'O ka polymerization o propylene: ka ho'olālā, ka hoohalike, ke'ano

He aha ka polymerization o ka propylene? He aha nā'ano o ke ka'ao o kēia ka'ina hana kino? E ho'ā'o e loa'a nā pane piha i kēia mau nīnau.

Nā'ano o nā pūhui

Noaia polymerization reactions o'etolina a me ka propylene ho'āʻo typical Nine Inch waiwai i uluhia e na hoa a pau o ka papa o olefins. Ua hā'awi'ia kēia inoa kūikawā i kēia papa mai ka inoa kahiko o ka'aila i ho'ohana'ia i ka hana hana. I ke kenekulia 18, ua loa'a mai ka chloride o ke kōnelene,'o ia ka mea'aila hinu.

Ma waena o nā hi'ohi'ona o nā māka'i o ka papa o nā aliphatic hydrocarbons i ho'oma'ema'e'ia, ke'ike nei mākou i kahi i ho'opa'a'ia i loko o ia mau mea i ho'okahi palapala pa'a.

Ke ho'ākāka pono'ia ka polymerization radical o propylene i mua o ka waiho'ana o kahi palapala lua i loko o ke'ano o ka waiwai.

'O ke'ano ma'amau

A pau elele o ka homologous moʻo o alkenes mau haʻilula i ka palapala C _N H _2n. 'O ka nele o ke hydrogen i loko o ke kahua e wehewehe ana i ka'ano o nā mea kinikino o kēia mau'ōpona hydrocarbons.

Ka helu kaulike o ka naoh o polymerization o propylene mea he pono hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ia ka manawa kūpono o ka discontinuity kamailio ana o ka hoʻohana 'ana i kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka hōʻeleu.

'O ka lā'au ola i ho'ohui'ia,'o ia ka inoa aliola a propylyl-2. No ke aha i ho'okomo'ia ka polymerization o ka propylene? Ke huahana o keia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN mea pili no ka hoʻololi kemikala o kemikala laholio, a, ma ka huli, i loko o ke koi ma ke kālā no Nine Inch oihana puolo.

Nā'ano kino

'O ka ho'ohālikelika polymerization no ka propylene e hō'oia ana'a'ole wale i ka lā'au kino akā'o nā'ano kino o ka waiwai. 'O ka'ōpene kahi mea momona me ka li'ili'i li'ili'i a me nā helu ho'ohehe'e. 'O kēia lālā o ka papa'aina i ka wai'ole o ka wai'ole.

'O nā mea kanu

'O nā ho'ohālike no ka ho'onui'ia'ana o ka polymerization o ka propylene a me ka isobutylene e hō'ike ana e hana'ia nā ka'ina hana ma o kahi leka pa'a. 'O Alkenes ka monomers, a'o nā hua hope loa o kēia pilina pū, he polypropylene a me polyisobutylene. 'O ke kalapona carbon-carbon i loko o kēia pilina e hā'ule ana, a laila e ho'olālā'ia nā kahua like.

Ma ka palapala ho'opa'a'elua, e ho'okū'ia ke kau hou'ana o nā nūpepa hou. Pehea e ho'omau ai ka polymerization o propylene? 'O ke'ano o kēia ka'ina hana he mea like ia me ka hana e hana'ia ana ma nā mea'ē a'e a pau o kēia papa o nā hydrocarbons nonaturated.

'O ka hana ho'ohui polymerization o ka propylene e komo ana i nā'ano like'ole o ka percolation. I ka hihia mua, hana'ia ke ka'ina hana i loko o ke kaea kino. I ka lua o ka ho'ololi, ua loa'a ka hopena i ka manawa wai.

Eia kekahi,'o ka polymerization o ka propylene ka mea i loa'a ma o kekahi mau hana'ele'ele,'o ia ho'i ka ho'ohana'ana i ka waihā wai piha piha e like me ke'ano o ka hopena.

Ke'enehana hou

'O ka polymerization o ka propylene i ka nui e like me ka technology Technology Spheripol,'o ia ka hui pū'ana o kahi pahu pahu kukui no ka hana'ana i nā homopolymmers. 'O ke ka'ina hana e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana o kahi pūpana ho'olālā kino me kahi waihona pseudo-wai e hana i nā copolymers block. I loko o ia'ano,'o ka ho'ohui polymerization o ka propylene e komo i ka ho'ohui'ana o nā mea ho'ohālikelike like'ole i ka'ōnaehana, a me ka poly-polymerization.

Ho'omākaukau i nā'ano

'O ka'enehana kahi e pili ana i ka hui'ana i nā mea i loko o kekahi papahana i hana'ia no ka ho'ololi'ana. Ho'opili'ia kēia hui'ana i nā reactors polymerization loop, kahi o ka hydrogen a me ka lilo propylene e hānai'ia.

Ho'ohana nā pūpili ma kahi o ke anawela he 65 a 80 kekelē Celsius. 'A'ole ka pi'i o ka ho'okomo i ka'ōnaehana ma mua o 40 mau pā. Hana'ia nā mea i hana'ia, i loko o ka papahana, i nā hale hana i ho'ohālikelike'ia no nā'ano nui o ka hana polymer.

Lawe'ia kahi hua'ōlelo polymer mai ka pahu lua. 'O ka polymerization o ka propylene e pili ana i ka ho'ololi'ana o ka hopena i kahi mea ho'onā o ka ho'oikaika nui. Maanei, ua ho'oku'u'ia ka homopolymer ka lepo mai ka monomer wai.

Hana'ia nā poho o nā poho

'O ka ho'ohālike polymerization no ka propylene CH2 = CH - CH3 i loko o kēia kūlana he kumu ho'olālā ma'amau, aia wale nā'oko'a ma nā kūlana o ke ka'ina hana. Me ka propylene a me ka ethylene, ka lepo mai ka degasser e hele aku i kahi mea ho'ohehe'e kino hau e hana ma kahi mahana o kahi o 70 mau ki'eki'ena Celsius a me kahi kaomi o ka'oi aku o ka 15 mau'anu'u.

'O nā mea kāpili i ka Block, ma hope o ka ho'oku'u'ia'ana mai ke kikowaena, e ho'okomo i kahi pūnaewele ho'oku'u kūikawā mai ka monomer o ka polymer powdered.

'O ka polymerization o propylene a me nā butadienes o kahi'ano hopena i ka hopena e'ae ai i ka ho'ohana'ana i kahi pahuhopu lua. Ho'opili'ia ka ho'onui i ka propylene i loko o ka polymer. Eia hou, hiki ke ho'okomo i nā mea additive i ka hua i ho'opau'ia, ka ho'ohana'ana i ka ho'opunipuni, kōkua i ka ho'omaika'i'ana i ka maika'i o ka huahana i loa'a.

'O ke kikowaena o ka polymerization o nā alkenes

Aia kekahi mau'oko'a ma waena o ka hana'ana o polyethylene a me polypropylene. 'O ka ho'ohālike polymerization no ka propylene e hiki ai iā mākou ke ho'omaopopo i ke kau'ana o ke aupuni kaulike'ē a'e. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau'oko'a i ka hopena hope o ka pae laina, a me nā wahi o ka ho'ohana'ana i nā huahana hopena.

Ho'ohana'ia'o Peroxide no nā resins i'oi aku ka maika'i o nā kohu o ka honua. Loa'a ka laulā o ka māmā o ka melts, nā'ano kūlike kino like me kēlā mau mea i loa'a nā ha'awina hua ha'aha'a.

Noho nā Resins i nā kūlana maika'i loa o ka ho'olālā'ana i ka ho'ohehe'e'ia'ana o ka injection, e like me ke'ano o ka hana'ana i nā kaula.

No ka ho'onui i ka māliko a me ka ikaika o nā mea polymeric, ho'ā'o nā mea hana e ho'ohui i nā mea ho'ohālikelike kūikawā kūikawā i ka hui'ana. Ho'ololi iki'ia kekahi o nā mea laulā polypropylene me nā mea'ē a'e ma kahi o ka ho'ohehe'e'ana i ka puhi a me ka ho'olei.

'O ka peculiarities o ka polymerization

'O ka polymerization o ka propylene i mua o ka loa'a'ana o ke kalapona kālā i loa'a nui a'e. I kēia manawa, ua ho'ohana'ia kahi catalytic ma'alahi o ke kalapona me kahi kinikoni pa'akikī e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana o ka carbonor carbon. No ka hopena o ka polymerization, ua loa'a kahi huahana i'oi aku ka maika'i o nā hana hō'ike.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE kiko'î o ka polymerization kaʻina hana naoh ana , a me ka hakakino kaumaha, a me ka stereoisomeric haku mele 'ana o ka pīlali. 'O ke'ano kino a me ke kino o ka mea catalyst, ka medium polymerization, a he mea nui ho'i ke ki'eki'e o ka maemae o nā mea o ke ka'ina hana.

Loa'a'ia kekahi polymer linear ma ka like like'ole a me ka manawa kūikawā, i ka wā e kama'ilio ana e pili ana i ka ethylene. 'O ke kumu'o ka hā'awi'ia'ana o ka waiwai i loa'a'ole nā isomers spatia. No ka loa'a'ana o ka polypropylene laulima, e ho'ā'o e ho'ohana i nā chlorides alumina pa'ū, a me nā pūnaehana koganoalumini.

Ke ho'ohana'ia kekahi pāpili pa'akikī ma luna o ka sulfine alumina (3), hiki ke loa'a kahi huahana me nā'ano i koho'ia. 'A'ole ka helu kūpono o ka leki uila i mea kūpono no ka catalyst e loa'a ai ka hihihihi ki'eki'e ki'eki'e. I kēia la'ana, i ke koho'ana i ka iodide pona (3), ua'ike'ia ka nui o ka polymer polic.

'O nā mea catalytic i'ike'ia no ka'ano Lewis, a no laila pili i ka koho'ana o ka'ōnaehana. 'O ka'āina maika'i loa ka ho'ohana'ia'ana o nā hydrocarbons inerter. No ka mea, he mea ho'olaha ka mea'alapalapala keleawe (5), koho'ia nā aliphatic hydrocarbons. Pehea e ho'omau ai ka polymerization o propylene? Product haʻilula mea (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n. 'O ke algorithm o ka ho'opi'i'ana he mea like ia me ke'ano o ka pane'ana ma nā lālā i koe o kahi pūnaewele homologo.

Nā hana pilikino

E nānā i nā koho nui no ka pilina o propylene. Me ka no'ono'o i loko o kona mahele, aia kahi palapala pilikino,'o nā kumu nui ke'ano e hana pololei me ka luku.

Ua loa'a ka halogenation i ka mahana ma'amau. Ma kahi o ka haunaele o ka pilina ko'iko'i, ho'opili'ole'ia ka ho'omalu pilikino o ka halogen. No ka hopena o kēia pilina, ua ho'okumu'ia kahi'ano dihalogen. 'O ka mea'oi aku ka pa'akikī,'o ia ka lawe'ana. Hana'ia ka Bromination a me ka chlorination me kahi kūpono'ole a me ka uku ho'olālā. Ua puka mai ka hanu'ana o ka propylene me kahi pāha'i.

'O ka hana'ana o ke hydrogenation e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana o ka mea holomua. 'O ka catalyst ka platinum, ka nickel. No ka hopena o ka pilikino pili pono o ka propylene me ka hydrogen, ua ho'okumu'ia propane - he lālā o ka papa e kaupalena ana i nā hydrocarbons.

Ho'ohui'ia ka hydration (ho'ohui wai) e like me ke kānāwai o VV Markovnikov. 'O kona kumu maoli,'o ia ka mea e ho'opa'a ai i ka palapala lua o ka hydrogen atomi a hiki i ka propylene carbon, nona ka uku nui. I kēia'ano, e ho'opili'ia ka halogen i ka hua C, a he hapa ka nui o ka waihā.

Ho'ohālike'ia ka Propylene e ka wela i loko o ka oxygen i ka lewa. Ma muli o kēia pilina, e loa'a ana nā huahana'elua: carbon dioxide, va'a wai.

Ke ho'oikaika'ia nā mea hana lā'au e like me ka lā'au pālolo, e hana i kēia mehana,'ike'ia kona'ike. Ma waena o nā huahana o ka hopena'oko'a, he wai'ona wai'ona (glycol).

'O ka ho'omākaukau'ana i ka propylene

Hiki i nā māhele a pau ke māhele'ia i'elua mau pū'ulu nui: laboratory, industrial. Ma lalo o nā'ano laboratory, hiki ke loa'a ka propylene i ka wā e ho'oka'awale'ia ai ke hydrogen halide mai ka haloalkyl ho'omaka i ka manawa e hō'ike'ia ai ka hopena waipiu o ka sodium hydroxide iā lākou.

Ho'okumu'ia ka propylene i loko o ka catalytic hydrogenation o ka'ōpiopio. I loko o ka laborative, hiki ke loa'a kēia waiwai ma ka waihā propanol-1. I loko o kēia hopena'enehana, ho'ohana'ia ka phosphoric a sulfuric acid, alumina, i mea ho'ohālike.

Pehea e ho'opuka'ia ai ka propylene i nā puke nui? Ma muli o ka loiloi'ole o kēia ma'amau i ke'ano, ua kūkulu'ia nā koho'oihana'oihana no ka ho'omākaukau'ana. 'O ka mea ma'amau ka ho'oka'awale'ia'ana o ka alkene mai nā mea i ho'ohehe'e'ia.

Eia kekahi la'ana, e ho'okō'ia ana ka'aila i loko o ka moena wai kūikawā. Ho'okumu'ia ka propylene e pyrolysis o ka hakina'oliuma. I kēia manawa, ua lawe'ia mai ka'ānela mai ke kinoea e pili ana, nā hua o ka pāpale kahu.

Nui nā koho pyrolysis no ka propylene:

• I loko o nā'ili o ke kino;
• I loko o kahi pahuhopu me kahi mea e puhi ai i ka quartz;
• Ka hana Lavrovsky;
• 'O ke kumu o Autothermal e like me ke'ano o Bartlom.

Ma waena o nā'enehana hana'enehana kūpiliki'i, pono pono ke ho'omaopopo i ka catalytic o ka ho'ohui'ia'ana o nā hydrocarbons piha.

Ka ho'ohana

Aia nā ho'opuka o nā propylene i nā'ano like'ole, a no laila ua hana'ia ma ka pae nui ma ka'oihana. 'O ke'ano o kēia haucarbon i ho'onā'ole'ia ma muli o ka hana a Natta. Ma ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia 20. Ua ho'ohana'o ia i ka'enehana ho'ohehe'e'ia ma ka ho'ohana'ana i ka pūnaewele hō'emi Ziegler.

Ho'okumu'o Natta i ka huahana hi'ona, āna i kapa ai'o ia, no ka mea, ma ke'ano, nā hui methyl i kahi'ao'ao o ke kaula. Ma muli o kēia "ho'okomo" o nā molekoki polymer,'o ka huahana polymeric huahua he mau'ano mechanical maika'i. Ho'ohana'ia ka Polypropylene no ka hana'ana i ke fihe synthetic.

Ho'oemi'ia he'umi hapaha o ka petroleumene propylene i ka hana'ana i ka waihemo. A hiki i ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia i hala, ua loa'a mai kēia mea waiwai ma o ke'ano o ka chlorohydrin. Ua pi'i ka hopena ma o ke kāko'o'ana o ka huahana waena o ka propylene chlorohydrin. 'O kēia'enehana kekahi mau hanana ho'opi'i, kahi e pili ana me ka ho'ohana'ana i ka chlorine kālā a me ka lime hydrated.

I ko mākou manawa, ua ho'ololi'ia kēia'enehana e ka hana hana. Ho'okumu'ia ia ma ka pilikino pili pono o propene me hydroperoxides. Ho'ohana'ia ka'āpana propylene oxide ma ke kahe o nā propylene glycols, i ho'ohana'ia no ka hana'ana i nā kuhumu polyuréthane. Ua mana'o'ia lākou he mau lako ho'opili maika'i, no laila, e hana ana lākou i nā pahu, nā lole, nā mea hana, nā mea ho'onā wela, nā mea ho'oku'u a me nā mea holoi.

Eia kekahi, i waena o nā papahana nui o propylene, e'ōlelo'ia ka inoa o ka acetone a me ka wai'ona isopropyl. Isopropyl waiʻona, i ka maikaʻi'ūheheʻe, ua noʻonoʻo i ka waiwai Nine Inch huahana. I ka ho'omaka'ana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hua'ia kēia huahana e ka sulfuric acid.

Eia kekahi, ua ho'omohala'ia ka'enehana o ka hydration pololei o ka propene me ka ho'ouka'ana i nā mea ho'ohehe'e waika i loko o ka hui'ana. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka propanol huaka'i e hele i ka synthesis of acetone. 'O kēia hopena e pili ana i ka wehe'ia'ana o ke hydrogen, i hana'ia ma 380 ° Celsius. 'O nā mea ola ma kēia ka'ina hana he māmā a me ke keleawe.

Ma waena o nā mea nui o ka propylene, ho'ohālike ka hydroformylation. Hala ka Propene i ka hana aldehydes. Ua ho'omaka'ia ka ho'ohana'ana i ka oxinsynthesis ma ko mākou'āina mai ka waenakonu o ka makahiki i hala. I kēia manawa, he wahi ko'iko'i kēia i loko o ka'oihana petrochemical. 'O ka hopena a me ka hopena o ka propylene me ka synthesis gas (kahi hui o ka carbon monoxide a me ke hydrogen) ma kahi mahana o 180 degrees, he catalyst oxide catalyst a me ke kaomi o 250 mau'enela, ua ho'okumu'ia'elua aldehydes. Ho'okahi ka hanana ma'amau,'o ka lua he kōpana carbon carbon.

Ma hope koke iho o ka'ike'ia'ana o kēia ka'ina hana technology,'o kēia ka hopena i lilo i mea no ka noi'i'ana no nā kānaka'epekema. Ua'imi lākou i nā ala e hō'emi i ke kūlana o ka papa hana, e ho'ā'o ana e ho'ēmi i ka mākina ma ka hopena o ka papahana branla aldehyde.

No kēia kumu, ua hana'ia nā hana ho'olālā, e pili ana i ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea hana'ē a'e. Ua hiki ke emi i ka mahana, ka pihi, e hooulu i ka hua o ka hana linear aldehyde.

Ho'ohui'ia nā esters acetic acid, i pili pū me ka polymerization o ka propylene, e like me nā copolymers. Ma kahi o 15 pakeneka o ka mea'enehana mea'ai e ho'ohana'ia i mea hana ho'omaka e hana i ka acryonitrile. He mea pono kēia mehana no ka ho'okomo'ana i ke kinona'ohe - nitron, ka hana'ana i nā polikiki, ka hana'ana i nā palapona.

Ka Hopena

Ke kapa'ia nei ka polypropylene i ka huahana mea nui loa. Ke ulu nei ka noi no kēia maika'i a me ka polymer māmā'ole, no laila ke ho'ololi nei ia i ka polyethylene. He mea pono ia no ka ho'okumu'ia'ana o ka hō'ailona pa'a, nā papa, nā ki'i'oni'oni, nā'ao'ao ka'awale, pepa pepa kūikawā, nā kaula, nā kāpili pōhaku, a me ka hana'ana i nā'ano mea hale. I ka ho'omaka'ana o ka makahiki iwakāluakumamākahi,'o ka polypropylene production ka lua'oi aku ma ka'oihana polymer. Ma muli o nā noi o nā'oihana'ē a'e, hiki iā mākou ke ho'oholo: i ka wā e hiki mai ana, e mau ka hana o ka hana nui o propylene a me ethylene.