Liluwelo'okesaside. Redox reactions: ano he kumu hoʻohālike

Me ka ikehu hiki ole nei i ka hookahi ola ia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, o kela mea keia Nine Inch naoh, i kekahi kaʻina i kauoha mai kona alo aku. Kekahi kanaka hiki wale maopopo ia, a haha aku ia. Inā ka mea a pau ka lā, e ai i ka ai, a laila, ma ke ahiahi, a me ka paha mamua, mahuahua luhi symptoms hoʻomaka, nawaliwali, ikaika hoemiia nui.

Pehea, laila, ua hakuloli ala okoa meaola i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka ikaika? Hea aha ka mea, hele mai ia mai a me ka aha keʻano o ka hanaʻana ana i ka ia manawa i loko o ka hīnaʻi manu? E ho'āʻo i ka maopopo i kēia 'atikala.

Loaa ikehu meaola

Whichever ala i ikehu i hoopauia, ke kumu mau moe OVR (redox reactions). Ano he kumu hoʻohālike iʻokoʻa. helu kaulike o ka kāʻamaʻai, a ua lawe mai ka uliuli mea kanu a me kekahi koʻohune - ia mea i ka OVR. Maoli ai, i ke kaʻina hana e e okoa ke kaumaha ma muli i ke ano o ke kino ola i manaoia.

No laila, i nā holoholona - ia heterotrophs. A laila na meaola i mea ole hiki ia oe wale e lilo i loko iho makaukau no ka hou ke aloha i huiʻia a me kā lākou cleavage kalaʻana i ka ikaika o Nine Inch paa.

Mea kanu, ma ka kekahi lima, e ke ka hoʻohua loa mana o ke aloha mea ma luna o mākou Honua. Ka mea, e lawe mai i ka luna 'a me ka mea nui kaʻina kapa kāʻamaʻai, i mea ke kahua o ka monakō koko mai ka wai, i carbon dioxide ma lalo o ka aoao o kūikawā waiwai - chlorophyll. A ma-huahana ka oxygen, i mea ke kumu o ke ola no nā mea a pau aerobic ola mea.

Redox reactions, examples o i i ia manaʻo i loko o ke kaʻina hana:

• 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = chlorophyll = C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₆ + 6O _2;

ole

• i carbon dioxide + hydrogen'okesaside ma lalo o ka aoao o ka pigment chlorophyll ('ūhū naoh) + = monosaccharide noa hakakino ka oxygen.

No hoi, eia kekahi 'elele o ka biomass o ka Honua poe i hiki ke hana i ka ikaika o Nine Inch paa ana o'okanikaʻole i huiʻia. Ka mea, i kapaʻia chemotroph. O nā mea he nui ke ano o ka koʻohune. No ka laʻana, microorganisms i hydrogen, oxidizing he kūpapakū lātoma i loko o ka lepo. Ke kaʻina ia lŘlŘ e like me ka haʻilula: 2H ₂ 0 ₂ = 2H ₂ 0.

I ka moolelo o ka hooulu ana o ka ike e pili ana i ka liluwelo'okesaside

Ke kaʻina hana i mea i ke kumu o ka ikehu, ka mea, ua ike ia i keia la. He liluwelo'okesaside. Biochemistry like me ka piha study o nā lāliʻi a me maomeka o ka hana a me ke kapuai e nane aneane hele. Naʻe, ka mea, ua i mau.

Ka mua hoohiki ana o ka mea i loko o ola mea undergoing luna 'loli', i mea ma ke ano maoli o Nine Inch reactions, he mau koikoi i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia. Ka mea, ua i keia manawa, Antuan Lavuaze, ka mea kaulana Farani chemist, huli i kona noonoo ana i ke ala like i liluwelo'okesaside a me ka'ā. He hahai maikaʻi loa ala ka wā ha oxygen ma ke kemu, a manao ia ana i loko o ke kino o ka'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana, akā, ke kua'āina ma mua o ka waho i ke'ā o kekahi mau waiwai. Ia mea, ke oxidizer - oxygen ma nā lātoma - i reacted me ke aloha i huiʻia, a me ka pololei, a me hydrogen a me ka kalapona mai o ia mau mea, a me ka piha huli ana, pu ma decomposition o ka hui.

Naʻe, oiai keia mea mahuʻi meaʻano nui loa ai maoli, ka mea i noho a pōhina i na mea he nui. No kekahi laʻana:

• manawa keʻano o ka hanaʻana i like, a me nā kūlana o ka pele e e'ālike, akā, i ka'okesaside puka mai ma ka haʻahaʻa kino mehana;
• hana ua pu ma ke kalaʻana aku weliweli dala o ka wela ikehu a me ka lapalapa ho okumu i wahi;
• i ka noho ana, he poe i emi o 75-80% o ka wai, akā, ka mea, 'aʻole i hiki ole "ke ahi" māhuaola i loko o ia mau mea.

E pane i kēia mau nīnau a me ka mea maoli i ka liluwelo'okesaside e maopopo, nele i oi aku mamua o hookahi makahiki.

Aia nō kekahi mau theories i ua hoʻohuʻuʻia ka nui o ke kaʻina hana o ka o oxygen a me ka hydrogen. Ka loa, he pono ole, a me ka loa holomua, he:

• Bach ka kumumanaʻo, i kapaia o peroxide;
• Palladin ka kumumanaʻo, ma muli o ia ka manaʻo me "chromogens".

Hope, ua nui loa ka noiʻi i loko o Rusia a me nā'āina o ko ke ao nei, i ke kiʻekiʻe o e lewa a me nā loli i ka ninau o ka mea ka liluwelo'okesaside. Biochemistry o kēia lā, no ka mea, o ko lakou hana, hiki ke hai aku ia oukou e pili ana i kela a me keia o ka naoh kaʻina. Mawaena o ka loa kaulana inoa ma keia kula i ke penei:

• Mitchell;
• SV Severin;
• Warburg;
• VA Belitser;
• Lehninger;
• Iluna Skulachev;
• Krebs;
• Green;
• V. A. Engelgardt;
• Kaylin a me na mea e ae.

Kind o liluwelo'okesaside

Elua walaʻauʻana ano hiki ke kapa hoʻohanohano o ke kaʻina i lawe wahi ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu. Penei, o ka loa, he pono ole i na mea he nui laha 'o microorganisms a me fungi ala, e hoohuli i ka kūpono ai ka ai - i ka anaerobic. Kēia liluwelo'okesaside, a ua lawe mai me ka o oxygen, a me kona komo i loko o kekahi palapala. Na hana hea hanaia i loko o nā wahi ma kahi o ka lewa ke kōkua o: lola honua, e amo substrata, silts, clays, Swamp, a hiki ma ka lewa.

Kēiaʻano o ka'okesaside mai kekahi inoa - glycolysis. Ua mea no hoi kekahi o na anuu, he oi huikau a me ka manawa-e hoopau ana, akā, energetically waiwai kaʻina - hoʻololi 'ana i ka aerobic a'aʻaʻa ka hanu. 'O kēia ka lua o kaʻano o ke kaʻina. Ua lŘlŘ i loko o nā mea a pau aerobic ola kanaka-heterotrophs, i hana i oxygen no ka hanu.

Penei, i kēia mauʻano o liluwelo'okesaside.

1. Glycolysis, ka anaerobic alahele. Ua 'aʻole i kauoha i ke alo o ke o oxygen, a welau a me kekahi mau ano o ka fermentation.
2. 'aʻaʻa ka hanu nā (oxidative phosphorylation), a me ka aerobic type. Ua pono ka obligatory alo o hakakino ka oxygen.

nā mea hana keaka

Mākou e manao ia lakou iho 'ana hiʻona i ka paka me ka liluwelo'okesaside. Hoakaka i ka hoʻokumu paʻa i huiʻia a me kā lākou mau hua h ÷ ailona, a e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohana.

1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) - condensation o oxalicʻakika a me aceticʻakika, coenzyme, a ua hanaʻia i loko o kaʻanuʻu mua o ka tricarboxylicʻakika kalapona.
2. Krebs kalapona (citricʻakika kalapona, tricarboxylicʻakika) - i ka helu o ke Kime Poʻokela luna 'redox loli' pili i ke kala o ka ikehu, hydrogen ka ho'ēmiʻana, i ke kahua o ka nui haʻahaʻa hakakino kaumaha huahana. He ka papa kuhikuhiE loulou catalyze a me ka anabolism.
3. NAD a NAD * H - dehydrogenase'ūhū, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ku. Ka lua o ka haʻilula - he lātoma me ka pili hydrogen. NADP - nikotinamidadenindinukletid posapahate.
4. FAD a me ka FAD * H - flavin adenine dinucleotide - coenzyme dehydrogenase.
5. ATP - adenosine triphosphate.
6. PVK - pyruvicʻakika a pyruvate.
7. Succinate a succinicʻakika, H ₃ PO ₄ - phosphoricʻakika.
8. GTP - guanosine triphosphate, he papa o ka purine nucleotides.
9. A pela aku - ka huina'ine amo kaula.
10. Nā'ūhū kaʻina: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenase, kela coenzymes a me nā hui.

A pau i huiʻia kēia mau mea pili 'ole i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka'okesaside e ia lŘlŘ ma na nā'aʻaʻa (aeee) o ola meaola.

Ke kahua o liluwelo'okesaside: Table

Mau mea a pau keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili ana i ka liluwelo'okesaside pili i ka oxygen. Maoli ai, aole lakou eʻaʻole maopopo hōʻike, akā, wale ma ke ano maoli, like no me ka piha hōʻike pono i ka pau mokuna o ka puke. A pau i ka biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola meaola ka loa nunui-faceted a me ka eiiieaena.

Redox naoh kaʻina

Redox reactions, examples o i i ia manaʻo kūpapakū'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, ua like penei.

1. Glycolysis: monosaccharide (monakō koko) + 2NAD ⁺ = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4H + ⁺ O ₂ + 2H + NADH.
2. 'okesaside o pyruvate:'ūhū = STC + carbon dioxide i + acetaldehyde. A laila, na kēia anu u: Acetaldehyde + coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA.
3. A iiiaanoaa o sequential loli 'o ka citricʻakika i loko o ka Krebs pōʻaiapuni.

Mau redox reactions exemplified luna, noonoo i ka pā like o ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana wale nō i loko o kekahi mau hua'ōlelo. Ua ua ike i ka i huiʻia ma ka nīnau hai aku i ka macromolecular a me ka nui kalapona iwi, no laila, e kolo `a pau i ka piha haʻilula mea pono,ʻaʻole hiki.

Ka ikehu auoiaea o ka'aʻaʻa ka hanu nā

E like me ka mea ma luna o hōʻike ka mea, ua ike ia, e hoʻomaulia i ka huina auoiaea o nā mea a pau o ka ikaika o ka'okesaside mea maʻalahi.

1. Mau nā lātoma o ATP, oia ke glycolysis.
2. 'okesaside o pyruvate 12 ATP nā lātoma.
3. 22 lātoma mooolelo no ka mea tricarboxylicʻakika kalapona.

Subtotal: huina aerobic liluwelo'okesaside ma ke ala, oia ka ikehu hua like me 36 nā lātoma o ATP. Meaning biooxidation ahuwale. He kēia ikehu hoʻohana e ola meaola e ola ana a me ka hana, e like me ka mahana i kona kino, ka hele a me nā pono ai wale no.

Kūpapakū anaerobic'okesaside

I ka lua o kaʻano o liluwelo'okesaside - ka anaerobic. Oia ka mea e ua lawe mai i nā mea a pau, akā, a mahana i kekahi mauʻano o microorganisms. Ua glycolysis, a me ia mea 'aneʻi i ka oko ao i akaka ai i loko o ka wā e hiki mai huli ana o ka waiwai ma waena o ka aerobic a me ka anaerobic.

Liluwelo'okesaside koe o keia aoao lehulehu.

1. Glycolysis, oa'okesaside o ka monakō koko nā lātoma e pyruvate.
2. Fermentation, e alakai i ka noho ana o ATP.

Fermentation hiki ia i nāʻano, ke kaumaha ma muli o ka meaola, i hoʻokō i.

lactic fermentation

Lawe mai ma ka lacticʻakika koʻohune a me kekahi mau fungi. ʻO Mānoa, he wahi e hoihoi i ka PVC i lacticʻakika. Kēia kaʻina Ua hoʻohana 'ia ma ka hana, e paka:

• haleʻuwī waiū huahana;
• pickled ka lau a me ka hua;
• silage no ka holoholona.

Kēiaʻano o ka fermentation o kekahi o ka loa hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kanaka e pono ai.

kanakaʻona mau fermentation

Ike kanaka, mai ka manawa loa kahiko. Ke ae pā o ke kaʻina mea e hoohuli STC i loko o nā nā lātoma o ka ethanol a me ka mau o carbon dioxide. Ma keia huahana OAAIeOO, i kēia 'ano o ka fermentation hoʻohana i ka paka:

• berena;
• ka waina;
• pia;
• confectionery a me nā mea a pau.

E lawe mai i kona Fish hū a me ka mea koʻohune microorganisms.

butyricʻakika fermentation

E lawa pono 'aneʻane paʻa kekahiʻano o ka fermentation. Lawe koʻohune o ka genus Clostridium. Ke o Mānoa, ninoieo i loko o ka huli ana o ka pyruvate i loko o butyricʻakika, haawi aku i ka ai na mea ala, a rancidʻaiʻana.

No ia mea, biooxidation naoh hele ma keia alanui, ua kokoke ia ma ka hana. Eia naʻe, i kēia mau koʻohune i ka hoʻoponopono-i huaʻai a me kaʻino, hakumakuma i ko lakou mea e like ai.