka mea pilikia makapō kiʻi pili me kanaka, na hale,'āina, kahi mau mea i lawe wahi, aneane alakaʻi i ka pōʻino, hanana, honi a me kaʻaiʻana, na ka waiʻona ma ke, e like me ka eha, halulu ana o ka papa ka mea, ua palapala i loko o ka DNA nā lātoma. Ke kanaka ola, 'ike ua kākau a me ka manaoio i ka aeee i kona makemake e ma ia wahi, i hiki ia mea i kēia' ike, e kōkua iā ia, e ola hou. DNA nā lātoma i 'ano ku paa auanei i huiʻia, a hiki hoahu kā lākou' ike loa. No laila, i ka pilikia hanana i hoʻopaʻa i loko o kona 'ole hiki e loa, loa kahiko.

No ka mōakaaka, ke ho'āʻo e haawi aku i kumu hoohalike. A i loko o ka mamao Peresia. Ko Peresia, Ua hoʻokumu i loko o ka VI kenekulia BC. e ka. Ka mea, ua i ke aupuni a pau nui mai Aigupita mai a hiki i ka Indus muliwai. I ka 332 BC. e ka. Aleksandr Makedonsky luku aku i ka poe kaua o ke alii o Dariu, a hoopio iho waiwai kulanakauhale Persipol. No ka mea,ʻAʻole eʻole ia'ku, alaila, haawi mai i ke kulanakauhale no ka 3 lā i kona mau koa, e hao. Na kanaka i noho ai ma ka makau. Ka nani hale, ma kona keena, frantically pule ui wahine, a ninau aku i ka Haku, no ka hoola ana. A puni ku icons, a kuni ihoiho. Ikaika loa, mai hemo mai ka puka me nā mea a pau o ka constipation a me ka lumi o poha i loko o ke koa ikaika. He pōkole kaua, a me ka wahine ua kuʻi ia, e waiho unconscious ma ka papahele. Kona kūlanakauhale, e hoʻolohe mai Greek olelo, hale hao mai, a hele. Poino i hana ai i ka wahine ola, a mawaena o na mea a pau,ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi paha Eia naʻe, Hapai. ka waiʻona ma ke a pau o ia lā weliweli: icons, kukui, Greek olelo,ʻeha, o ka halulu, ua hoʻopaʻa 'ia i loko o kona DNA nā lātoma. maluhia haawi Woman a me ka hahau aʻela kēlā iā a pau o ka 'ike i kāu keiki. Hele ana i loko o ka moʻo o kekahi mau kakini hanauna o kēia 'ike, ma ka hopena, e huli mai ia ia i kekahi kanaka opiopio ma na nā'ōewe i loko o kā mākou manawa, a, oddly lawa, ma Rusia.

Ma kekahi hihia, i kēia 'ike i ke koi' ia. Maoli ai, ka mea e ia i loko o ke koi ma ke kulana home 'ole i like i ka mea i i loaaʻi. I ka manawa i ke kino loa kauoha aku e ola a, i loko o ia ke kulana, ka mea, e ia mechanically paʻi a pau na ka waiʻona ma ke a me ka hana i ka mea kākau i loko o kona DNA. Ināʻo ia mea i loko o ka ekalesia, ma laila nō icons a me na ihoiho e aa, ka mea e olalo eʻolokaʻa a puni ma luna o ka papahele a me ka ho'ōho olelo hooweliweli. Ma keia hihia mākou, e olelo aku i na daimonio neʻe i loko me ia. Inā koke'ōlelo i loko o Helene, ke olelo aku nei au i loko o ke ola o ka i hala iho neiʻo ia i noho i loko o Helene. I mea, i ke kanaka opiopio, aole loa e ola ana aole ma Helene, aole hoi ma Peresia, mea, aole ia i i na daimonio. He Ua kākau i loko o ka DNA nā lātoma noho pilikia 'ike i ka ua ālai' ia e peacefully a me ia me ke kōkua o ke psychoanalysis ola, Freud W hiki e ana wehe.

He aha hiki mākou e'ōlelo aku i loko o ka hopena ma luna o kēia pukana? Noho pilikia 'ike' ana hooweliweli ana i ke ola o ke kino aeee i kākau iā lākou iho i loko o ka mālie loci o ka DNA lātoma. Ma kānaka, i kēia 'ike lawe i kokoke i ka anai ka leo o ka DNA lātoma, no ka mea, o ka mea nui wā o ke ola ana o ia mau wahi, i hiki i ka nui dala. Nā wahi, i hiki he pinepine like, no laila, eʻike aku mākou i loko o mumule loci i loko o ka helu nui o repetitions. Over manawa, i ka mooolelo kahiko i ke holoiia e like me ka ike i kākau i loko o ka mumule loci me ka nui loa kaikaina ma mua o ka helu kuʻina nā'ōewe. Penei, hookahi hou keʻae i ka mea i loko o ke ano maoli aole he wahi e iho, a me kela mea keia kŰia i loko o ka mea, i kona manao. A me mākou, na kanaka, e pono ai e ike i ka mea e mau loa ana me mākou hana ua dictated ma ke kumu, a, nolaila, ia mea i mau kūpono no ka noho ana.

Ielikov SL