Nā'ōlelo German. Ka ho'olaha'ana i nā'ōlelo a me nā'ōlelo German

Ua ho'okomo'ia ka'ōlelo Pelekānia ma kahi ākea a nui loa i kapa'ia he'ōlelo German. Ma kēia'atikala, e no'ono'o nui kākou. I ka hakahaka, ua ho'okomo'ia kēia lālā i loko o ka nui o nā'ōlelo Indo-European. 'O kēia mau mea,'oko'a ka'ōlelo Siamani, a me nā mea'ē a'e - Heta, Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Greek, Celtic, Romance, Slavic a pēlā aku. No laila,'o nā'ōlelo Indo-'epelika, kahi hui lō'ihi.

Eia nō na'e, i loko o ka'ohana'ohana e loa'a iā mākou ka ho'ohālike'ana. Ua māhele'ia nā'ōlelo Kelemānia i loko o nā hui'elua:'elua ma ka'ākau (i kahi i kapa'ia'o Scandinavian) a me ke komohana. Loa'a i ko lākou mau'ano pono'ī.

I kekahi manawa ua kapa'ia nā'ōlelo Romano-German. 'O kēia mau mea he po'e Helemania a me Romanic (pi'i i ka Latin).

Nā'ōlelo o ka hui kū'oko'a o West German

I Ke Komohana Komohana ka Dutch, Frisian, Kelemānia Nui, Pelekania, Flemish, Boer, Yidishia.

No ka hapanui o ka heluna kanaka o Beritania Nui - Hawaii, Kekokia me England - e like me ka US, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, o ke kanaka maoli Pelekania. Eia hou, ua māhele'ia ma Pakistana, India,'Akelika Hema'o ia ke'ano o ke kama'ilio'ana.

Ua kaulana'o Friesian i ke Kai Akau -'ōlelo'ia e nā po'e e noho ana ma Friesland Islands. 'O nā'ano papa'ōlelo like'ole e pili ana i nā'ōlelo leona o Friesian.

'O ka'ōlelo mua no nā po'e noho o'Asuria, Kelemānia a me Switzerland'o ka High German. Ho'ohana'ia ho'i ia ma ka'āpana'ākau o Kelemānia e ka lehulehu o nā kaona e like me ka mea kākau. Nā kama'āina o kēia mau mea nō olelo "platdoyche", a Low German olelo - kūikawā olelo, a ma ka Middle Ages ua i ka 'ōlelo. Ua ho'okumu'ia nā papahana'oihana ma laila.

Hawaiian - he po'e Lālani me nā po'e o Holland.

'O nā'ōlelo Helekania hou nā Boer, i'ike'ole'ia he "Afrikaans", i māhele'ia ma Aferika Hema, ma kahi'āina nui. 'O kēia kokoke i ka'ōlelo Dutch a Afrikaners, a Boers paha, i'ōlelo i ka'ōlelo Dutch,'o nā huahana o nā kolelani Holani i ha'alele i ko lākou'āina'āina i ke kenekulia 17.

Ua kokoke loa'o Flemish iā ia. He wahi a na kanaka o Pelekiuma, i ka'ākau loa, a me ka Netherlands (i loko o kekahi mau wahi). 'O Flemish me ka'ōlelo Pelekane ka mea i'ike ai i ke kama'ilio'ana ma Belgium.

'O'Ividana ka'ōlelo i hana'ia i nā kenekulia 10 a me ka 12, kahi i'ōlelo ai nā Iudaio o Eastern Europe. 'O kona kumu'o ka Middle High German dialect.

Nā'ōlelo o ka hui pū'ulu o North German

'O nā'ōlelo Kelemānia e pili nei i nā'ōlelo Pelekane: Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish.

'O ka mea hope loa kēia i ka po'e o ka palena'o Finina (kahi i ne'e ai nā luna o nā'ohana o ka Ancient Studies i kahi mamao aku), a me nā po'e Suetena. 'O nā dialects i kēia lā,'o ka'ōlelo ku'una, kahi i'ōlelo'ia ai ka heluna kānaka o ka moku'o Gotland, ua'ike nui'ia e kona mau'ano like'ole. 'O Swedish i kēia lā, ua kākau'ia a ho'onohonoho'ia e like me ka'ōlelo Pelekānia German. 'A'ole nui loa kāna mau hua'ōlelo.

'O Denemaka - nā kānaka maoli i ka po'e Denemaka, no ka nui o nā kenekulia ka'ōlelo kākau a me ka moku'āina o Norewai, ka mea i'ike'ia, he wahi ia o ka moku Denemaka mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 14 a hiki i ka makahiki 1814.

'O Denemaka a me Suetena, kokoke i ka wā ma mua, i kēia manawa ua ho'oka'awale'ia, ua ho'ohui'ia kekahi manawa i loko o ka hui kūikawā kūikawā o ka po'e i kapa'ia he dialect-East-Norwegian.

'O ka'ōlelo Norwegian, no ka po'e Norway, ua māhele'ia ma ka'āina o kēia'āina. Ua ho'opane'e loa'ia kona ulu'ana ma lalo o ka mana o nā hana o ka mō'aukala, no ka mea, ua ho'okau'ia ka noho'ana o nā kamaaina o ka moku'āina ma lalo o ka noho ali'i'ana o nā Danima no kahi o 400 mau makahiki. I kēia lā,'o ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o ka'ōlelo Norwegian, ho'okahi no ka lāhui holo'oko'a, kahi e noho nei ma kēia'āina, e noho ana ma kahi kūhaka ma waena o Danish a me Swedish i loko o kona mau mea.

'Āina Hao o ka heluna kanaka i olelo'Āinahau. Nā kūpuna o nā kānaka o kēia mokupuni aina he Norwegians ka poe i noho i loko o ka wahi i kakahiaka nui me 10th ke kenekulia. 'O ka'ōlelo Icelandic, e ho'onui'ana i kahi kū'oko'a no kahi kokoke i ka milenika, ua loa'a iā ia kahi holo'oko'a o nā hi'ohi'ona hou, a ua mālama pū i nā mea he nui o ka'ōlelo Old Norse. Ma ka manawa like, ua loli i kēia mau'ano o kēia'ano kūkākūkā o kēia manawa i waena o ka po'e noho ma ka'āina o nā moku. 'O kēia mau hana a pau ua hō'oia i ka'oia'i'o o ka'oko'a ma waena o nā'ōlelo Icelandic (New Icelandic) a me ka Norewai kekahi mea nui loa i kēia manawa.

Ke hele nei'o Faroese ma nā mokupuni o Faroe, aia ma ka'ākau o nā mokupuni'o Shetland. Ua mālama'o ia, e like me ka Icelandic a me nā hui'ōlelo'ē a'e, he mau hi'ohi'ona o ka dialect of his ancestors -'o Old Norse, a ma laila'o ia i mahele ai.

Ua ho'okomo'ia kekahi manawa i Faroese, Icelandic a me Norewai i ho'okahi'ohana ma muli o ko lākou kumu. Ua kapa'ia'o ia'o West-Scandinavian'ōlelo. Akā'o nā mea i hō'ike'ia i kēia lā, hō'ike'ia i ka moku'āina o kēia manawa aia kokoke ke Norewaia i ka Danish a me ka Swedish ma mua o ka Faroese a me Icelandic.

'O ka'ike mua e pili ana i nā'ohana Kelemānia

Ua a'o nui'ia ka mo'olelo o nā'ōlelo Siamani i kēia mau lā. Ka mua hoohiki o na kēia kanaka Kelemānia no a hiki i ka 4th kenekulia BC. 'O ka mea hele e ho'olako i ka'ike e pili ana iā lākou,'o ia ka mea kilo a me ka mea kilokilo'o Pifeius (a'o Piteas), he Helene, he noho ma Massilia (i kapa'ia'o Marseille). Ua hana'o ia no 325 BC. E. He hele nui loa i ke Kumupali Amber, aia ma ka waha o ka Elbe, a ma ka'ao'ao hema o North a me Baltic. Ma kāna'ōlelo, ha'i'o Piteas i nā'ohana o guttons a me Teutons. Hō'ike maika'i'ia ko lākou mau inoa he po'e Germanic kahiko kēia.

'O kālepa o ke Aupuni Pelekikena a'o Julius Caesar

'O ka inoa e pili hou ana i ko Kelemānia,'o ia ka'ōlelo a Plutarch, he mea kākau'ōlelo Helene, i noho i ka 1-2th century AD. Ua kākau'o ia e pili ana i nā pokii i'ike'ia ma ka Danube ha'aha'a i ka makahiki 180 BC. E. Akā, he māhelehele nui ka'ike, no laila,'a'ole e hā'awi iā mākou i ka mana'o no ka'ōlelo a me ke'ano o ka noho'ana o nā'ohana Kelemānia. 'O lākou, e like me ke'ano o Plutarch,'a'ole lākou i'ike i ka pastoralism a me ka mahi'ai. 'O ke kaua no kēia mau'ohana wale nō ka'oihana.

'O Julius Kaisara ka mua o Roma i kākau i ka wehewehe'ana i nā Helene o nā makahiki mua o AD. E. Ua'ōlelo'o ia i ko lākou ola holo'oko'a i loko o nā mea kaua a me ka hahai holoholona. 'A'ole lākou i mahi mahi'ai nui.

Ka 'ikepili Pliny ke'Ane

Eia na'e ka waiwai nui o ka'ike o Pliny the Elder, naturalist (makahiki o ke ola - 23-79 AD), a'o Tacitus, ka mea kākau mo'olelo (makahiki o ke ola - 58-117 AD). Ma kāna mau hana "Annals" a me "Kelemānia" ka mea e hā'awi nei i ka'ike nui e pili ana i ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o nā'ohana wale nō, akā, e pili ana i ke'ano o ke ola, ka mo'omeheu, ka nohona kaiaulu. Ho'oka'awale'o Tacitus i nā hui'ekolu:'o ke ku'i, ka māmā, a me ka mea hana. Ua ha'i pū'o Pliny ka'Akau i kēia mau pū'ulu ho'okahi, akā ua koho'ia nā Teutons a me Cimbri i ka Ingevons. 'O ke'ano o kēia ho'ohālikelike, he mea like loa ia, ke ho'ohālikelike pono nei i ka māhele'ana i ke kenekulia mua o ka makahiki AD. E. Nā'ohana Kelemānia.

'O nā'ōlelo Pelekania: ka ho'ohālikelike'ana

'O ka'imi'ana i nā hale ho'omana'o i kākau'ia e hiki ai ke ho'ohui i nā'ōlelo Kelemānia i'ekolu mau papahana ma waena o nā makahiki mua loa: Gothic (East Germanic), Scandinavian (North German) a me West European.

'O Gothic, Vandal a me Burgundy ka po'e Helene Hikina.

'O ka'ōlelo Burgundian

Burgundy - 'ōlelo nā meaʻeʻe moku mai Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - Islands i loko o ka Baltic kai. Ua noho nā Burgundia ma ka hema hikina o Farani i ke kenekulia 5, ma kahi i loa'a ai ka inoa ho'okahi. 'O kēia'ōlelo Kelemānia kahiko i kēia lā ua waiho iā mākou i kahi'ōlelo li'ili'i,'o ka inoa nui o mākou.

'O ka'ōlelo Vandalian

Vandal - ka dialect of vandals i hele ma hope o Sepania i Aferika o'Akarica, kahi i ha'alele ai lākou i ka inoa'o Andalusia (he lālā kēia. 'O kēia'ōlelo, a me ka'ōlelo Burgundian, ua ho'okūkū'ia ma muli o nā inoa kūpono. Ma hope iho, ua loa'a ka hua'ōlelo "vandal" i ke'ano o ka mea e'ānai ana i nā ku'una mo'omeheu, ka mea'ona,'oiai i ka 455 ua hao'ia kēia mau lāhui me Roma.

'O Gothic

Ke hō'ike'ia nei ka'ōlelo Gothic i kēia lā e kekahi mau monuments. 'O ka mea nui loa o nā mea i ola he "Silver Money" - ka unuhi'ana o nā Gospels i Gothic. Aia 187 o 330 mau pepa o kēia puke i mālama'ia.

Nā'Ōlelo Kelemānia Komohana kahiko

'O ka'ao'ao West Germanic ka hui o nā'ōlelo e hō'ike'ia ana e Anglo-Saxon, Old Frisian, Old Saxon, Frankish, Old High German. Aia i kēlā me kēia o lākou nā'ano pono'ī.

'O ka hope o kēia'ohana he nui nā dialect. Ma waena o kāna mau kumukū'ai nui loa,'o ia nā'ao'ao o ka 8th century:

1. Nānana - nā puke wehewehe'ōlelo li'ili'i no nā kikokikona i kākau'ia ma ka'ōlelo Latina, a i'ole ka unuhi'ana o kēlā me kēia hua'ōlelo i ka'ōlelo Kelemānia, i kākau'ia ma nā'ao'ao.

2. Ka unuhi'ana i nā papa hana ho'omana a me nā papa mele, i hana'ia e Notker, ma ka hopena o ka 10th - i ka ho'omaka'ana o ke kenekulia 11 i ke kula kaiapuni.

3. ka poem "Muspilly" (2 hapa o ke kenekulia 9).

4. "Ke mele a Ludwig."

5. "Hiki i nā kānana."

6. "The Song of Hildebrand".

He mau'ōlelo ma'amau ka'ōlelo Frankish. I ka wā o ka mō'aukala, ua lilo lākou a pau i māhele o ke Kelemānia, koe wale no ka French Lower,'o ia ka kūpuna o ka mea hou o Dutch, Flemish a me Boer.

'O ka'āpana o ka'ōlelo Kelemānia'o Kelemānia'o Old Icelandic, Old Norse, Old Danish a me nā North Adverbs kahiko. 'O lākou a pau i kā lākou iho kiko'ī pono'ī.

'O ka hope o kēia pū'ulu'ōlelo i kapa'ia kekahi manawa he language of runic inscriptions, no ka mea ua'ike'ia e ka lehulehu ('o ia paha he 150), no ka manawa o 2-9 maukiona AD. E.

Ua ola hou ka Danish kahiko i ka ho'omau o ka epigrara i nā kenekulia 900. E'ike'ia 400 paha o lākou.

'O nā monumoku mua o ka'ōlelo kahiko o ka'ōlelo e pili ana i ke kenekulia 9 o ko kākou au. Aia lākou ma ka moku'āina'o Westeratland a pani i nā kākau'ana ma nā pōhaku. 'O ka helu holo'oko'a o nā palapala kākau i haku'ia ma kēia'ōlelo a hiki i 2500.