Nine waiwai o alkanes

Methane a me kona homologs kapa kali (paʻa kūhohonu loa) paraffinic hydrocarbons paha alkanes. Ka hope-o ke aloha 'ona (i ka mau Nine Inch haʻilula CnH2n + 2, i Hōʻike' ka saturation o na nā lātoma, nā'ātoma a i ua hoʻopiliʻia covalent makaukau na kaula paa alodio kalapona-hydrogen a kalapona-kalapona) ua häʻawi mai i kulike ai me ka Nomenclature o Nine Inch hui International. Ka mea, i ka papa kuhikuhiE kumu elua: maka ka aila a me ka kūlohelohe kinoea. Waiwai o alkanes i loko o ka homologous moʻo me ka hoomahuahua i loko o lātoma helu o ka kalapona nā'ātoma mau hoʻololi.

Nā lālā mua eha o ka homologous puke i Hawaiʻi nei hoʻokūpaʻa inoa. Hydrocarbons, ma hope o lākou i denoted e Greek numerals pau -an. Ke pili hakakino kaumaha o kēlā me kēia ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi hydrocarbon okoa mai ka mua kekahi ma ka 14 amu Helu waiwai o alkanes, e like me ka heheʻe wahi (solidification) a baila aʻela i (condensation), i ka pa apŘ a me ka refractive inideka mea ulu me ka mahuahua hakakino kaumaha. Me ka methane butane - kinoea me ka pentane ma pentadecane-wai, i ukali ia e ka puaʻa hiwa. All waxes mea māmā ma mua o ka wai, a aole hoi e hoike mai i loko o laila. No ka alkanes nā:

• CH4 - methane;
• C2H6 - ethane;
• C3H8 - propane;
• C4H10 - butane;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - octane;
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean;
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane, a no laila, ma luna o.

Nine waiwai o alkanes i haʻahaʻa haʻawina. O ke kumu ho i ka ikaika pili o ka C-C 'ole-Polar a me ka haʻahaʻa-C-H paa ana, a me ka saturation o na nā lātoma. A pau na nā'ātoma i pili e hookahi σ-paa ana i mea hiki ole e luku no ka mea, o ko lākou haʻahaʻa polarizability. Rupture o ia hiki wale ke hoʻomaopopo ma lalo o kekahi mau hana, e hana i nā radicals, a nō ka inoa o ka paraffinic i huiʻia me ka hope panina. No ka laʻana, propane - propyl (C3H7-), ethane -'eto (C2H5-), methane - meto (CH3-) a no laila, ma luna o.

Nine waiwai o alkanes e olelo aku no inertness o kēia mau hui. Lakou mea e hiki ke hou reactions. Typical o kēia mau mea i ka hakahaka naoh. 'okesaside ('ā) ia lŘlŘ wale paraffinic hydrocarbons ma ke kiekie ana wela. Ka mea hiki ke oxidized i ka waiʻona mai ke kino, aldehydes a me nāʻakika. E like me ka hopena kreginga (kaʻina thermal cleavage o hydrocarbons) kiekie alkanes ma ka wela o ka 450 a hiki i 550 ° C i palapala paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons me ka lalo hakakino kaumaha. Me ka mea ulu o ka thermal decomposition mahana ua kapaia pyrolysis.

Nine waiwai o alkanes hilinai ole wale ma luna o ka helu o ke kalapona nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma, akā, no hoi ma o ka 'ole. All maʻamau paraffins hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia (kekahi C'Ātoma hiki e pili ana i ole oi aku mau kalapona nā'ātoma) a pal-kanu'ōiwi (C'Ātoma hiki e pili ana i eha'ē aʻe C-nā'ātoma ma keia lātoma i ka māhele 'ole). No ka laʻana, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane i ka ia hakakino kaumaha, a me ka Nine Inch haʻilula C5H12, akā, i ka Nine Inch a physical ka waiwai ka mea, oko: i ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi hua 129,7 ° C a me ka hua 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C hoolapalapa a 9,5 ° C, niioaaonoaaiii. Isomers hiki ke komo i loko o Nine Inch reactions ma mua o ka mea maʻamau 'ole o ka hydrocarbons me ka ia helu o nā'ātoma C.

Typical Nine Inch waiwai o alkanes - he hakahaka naoh, i nā halogenation paha sulfonation. Ke naoh o chlorine me ka paraffin ma ka'ano'ēʻano papa hana ma lalo o ka aoao o ka wela a me ka malamalama ua loaʻa chlorinated methane: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, CHCl3 trichloromethane a me ka kalapona tetrachloride CCl4. I ka sulfonation alkanes ma lalo o UV malamalama, e loaa sulfonyl chlorides: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-Cl + HCl. e hoʻohana 'ia kēia mau' ona i loko o surfactant? iecaianoaaiiuo.