Nine waiwai o ka waiʻona mai ke kino

Hydrocarbon nā mea loaʻa a me kekahi a oi hydrogen nā'ātoma i loko o ka lātoma, hookomoia ma -OH pūʻulu (ka hydroxyl pūʻulu 'ole hydroxy hui), - ia oe i ka waiʻona. Ke Nine Inch waiwai nānā 'ia e ka hydrocarbon'ano'ē, a me ka hydroxyl pae. Ia ka waiʻona mai kuahene hoʻokaʻawale homologous moʻo ma loko o 'elele o kēlā me kēia ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi oko ao mai ka māhele ma mua o hoa no ka homology oko ao e like = CH2. Nā waiwai o keia ano hiki ke poe ma ka haʻilula: R-OH. No ka hui monohydric ke kaupalenaʻana mau Nine Inch haʻilula o CnH2n + 1OH. E like me ka lahui nomenclature inoa i e hana ma ka ohui i ka hydrocarbon panina ol (metanola, ethanol, propanol, etc.).

He He loa ka nohona a me ka laulā papa o Nine Inch i huiʻia. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka helu ana o -OH hui ma ka lātoma, ka mea, ua maheleia i mono-, di- a trihydric no laila, ma luna o - polyhydric hui. Nine waiwai o ka waiʻona mai ke kino i hilinaʻi ma ka maʻiʻo o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu pūʻulu no lātoma. Kēia mau mea i'ākilikai a me ka mai ole dissociate i loko o Ion i loko o ka wai, e like me nāʻakika ikaika a ikaika ko lākou mau kumu. Eia naʻe, ma laila e e like me ka weaklyʻakika (hoemi ia me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka helu o ka waiʻona hakakino ke kaupaona ana, a ai manamana ai o ka hydrocarbon kaula) ole walaʻauʻana (hoʻoulu me ka mahuahua hakakino kaumaha a me ka ai manamana ai lātoma) waiwai.

Nine ka waiwai a ka waiʻona i hilinaʻi ma luna o ke 'ano a me ka māhele hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o nā'ātoma: eia nā lātoma me ka isomerism kaulahao a me ka wahi isomers. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka i kā mākou helu o hookahi paa ana o ka kalapona'Ātoma (hydroxy hui me ka paa, i) me ka 'ē aʻe kalapona nā'ātoma (me ka 1 st, 2 a 3) hoomaopopo iniiaiie (maʻamau), kiʻekiʻe paha tertiary waiʻona mai ke kino. N waiʻona mai ke kino i ka hydroxyl hui pili i ka iniiaiie kalapona'Ātoma. Ma kiʻekiʻe a me ka tertiary - a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka tertiary, kekahi me kekahi. Mai propanol ikea isomers e oko i loko o ke kulana o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu: propyl ka waiʻona C3H7-OH, a me ka isopropyl ka waiʻona CH3- (CHOH) -CH3.

He mea pono i ka inoa i kekahi mau o ka papa kuhikuhiE reactions e emi iho i ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka waiʻona mai ke kino:

1. I ka interacting me ka mekala 'åkilikai i eliiaʻi a hydroxides (deprotonation naoh) i hanaʻia alcoholates (hydrogen'Ātoma UAIAaIN ma ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia'Ātoma), ke kaumaha ma muli o ka hydrocarbon'ano'ē loaa mai ma ka methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide, a no laila, ma luna, no ka laʻana, paʻakai propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + h2 ↑.
2. I ka interacting me kia hydrohalicʻakika hana halogenated hydrocarbons: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. Kēia naoh He reversible. I ka hopena o ka nucleophilic hakahaka o ka halogen ion, he hydroxyl pae.
3. Waiʻona like 'ole hiki ke oxidized i ke kalapona'okikene lua, i aldehydes paha ketones i. Ia ka waiʻona mai kuni i ka mea i loko o ke alo o ka o oxygen. 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ikaika oxidizing Agena (chromicʻakika, potasiuma permanganate , etc.) iniiaiie oe i ka waiʻona i hoohuliia mai i loko o aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, a me ke kiʻekiʻe - i ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (ma) -CH3 + H2O.
4. Dehydration naoh puka mai ma luna o hahana maoli nō kēia i loko o ka alo ana o dehydrating konohiki (kiniki koloriside, sulfuricʻakika, etc.). Kēia produces alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. Ke esterification naoh i puka mai ma luna o hahana maoli nō kēia i loko o ka alo o dehydrating i huiʻia, akā, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka naoh mua ma ka lalo ka mahana, a ke lilo la o Etera: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Me ka sulfuricʻakika, ka naoh ia lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mua, sulfuricʻakika ester ua hana: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, ukali ma ka hahana maoli nō kēia i ka 140 ° C a me ka oi o ka waiʻona ua hana, diethyl (pinepine haawiia i like luaipele) Etera: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o polyols, ma ka analogy me kā lākou physical waiwai hilinaʻi ma luna o ke 'ano o ka hydrocarbon'ano'ē, ho okumu i ka lātoma, a me ka papa, i ka helu o ka hydroxyl pūʻulu maloko. No ka laʻana,'etolina glycol CH3OH-CH3OH (baila aʻela i wahi 197 ° C), i ka 2'ātoma ka waiʻona mea he colorless wai (i mea ala ono), a ua hui pūʻia me H2O, a malalo waiʻona like 'ole i loko o nā mea a pau huliāmahi. mea e hele mai'etolina glycol like me ka homologues kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā mea a pau reactions ano o monohydric waiʻona mai ke kino. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (baila aʻela i wahi 290 ° C) o ka simplest Luna o 3'ātoma waiʻona mai ke kino. He He manoanoaʻanae wai, i mea kaumaha ia ma mua o ka wai, akā, ua hui pu ia me ia i loko o kekahi lākiō. Wailana ma ka waiʻona. No ka glycerin a me kona homologues i kekahi wehewehe aku ma ka naoh a pau o monohydric waiʻona mai ke kino.

Nine waiwai a ka waiʻona i IeXAaAeAaIENʻaoʻao o ko lākou mau palapala noi. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka wahie (ethanol a butanol, etc.), e like me nā'uheheʻe ma ka likeʻole ma o na hana; like maka mea no? iecaianoaaiiuo o surfactants a me detergents; no ka hoʻololi kemikala o polymeric mea. Kekahi 'elele o keia ano o ke aloha i huiʻia hoʻomano hoʻohana like lubricants a neaa fluids, a hoi no i ka hana ana o medicaments a biologically hana waiwai.