Mass huina'ine - pipiʻi a me ka meaʻuʻuku kiwikā o

Inā offhand noi 100 kanaka, e kapa i ka liʻiliʻi loa ekolu ike kula haʻahaʻaa (particles), he mea hiki ia,ʻaʻole mea e kapa a pau ekolu, akā,ʻaʻohe i kekahi, e hoʻopoina i kahea champion hiʻona - huina'ine. Mea uuku, hoa i waena o ka malama e hali ana i huna, omnipresent ... a, Eia naʻe, i ka "io", oia mea he l & acirclâ 'o kekahi waiwai ma luna o ka honua, a i ka mea hewaʻiʻo kūikawā lapaau. Name (particles) originated i kahiko Greece, mai ka olelo Helene, o hua'ōlelo no "Amber" - mea i ua aloha no kona kahiko hiki ia,ʻo a aua liʻiliʻi mea. A laila, i ka wa a ka study o ka uila loaa oi laha, ua hiki mai ka manawa "huina'ine" e ano indivisible, a nolaila ka uuku pa alima o ka uku ole.

Ke ola mau loa electrons like hapa a me ka apana o ka mea, haawi mai la i ka pae ana o physicists alakaʻi e John. Dzh.Tomsonom. I ka makahiki 1897, ka mea i investigating cathode kukuna, hoakakaia likeʻoiaʻiʻo lolouila nui-i-ka uku ole, a ua ike ia keia lākiō, aole ia e hilinaʻi ma ka cathode mea. I kekahi mua i loko o ka ike ana o ke 'ano o ka huina'ine i Becquerel i ka 1900. Ma kona hoʻokolohua, ka mea i hoao i ua radium Hoʻokolohua kukuna i deflected i loko o ka uila ke kahua, a me kā lākou nuipa-i-kauoha hiʻohiʻona like i ka cathode kukuna. Ka mea, ua incontestable maopopo i ka huina'ine - mea "he kuokoa'āpana" o ka'Ātoma o kekahi waiwai. A laila, i ka 1909, Robert Millikan ma ka ho okolohua me ka aila droplets i haule ma ka pou kula, ua hiki ke ana i ka pou ikaika i mea kaupaona i ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha. Alaila ikea ae la ia i ka waiwai o ka mea haʻahaʻa, oa i ka mea uuku, ke kauoha:

EO = - 1,602176487 (49) * 10-19 Kl.

Mea ua lawa ia huina'ine nuipa i pōpilikia:

iaʻu = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Ka mea, he makemake i ka manawa o ka mea a pau ma, akā, ka mea, ua wale no ka hoʻomaka o ke ala loa o ka ike ana o ke 'ano o ka huina'ine.

No ka lōʻihi manawa stalemate ke kālaikūlohea ka mea i koe i ka e ai, akā, e hoʻike ia oi elua-, he maka he 'ano o ka huina'ine: kona quantum ÿano waiwai Hōʻike ka huna, a ma ia mea ma luna o ka' ākeʻakeʻa o ka huina'ine kaola ma ka laua mawae hoike nalu ano. I ka manawa o ka oiaio i hele mai i loko o makahiki 1924, ka wā o ka mua Mai de Broglie haawi aku i ka mea, a me ka huina'ine, hoi, o ka nalu, o hope ona, a me 3 makahiki Pauli pau i ke kahua o ka walaʻauʻana manaÿo o quantum mechanics hōʻike no ka quantum ano o (particles). A laila, i ka huli Erwin Schrödinger a me Paul Dirac - complementing kekahi i kekahi, ka mea i loaʻa nā helu kaulike e wehewehe i ka pā like ana o ka huina'ine ma i ka huina'ine nuipa a me Planck ka ikaika, ka quantum nā loina lewa hoali ano ma - ke alapine (frequency) a me ke kōā.

O ka holo ana, keia nolu ana o kula haʻahaʻaa (particles) i mamao-mea e holo ai ka hopena. Over manawa, ua lilo i mea akaka i na ano o ka noa huina'ine mea he waiwai (me he kumu hoohalike - ka cathode kukuna) - ua i ka ia me ia o ka huina'ine i loko o ke kino o ka uila pono i loko o ke aniani. No ka noa huina'ine, kona nuipa a uaʻikeʻia e like me ka "nuipa o ka huina'ine." Ke physical ano o ka huina'ine nuipa a oko ma lalo o kekahi mau rula, penei, mai ka mea i kona ikehu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka saturation ʻume mākenēki kahua makahiki ma i ko ia neiʻoniʻoni. ʻoi "disassembly" ka hōʻike i kaʻume mākenēki kahua e neʻe electrons i loko o ke alakaʻi mele, e aho, ka he pele i loko o ka mea, aole ia i hilinai i ka nui o ka uku ole nā moku halihali mokulele, a no ke kaumaha o ia mea. Ma ka 'ē aʻe lima, ka meaʻume mākenēki kahua ikehu nuʻa like i ka pa apŘ o kinetic ikehu o ka neʻe' āhewa 'ana, oiai o ka ulu ana o keia ikehu mea nae i like ia i ka māhuahua nuipa o ke kauoha nā moku halihali mokulele, i kapaia "ka hoʻokō nuipa a". Analytically ka mea, ua manao ia ia mea oi noa huina'ine nuipa a ma ka / 2λ manawa, kahi i - mamao ma waena o nā Kekoa kau palena ia ana alakaʻi mele, λ - i ka hohonu o kaʻume mākenēki kahua o ka ili, ahu iho.

Na ke kālaikūlohea o ka huna nuipa o ka huina'ine mea kekahi i maopopo ia a eia i. Kawaihae o ka huina'ine mea,ʻaʻole ma - mau pili, a koi haʻawina, kahi e hana like me ka mau aku i komo. Ua Ua lōʻihi Ua akaka ia, naʻe uuku, alodio, a me ka ia i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa -ʻaʻole he hookahiʻanuʻu.