Mehmed II: Kawaihae o ka Ottoman Suletana

Ma May, 1453 ma na kapa o ka Bosphorus i ka hanana, haʻalele kona hoailona ma ka pau hou papa o ka honua mōʻaukala. Hiki ke pale aku i ka hae o ka Turkish mau poe a pau, Constantinople hina, no ka nui kenekulia, o ke kaua no Orthodoxy, a ua kapaia o ka Apana Roma. He noho ae i ka poe kaua o ka Ottoman aupuni a 'ōpiopio loa Suletana Mehmed II, kona Kawaihae i ke kumu o keia Haawina.

hooilina i ka noho aliʻi

March 30, 1432, he Helene haiā wahine i hanau i ke Suletana o ka Ottoman aupuni a pau Murad II ha o ke keiki a lilo ia i hope, a hele aku la ia ma ka moolelo like Mehmed II Fatih (o ka naʻi aupuni kaulana). It E e kaulana i initially ua i makaukau i ka makua kāne iā ia no ia i ka mahinaʻai kiʻekiʻe, e like me ma ka hānauʻana, mai ke kauwa ia i noʻonoʻo ma lalo o ka kaikuaana, makuwahine, he maikai Turkish wahine. Eia naʻe, make a pau o ka ia i ka i kakahiaka nui elemakule, i ke keiki a ke kauwā hookuu i ke ala e hiki i ka mana.

Ma ke ola o Mehmed II la i na hoahanau, o kona mau mākua (ka oi aku i ka makua kāne) i ike ole i loko o ia i ka wā e hiki mai luna, ma ka like me nā mea a pau na keiki i ka waiwai mau ohana, i ua e nonoke ana i loko o nā pāʻani a me ka lealea. Akā, ma hope o ka make ana o ka mea a Iese hele lākou Murad II i puʻe wale akula kēlā iā radically hoʻololi i kā lākou e pili ana i ke keiki, o kona loa hopena koho hooilina i ka noho aliʻi, a no ka hana a pau pono ka 'Oihana e hōʻoia', e hoomakaukau ia no ka wā e hiki mai manaʻo o ka mea kiekie loa nuʻukia.

Ka mua hana o ka Papa

A pau i ka malama a me ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ia' ana o kona mau hope Suletana waiho i ka High Vizier Khalil. Ma lalo o kona tutelage Mehmed i loko o ka pōkole manawa loaa ka pono kumu o ka nui o ka ike, a ma hope ae la ia ia i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka oihana' epekema a me ke akamai o ke diplomacy.

Extant biographies o ka Ottoman naʻi aupuni hōʻike 'ana i Mehmed II i hoomaka ai no ka manawa mua i ka hoʻomalu hana i kakahiaka nui me ka makahiki o ka eono, e lilo ana i ke kiaaina o ka aina Manisskoy. Eia naʻe, ma laila hele mai kekahi mahele i kōkua iā ia i loko o keia mea ka ia a pau ka manawa mea aʻo a me ka mentor - ka Aha Vizier Khalil. I ka apuepue Pono e e iho. ʻae nō hoʻi, ka mea i loko o kona mau lima i ka maoli mana, a me ke keiki a ke keiki, Murad II hookohuia wale i ka palena iki alii, haawi aku la ia ia, ke'ōlelo mai ka manawa mai i kakahiaka nui elemakule, e hui i ka nō o ke aupuni.

Ua ua ike ia, me he holomua koa alihi kaua a me ka makaukau diplomat, Murad II aka i hooluhiia e na luna, a olelo i ka makemake i 'āwīwī i hiki ma ke kau ana i ka papa o ke aupuni a hiki i kona hope, a e hookuu i loko o ka leʻaleʻa o ka palaualelo ma kona'āina hoʻohiwahiwa hale ma Magnesia. Kēia moe āna i lawe mai ai i ke ola i loko o 1444, e ke keiki a ke Suletana, akā, haʻalele iā ia ma lalo o ka malama ana o ka mea hookahi vizier. He mea maopopo, no ka mea, Mehmed ua māhunehune umikumamalua o kona mau makahiki.

ka pōʻino setback

Naʻe, ka mea mua hoao i ka bipi keiki aliʻi huli decidedly lumpy. Ka nui, e hoike ana, a me kona mau ano no kona makahiki makemake, e ho'āʻo i kekahi mea hiki ole keia, i ke kanaka opiopio malu i hoʻokumu i ka pilina me nā lālā o ka banned haipule ana i loko o ke aupuni a pau o ka Sufis. Ke aʻo 'ana i keia, i ke kumu aʻo kauoha i ka hooko ana o ko lakou mea nana e hai dervish ka mea i makau oleʻauana opiopio luna.

Ke hooko i wahi, a loaʻa iā ia ka loa unexpected hopena. Outraged hao heiau, kipi Janissaries kōkua aloha a hiki i kēia neʻe. Ma hope o kēia, e lawe ana ka lanakila o ka manawa, mai ka hoolohe i ka poʻe e noho lā ma Anatolia, a ma hope o lākou, a me ka Karistiano heluna o Varna. Penei, i ke koko o ka hele hai, ua ke kumu o ka mea nui ka haunaele.

I mau, au kua i ka poe ilihune huahelu nunui naauao Vizier - e like me ka mea maikaʻi, akā, e huli mai ... i au e haʻalele Murad II i ka manawa o kona he kļhäpai hoʻonani, a me ka poino i ka hapless Khalil, houʻana i kā lākou mau kuleana Suletana. Ma hope iho o kēia fiasco aloof, mai ka mana o Mehmed II elua makahiki hoolilo ia i loko o ka halealii, aole ia e ho'āʻo iā ia iho, a me ka imi ole i ka kiʻi maka o kona makua kāne.

Launa Male popilikia

Akā, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma na biographers, a me 1148, ua hiki i ka makahiki o ka umikumamaono hooilina Suletana hou kono e komo i loko o nā mea a pau lehulehu noho ana. A no ka hoʻomau 'ana i kekahi crap ia mai o kona poo, ua hoʻoholo e akoakoa ai i ka aoao kahiko, a ai - e mare Man. E kiʻi i ka 'ohana - hoonoho au ia.

Akā, iʻaneʻi, e aloha ole scion e hoʻokele i loaa ole ia i kona makua kāne - i ka hoea i pio-Christian wahine i ike kekahi o ka kauwa wahi kanaka. Sing serenades ia ia i hana ole, a me ka hoʻi uku i ka nui pono, i lawe nani i ka pā kaua, a mare ia ia, (no kohu kūpono i ke kanaka). Ua hanau mai la ia he keikikane, loaa ka Muslim inoa, a Bayazid na makahiki pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana ona i loko o ke ola o kona makua kāne.

Initially - Sufis heretics, a me ka manawa - i kaikuwahine, ai wahine,ʻaʻohe, ka mea, ua nui loa aku. Ke kaōhiʻana i ka nui aupuni a pau, a me na wahi a halawai ka haahaa loa,ʻaʻole Murad II ke Makuakane me kana keiki iho. Huhū makua kāne kino wae i ka pono wahine mare o ka maikai e Turkish ohana. Au i ka hoolohe aku. Mamuli o ka oihana mua, i ka maka o kana wahine, ike aku la ia ma hope o ka ahaaina wale. I ka mea i hooku iho la ia ia iho, i kona ike aku, ua hiki wale koho, akā, ka mea, ua ike ia ka "haawina" oia kānalua i hiki komo i loko o ke kļhäpai hoʻonani.

Ka Haku o na aupuni a pau

Ma Pepeluali o 1451 ma ka ola o ka Ottoman aupuni a pau ka mea, ua nui ka hanana - koke make o kona alii ana, Suletana Murad II - makua Mehmed. Mai ia manawa no ka mea, ua eia hala ka mana a pau, a lawe aku la i kana mau hana, o ka mea mua oia i ho'āpono hoopakele ia o ka hiki enemi a me ka contender no ka mana - ke keiki ke keiki a kona makua kāne,ʻo ia hoʻi, i kona mau kaikuaana.

Mehmed II kauoha e hooko aku ia ia, a me ka mea ole kekahi, kena ae la i ka io naoh. Ka hana pono hoʻopau hapa-pretenders i ka noho aliʻi, a mua i wahi i loko o ka pā hale, akā, kēia manawa ia i ua legislated. I noho ai me kona kaikaina, ka mea opiopio Suletana hoouna aku ai i ka'āwai, a me ka loa manakā mentor ia - Vizier Khalil.

E like me na memoirs o wā, ka Ottoman Suletana Mehmed II ua he akamai a me ka hana mikiʻala, akā, i ka mea ia manawa loa huna nae, unpredictable a me ka hiki hoi ke alakai i ka contradictory kulekele. Kona helehelena, ua hiki ponoʻole hookolokoloiaʻi e au, ma ke kumu o ka wa e ola ana kiʻi ho okumu ia maʻEulopa haku o ka palaki, ka loa kaulana o i o Helene Bellini. Ma kona mau canvases ka artist depicted keia haʻahaʻa, akā, piha ka pā ikaika o ka ke kanaka, uma Hook ihu i haawi aku i ka maka i ominous hōʻike.

Nolu ana a kipi

Piha me ka 'oiaʻiʻo maalea hikina, hoomaka ae la i ka wā e hiki mai naʻi aupuni kona hope me ka mea ho'āʻo e ho okumu i kekahi kiʻi o ke anaina. No keia hopena, oia, aole ia i hooki i ka Mālama i diplomats o Western'āina i loko o kā lākou hana, e hookupaa i ka malu a me ka kumupaʻa i loko o ka'āina, a hiki hoohiki ai i elele Constantine IX Byzantine Auguseto ma ka Koran mea e, aole loa encroach ma luna o kona waiwai. Hoohiki ana hoailona me kēia mau makahiki a hiki i ka lā, i ka wa i lawe mai ai ia i nā pā pōhaku o Constantinople ma ka mana o kona poe koa, ua lanakila i ka ole o ke Karistiano.

Soon, nae, e waiho hanau mai la i ke ano oiaio o kona maalea. Ma 1452, Suletana Mehmed II o, ma muli naʻe o kona mau assurances, i hoomakaukau e hoʻopio i ka Byzantine kulanakauhale alii. Near Constantinople ka mea, kukuluia na wahi paa, a ma luna o ka mokuna o ka straits ma i moku Venetian poʻe kālepa i hele mai, mai ka Black kai a hiki i ke Kaiwaenahonua, i ka pu. Ma lalo o ka make māinoino o koke hooko o nā huakaʻi kona poʻe kauwā i hoopiiia auhau, a, ma o Mānoa, o ka loa blatant powa.

I ka haule ana o ka Byzantine aupuni a pau

I 'Apelila 1453 i ka Ottoman Suletana Mehmed II o, a laila, hele wale iwakalua-kekahi, hehi mai ai i na paia o ka Apana Roma, me ka poe koa haneri tausani, i manaoia no ka hapalima o ka māwae, regiments o Janissaries. ua hiki ke hooki i na kanaka wale ehiku tausani e ku e ia kilakila koa defenders o ke kulanakauhale. Nā koa he nui kaiʻewaʻewa, a me 29 May, ua laweʻia Constantinople. Ma hope iho o ka haule ana o ka Roman aupuni a pau, ka mea, ua i ka lua me ka unahiʻole, i pōʻino i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke Karistiano honua, a lilo iho la ia i ke kumu i mahope mai ua hoʻoneʻe i Moscow ke ao nei ka Orthodox oaio, loaa i ke kūlana o ka Apana Roma.

Ma hope iho o ka hopu ana i ke kulanakauhale o Kauai luku mai ia ka hapanui o kona poʻe e noho ana, a me ka poe i hiki ke kūʻai liloʻia aku i loko o kauā, a hoouna aku la i ke kauwa wahi kanaka. He make ia lā, a me ka Emperor ia iho - i nei pii aku i ka noho aliʻi, Constantine XI. Lono kaumaha, aka, ma na mea he nui ka mahalo i instructive hopena o ka Byzantine luna Luka Notar.

E hilinai ana ma o ka lokomaikaʻi o kaʻenemi, oia ua he kākoʻo iā ia, no ka mea, no ka naau hoihoi o ke kulanakauhale, no ka mea ana i koke uku i ka uku. I ka wā i ke poʻo i loko o ka lima o ka mea o Tureke, laila, i loko o kāna keiki opiopio, a loa maikai-nana aku la oia i kekahi ia ia iho Mehmed II. He kļhäpai hoʻonani ana o na kamalii, ua i kona nawaliwali, a me ke Suletana manao i ka paʻaʻana. Ma hope o ka loaa ana i ka rejection pīhoihoi ka makua kāne,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a me ka hooko koke o kaʻohana holoʻokoʻa kauoha.

Ka hou kapikala o ke aupuni a pau

Koke ma hope o ka hopu ana o Constantinople ma Mehmed II i ae la ia ia, mai Adrianople, ke kapikala o kona aupuni a pau, i ka pilina i ka inflow ana o ka Turkish heluna. A suburb o ke kūlanakauhale - Galata, i mua ia manawa o ka Genoese panalaau ia -fully lilo subordinate i ke Suletana i ka hooponopono, a hoi i koke na kanaka] ma Kauai. Eia hou kekahi, Mehmed II o, na wahine a me nā haiā wahine, a ua mua i loko o ka mua kapikala relocated i Constantinople a me nā mea a pau i kona kļhäpai hoʻonani lehulehu.

Mai ka lā mua o ka Ottoman rula, i ka papa kuhikuhiE Karistiano ahu kulanakauhale - Hagia Sophia - i hoohuliia i ka Hale Pule Isalama. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ia ka mea i loko o ka nohoia ?? eoi? Ua no ka nui helu o nā kupa kahiko o Karistiano, he nui pilikia i ka ninau o ka hooponopono o ko lākou hoʻomana Kalikiano.

Suletana pili i ka aina e

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i Mehmed II i loko o kona wahi lulu kuwaho i alakaʻiʻia e nā kumu o ke ahonui, a ma lalo o kona malu i ka poe Genetile i kekahi manawa manaʻo nui aku ana me ka nanea ma mua i loko o ka hapanuiʻEulopa aina e, ma ka manawa i hele ai hoopii no haipule kuee a haalele mai. Pakahi aku la ia huʻi ua ikeia e Iudaio - nā mea pakele, mai ka aina mai o Western 'Eulopa, hee ana o ka hoʻokolokoloʻia, a me na mea he nui hiki ana ma ka Ottoman aupuni a pau.

E kahu ai i ka Kalikiano nā kaiāulu lehulehu aupuni a pau Suletana i kona mana waeia primate, a hele ae la ia ma ka mōʻaukala me ka makua'lii Gennady II Scholarios. Koʻikoʻi haipule kii o kona manawa, oia ua i ka mea kākau o na mea he nui theological a me ka philosophical hana, a me ka 'aelike i ka ia no ka hooponopono ana i pili aloha ma waena o nā Muslim Aupuni a me Orthodox kaiaulu noho i pololei ia a hiki i 1923. Pela, ua hiki ke pale aku i ka inevitable i loko o ia hihia bloodletting ma luna o kaʻoihana kai makualii Gennadiy Sholary a me Mehmet II.

hou huakaʻi

Ma hope iho o ka na ua hooponoponoia keia, Mehmed II no ka naʻi aupuni kaulana hoomau i kona kipiʻikepili. Over na makahiki e hiki mai ana he umi i kona mau wawae, hina iho la Trebizond aupuni a pau, a i ka mua o ka Byzantine panalaau ia, Serbia, Bosnia, Athens duchy, na'lii a Marey a me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe mua kuokoa Hawaii.

I ka 1475, ma lalo o ka mana o ka Ottoman aupuni a uhi Krymskoe Hanstvo me kona kapikala - i ke kulanakauhale o Kaffa, kaʻikena Feodosiya. Ua mea mua o ko lakou mau kaua, kena ae la nui poino i ka Europa aina hikina, a komo aku la i loko o ka Ottoman aupuni a pau, a me ka nui loa e hooikaika ana kona koa paha wālua i ke ala no ka hou paipai aʻo kai eʻe o ka naʻi Mehmed II.

Make 'Aʻole i hoʻokomo nani

Kekahi o na mau aina i hoʻokele ai i ko oukou pale ana i ke Suletana, ua ka Repubalika o Venice. Hikiʻole e eo ai ia militarily, Mehmed kakau inoa i ka 1479 i ka aelike ma ke kumu o ka i loaa ka Venetians ka pono i noa kuai i loko o ka Ottoman aupuni a pau. Kēia Ua pili kēia wehe ae i kona mau lima no ka hana hou aku, a ma ka 1480 i kona pūʻali kaua i ka hopu ana o hema Italy. Akā, hoʻopaʻi makemake i ia, keia kai eʻe i ka hope i loko o ke ola o ka naʻi aupuni. He make koke i loko o ka loko o ke kaua, akā,ʻaʻole ma ke kahua kaua, a ma kona mau halelewa.

Ua Ua manaoio ia Mehmed II o, he keiki na wai mai ka wahine mai o ke Karistiano o ka ka maʻamau hooilina, lilo 'o ia i ka luahi o ke kipi. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka makewai no ka mana alakai e Bayezid (no ka mea, ua mua, ua olelo ia i loko o ka 'atikala) ua hiki ke kiʻi o kona makua kāne pono'ī kauka, e haawi ia ia i ka lethal mahele lāʻau o ka opiuma, e like me ka hopena o ka a make iho la ia. E like ma mua o ka hoolewa ana o ke keiki Mehmed II ka i kona wahi ma luna o ka noho aliʻi, e like me ka mea e hiki mai ana ma luna o ka Ottoman Suletana Bayezid II.

Hōʻuluʻulu i ka Papa Mehmet II o, kakaoleloʻae i ka mea, ua hiki i ka pili kēia hoʻololi i ka heluia, oʻEulopa poo o ka moku'āina i kona aupuni a pau ma ka hahau ia e ike i ka like i waena o na alakai mana o ke au. like la oia i kona wahi i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke ao nei, a me ka loa poʻokela koa alihi kaua a me ka statesman.

Over ka hahai kenekulia, na luna hoʻololi i ka moku'āina hanaia e ia, akā, i ke kumu o ko lākou mau wahi lulu, a kuwaho hoi na kumu mua waiho iho la ma ke Suletana Mehmed II. Pookela mawaena o lakou i ka anoe, hui me ka hoahanau haipule ke ahonui, ma ka manao o ka lanakila kanaka.