Ketones: Nine Inch ka waiwai a me ka paa

Ke aloha kemika - ka 'epekema ka loa huikau, akā, hana hoihoi. No ka mea, i huiʻia o ka ua hehee wale i loko o kaʻokoʻa kaʻina helu a me ka paipai 'ana i ke kahua o kekahi waiwai waiwai. E mākou noonoo i ka hui i carbonyl pūʻulu i kapaia "ketones" (Nine Inch ka waiwai, physical ano, ki ina hana like o ko lākou hoʻololi kemikala). A ke hoohalike ia me nā waiwai o ka mea ia ano - aldehydes.

ketones

Kēia'ōlelo o ka pono inoa no kekahi papa o ke aloha 'ano o ka' ona, nā lātoma o a ka carbonyl pūʻulu (C = O) ua ua hoʻopili i nā kalapona radicals.

E like me kona 'ole i' ano like me aldehydes ketones a me carboxylic nāʻakika. Eia naʻe, ka mea e noho ana ma kekahi manawa elua C nā'ātoma (kalapona ole kalapona) i pili ia C = O.

haʻilula

Ke mau haʻilula no keia ano o ka hui, ua like penei: R ₁ -CO-R _2.

E hana ia oi maopopo, e like me ka rula, ka mea, ua palapala ai.

It C = O - mea he carbonyl pae. A _{1 a me} R R ₂ - he o carbon radicals. Ma kā lākou wahi e e kekahi i huiʻia, akā, i ko lākou haku mele 'ana pono e kalapona.

Aldehydes a me ketones

Helu, a Nine Inch waiwai o kēia mau pūʻulu o ka waiwai i loa like i kekahi i kekahi. No keia kumu, ka mea, ua pinepine manaoia pu.

Ka mea i na aldehydes i komo i ka carbonyl pūʻulu i loko o kā lākou nā lātoma. Ka mea, a hiki i ketones o ka haʻilula loa like. Naʻe, ina na waiwai C = O pili i nā radicals laila ka aldehyde mea hoʻokahi wale nō, kahi o ka lua - o ka hydrogen'Ātoma: R-CO-H.

Me lakou i mea hoike, i ka haʻilula o keia ano o ka waiwai - formaldehyde, a pau i ka oi kupaianaha me formalin.

Ma muli o ka haʻilula Ch ₂ O, ka mea, ua ike ia kona carbonyl pae ia i pili i kekahi akā, me nā nā'ātoma N.

physical waiwai

Mua mākou e hana ai me ka Nine Inch waiwai o aldehydes a me ketones, e noonoo i ko lakou physical hiʻona.

• Ketones - he puaʻa hiwa haʻahaʻa-hauneneʻe a me ke kinowai me ka volatility. Nā lālā ma lalo o kēia papa e akakaʻi mea hoʻoheheʻe ma ka H ₂ O a reacted pono me ke aloha nā'uheheʻe.
  Kanaka 'elele (e laʻa me Ch ₃ COCH ₃₎ remarkably wailana i loko o ka wai, a me ka loa i loko o kekahi huliāmahi.
  Akä naÿe i ka waiʻona mai ke kino, a carboxylic nāʻakika, ketones i he oi aku volatility me ka ia hakakino kaumaha. Kēia ka poʻea pau i ka hikiʻole o kēia hui e hana i ka pili me H, e like me ka i e H-CO-R.
• ʻano o nā aldehydes hiki ia i loko o kekahi mau Hawaii o ka aggregation. No ka mea kiekie R-CO-H - ia mea insoluble puaʻa hiwa. Lower - he wai, hapa o ka i kawili pu ia me ke olonā i H ₂ O, akā, wale, ua wailana i loko o ka wai i kekahi o ia mau mea, akā,ʻaʻohe nui.
  Ka simplest o kēia 'ano o ka' ona - formic aldehyde - he kinoea i mea nona pungent ala. Kēia mea i pono wailana ma ka H ₂ O.

Ka loa loa-ikeia ketones

He nui na waiwai R ₁ -CO-R _2, nae, pono-ikeia o ia mea,ʻaʻole no ka nui loa. He kuhikuhi dimethyl ketone, a mākou i nā mea a pau i ike i acetone. No hoi i kona colleague'ūheheʻe - butanone a me ka mea ua pono kapa - methylethylketone.

I waena o nā ketones, Nine Inch ka waiwai i mea hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka hana - acetophenone (metilfenilketon). Haʻalele acetone a me butanone, i keʻala o loa maikai, i mea kumu ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o perfumery.

No ka laʻana, cyclohexanone pili i typical 'elele R ₁ -CO-R _2, a ua loa pinepine hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā'uheheʻe.

Not e hōʻike i nā diketones. Oia ka inoa i R ₁ -CO-R _2, ma i ole kekahi akā, mau carbonyl hui i loko o ka haku mele 'ana. Penei, kā lākou haʻilula mea: R ₁ -CO-CO-R _2. Kekahi o ka poe noonoo ole loa, akā, olelo hoʻohana i loko o ka meaʻai hana ka 'elele diketones, diacetyl (2,3-butanedione).

Mau waiwai - ia mea like he uuku ka papa inoa o nā kānakaʻepekema synthesized ketones (i ana ma lalo i ka Nine Inch waiwai). I ka mea, eia hou, akā, i nā mea a pau i loaʻa noi. Ke hou aku ia mea ke kumukuai o ka noonoo i na mea he nui o ia meaʻawahia.

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o ketones

e hiki ke pane koke me nā waiwai 'ona o keia waeʻano. Kēia ka mea i kā lākou mau hana Nine Inch waiwai.

• e hiki ke paʻa iho i H (hydrogenation naoh) Ketones. Eia naʻe, no ka huina hoonui o keia naoh pono i ke alo o catalysts i loko o ka palapala o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia nā'ātoma o nikala, cobalt, Cuprum, platinum, palladium, a me na mea e ae. Naoh R ₁ -CO-R ₂ Hawaiʻi i nā haumāna a ka waiʻona.
  No hoi, ma ka reacting ana ma ke alo o ka hydrogenous mekala 'åkilikai metala amalgam a mg glycols i loaa mai ketones.
• Ketones ua ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi Alpha-hydrogenic'Ātoma kamaʻilioʻana, e haule iho ma lalo o ka aoao o keto-enol tautomerization. Ua Ua catalyzed ole wale ma ka mea o nāʻakika, akā, i na kumu o ke. Nō kāu, ka keto palapala o ka oi ku paa auanei lakou ia lakou iho kŰia ma mua o enol. Kēia equilibrium i ka mea hiki ke synthesize na ketones ma hydrating alkynes. Pili noaaeeecaoee enol-keto ano o ka conjugation hiki aku ai i keʻano ikaikaʻakika R ₁ -CO-R ₂ (wā like i alkanes).
• Mau waiwai ke komo i loko o ka naoh me ka ammonia. Naʻe, ka mea ana loa lohi.
• Ketones pane koke me ka hydrocyanicʻakika. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka α-oksinitrily, saponification i paipai 'ia ka hanana α-hydroxyacids.
• E komo aku ai, e pane koke me alkylmagnesium halides hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ke kula kiʻekiʻe 'o ka waiʻona.
• Hui NaHSO ₃ ka poʻea pau e gidrosulfitnyh (bisulfite) nā mea loaʻa. He waiwai e hoomanao ana i loko o ka naoh i loko o ka momoma hopena ua i wale hiki ke komo meto ketones.
  Ma waho aʻeo ia ketones, e like pane koke me ka paʻakai hydrosulphite a hiki aldehydes.
  I ka enaena me ka pāʻoihana o NaHCO ₃ ((baking soda)) a me ka mea pōhakuʻakika, e decompose ukali nā mea loaʻa o NaHSO ₃ ma ke kala o ka noa ketone.
• Iloko o ka naoh, R ₁ -CO-R ₂ me NH ₂ OH (hydroxylamine) a me ketoximes i hanaʻia me he he hopena ia - H ₂ O.
• Ma reactions pili i hydrazine hana hydrazones (lākiō o ka hui waiwai - 1: 1) 'ole azines (1: 2).
  Inā ka mea i loaa mai ma muli o i ka naoh huahana (hydrazone) ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mahana, e pane koke me potasiuma hydroxide, a N ku saturates. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia Kishner naoh.
• Me ua i haiia ae maluna, aldehydes a me ketones a me Nine Inch ka waiwai, a i ano like loaa kaʻina. Penei acetals R ₁ -CO-R ₂ palapala oi luna 'ma mua o acetals R-CO-H. Ka mea, hele mai me ka hopena o ketones i nā mea kemika a orthoformic orthosilicicʻakika.
• I hana kūpono i nā hoʻohui like kiekie o alkalis (e laʻa me, ma ka paio hahana maoli nō me ka i kia H₂SO₄) R ₁ -CO-R ₂ e malalo i ka intermolecular dehydration e lilo unsaturated ketones.
• Inā he naoh me R ₁ -CO-R ₂ he mekala 'åkilikai, ketones undergo aldol condensation. Nolaila, ka mea i hana β-keto oe i ka waiʻona i oluolu lilo aku hiki i ka lātoma o ka H ₂ O.
• Muli o kona kulana nui Nine Inch waiwai hoike mai ai ia lakou iho ma Laʻana ketones acetone reacted me mesityl'okesaside. Ma ia he hihia, he hou mea i kapaia "phorone".
• I Nine Inch waiwai o ka ke aloha waiwai nā Leuckart-Wallach naoh, i ka poʻea pau i ka ho'ēmiʻana o ketones.

Manawa, e haawi R1-CO-R2

A familiarized me ka waiwai o ka mea waiwai ma ka ninau, ia mea e pono ke ike i ka loa, he pono ole epekema no lākou hoʻololi kemikala.

• Kekahi o ka loa loa-ike reactions no ka makaukau o ketones o ka alkylation a me ka acylation o onaona i huiʻia ma ke alo o kaʻakika catalysts (AlCl _3, FeCI _3, mea pōhaku nāʻakika, oxides, cation haawi kēpau, a me ka mea e like). Keia hana ua ike like me ka Friedel-Fashion naoh.
• Ketones i synthesized e hydrolysis ketimines a vic-diol. Ma ka hihia o ka weuweu pono i ke alo o ka mea pōhakuʻakika me ka hōʻeleu.
• Ua ua i hoʻohana 'ia e paka ketones homolog o acetylene hydration a me ka mea ua kapaia - ka naoh Kucherov.
• Reactions Guben-Gesha.
• Cyclization Ruzicka pono no ka hoʻololi kemikala tsikloketonov.
• No hoi, o ka waiwaiʻikepili o koʻu mau mai tertiary peroksoefirov ka hoʻohana 'ana Kriege rearrangement.
• He nui na ano no ka hoʻololi kemikala o ketones i'okesaside reactions o nā haumāna a ka waiʻona. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hana i huiʻia, he 4 reactions: Swern Kornblum, Corey-Kim a me Parikh-Doering.

laulā

E hana me ka Nine Inch waiwai, a paka ketones e ike i kahi mau waiwai i kekahi i hoʻohana.

I haiia ae maluna,, ka hapanui o ia i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Nine Inch hana i nā'uheheʻe no lacquers, enamels, e like me ia ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o polymers.

Eia hou, i kekahi R ₁ -CO-R ₂ pono ai me flavorings. Like me neia, ketones (benzophenone, acetophenone, etc.) e hoʻohana i ka perfumery a me ka imu.

Kekahi acetophenone hoʻohana like me ka ke keʻena no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hiamoe ana huaale.

Benzophenone, ka hoʻopiʻi i kona hiki ana i ka hoʻokemu nā palapala pāhawewe - o ka hoʻomaopopo like 'Oponopono i loko o nā mea hoʻonani, a antizagarnoy ka poʻe preservative.

Ololi R1-CO-R2 i ke kino

Aʻo 'ana no ka hui i kapaia ketones (Nine Inch ka waiwai, noi, hoʻololi kemikala, a me nāʻikepili e pili ana ia), ia mea pono no ka ike lea i ka liluwelo ano o kēia mau waiwai. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, e ike pehea e hana i ola meaola.

I loko nō o ka 'ano pinepine ana o R ₁ -CO-R ₂ i loko o ka hana, ka mea, he pono mau, e hoomanao i na hui i mahaloʻawahia. He nui no ia e carcinogenic a me ka mutagenic.

e hiki ke i ae hookaawale i ka mucous membranes, a'ā Special laʻelaʻe 'ia. Alicyclic R ₁ -CO-R ₂ mea e loli i ke kino e like ai '.

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole nā waiwai o kēia 'ano i nā palapala. Ka nui, e hoike i kekahi o ia mau 'Imi' ole i loko o ka pūnao o liluwelo meaola.

Ketones - he kūlana hoailona kāna hana kalapona pūnao a me ka insulina deficiency. Ma ka Ikepili o ka mimi a me ke koko imua o R ₁ -CO-R ₂ Hōʻike likeʻole metabolic kāna hana, a me hyperglycemia a me ka ketoacidosis.