Potr Nikitich Tkachov: Kawaihae, ka palapala, ai 'oihana, Iu, kālai'āina wale

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - he kaulana Lūkini hoʻokahuli aupuni ideology o populism. I ka 'atikala kūkākūkā i au mamuli o kona Kawaihae, ike a me nā manaʻo.

Wā kamaliʻi a me ka teenage makahiki

Petr Nikitich Tkachev Ua hānauʻia ma luna o Iune 29, 1844, ma ka Pskov mokuna (kauhale Sivtsova). Kona mau makua i ka pae gentry. First Peter Nikititch kipa 2nd Petersburg gymnasium. A laila, mai ka lima o ka papa o ka grammar kula i ka 1861, ua heluʻia ma St. Petersburg University ka kānāwai nā kumu. Naʻe, i ole i ke ao Peter Tkachev. Ka mea o ia i loko o keia manawa o ka haumāna unrest hoomaka, kūpono ana ma ke kulanui i paa. I waena o nā hana i komo i loko o kēia mau haunaele Tkachev i i hookoia mua i loko o ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili (i loko o October), a laila, i loko o Kronstadt, mai i ka mea i hookuu ia i loko o Dekemaba.

Pale o ka ia hoʻi, he hiʻona o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni wale

i kauoha mai ai, e haʻalele Peter Nikitich ma ke kapikala waiho ai i kona makuahine i ke alii. Tkachev i ole i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻomau lākou mau haʻawina ma ke kulanui. Eia naʻe, ehiku makahiki ma hope,ʻo ia nō hala kona mau kŰia me ka mawaho haumāna, hooku iho la ia i kona ia hoʻi, a lilo i ka moho o ka akau. I kekahi mau mea ma hope, i ka nema aku ana Lavrov no ka mea i ka mea iʻoi aku ko lākou kaʻawale mai o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana, Peter Nikitich i kākau e pili ana ia ia iho i hope i ka gymnasium i ike i kekahi'ē aʻe hui, koe wale no ka poe kanaka hou la, ka poe i addicted i ka haumāna 'ohi' ia, i hoʻonohonoho 'ia ka heluhelu lumi, a me Sunday na kula, nā hale hana kamaʻilio a me ka i ka aina a me ka pela, ia, he ua mau i ole wale iā ia, akā, i waena o lākou, i ka wā aʻu i loko o ka pā kaua. Peter Nikitich pulakaumaka ma ka pāʻoihana koke o kekahi mau pilikia o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i hana i ke ano hiʻona o kona Socialist manaʻo.

Komo i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni kālepa

Tkachev i kona aʻo ma ka gymnasium hoomaka ae la e heluhelu Socialist moʻokalaleo. He Ua ike lea ia me nā paʻi puke o Herzen a me Ogarev, 'atikala Dobrolyubov a me Chernyshevsky. Ua i loko o nā Verses kakahiaka nui e pili ana i ka 1860-62 biennium. (Hele aku kekahi o lakou a hiki i na kahua), Tkachev ao mai la kua'āina kipi. He pakele ma ke ala o ke kipi mai 1861. Mai ia manawa Tkachev i 'Imi' ole i loko o ka haumāna ana, a me ka hopena i na manawa he nui malalo e hopu, huli ', interrogation. Peter Nikitich ua ma lalo o mākaʻi hoʻomakākiu mau. He ua ana i ka hale paʻahao hoohewaia e kokoke i kela makahiki.

I ka 1862, ia wehe kona wale nô i ka p ÷ ai L. Olszewski. Kēia kaiapili Ua hoomakaukau ana e hoolaha mau leaflets, i kapaia e hookahuli ae i ke alii. I ka makahiki 1865 a me ka 1866 Petr Nikitich Tkachev ua kokoke i ka hui I. A. Hudyakova a me NA Ishutina, a ma ka 1867 a me ka 1868 - i "Rublevskoe hui", kona mau lala ka lawe ma luna o propaganda i loko o kaʻaʻahu o itinerant kumu. Ua ua iʻike i Peter Tkachev i ka 1868 no i ke kamaʻilio "Smorgon", i mea ka, hoʻokomo hui i kukuluia S. G. Nechaevym. A laila, i loko o 1868-1869 GG., Peter Nikitich pu me Nechayev ua he lâlâ o ke kōmike hoʻokele Komite o ka St. Petersburg haumāna ana.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka palapala, ai 'ha awina

I June 1862, hoomaka ae la ka palapala, ai 'oihana Petra Nikiticha. Kona palapala, ai 'tālena, ua hōʻikeʻia i loko o ka 60s. E like me kaʻimi naʻauao hoʻokahuli aupuni Narodnichestvo,''he manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka mea kākau Tkachev kōkua 'ana me kekahi mau e holumua ai Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke. It E e kaulana ia i loko o ka mua o kona mau 'atikala hoolilo i ka noʻonoʻo loi o ka Apana hookolokolo mihi, a ke aupuni i? Oaony, nō hoʻi i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni-kemokalaka kū'ē naʻau i loko. Ka mea, Ua paʻiʻia i loko o ka puke pai "ana nou" a me ka "Time" Dostoevsky poʻe hoahānau, e like me ka pono me ia ma ka "Waihona Puke no Reading".

Familiarity a me na palapala o Marx

A helu o nā 'atikala hana i loko o ka manawa mai ka 1862 a hiki i 1864, Peter Nikitich kona makemake nui i ka manaʻo o ke hoʻololi i ka? Ueony pōʻai ana i loko o Rusia ma Socialist nā loina e hoʻonaʻauao ulana pukapuka, i punihei aina, a me ka hana ahahui, o ka oi aku ma na aina i paʻapū i. A puni keia manawa, halawai mai la ia me kekahi o nā hana Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Kona Kawaihae ma December 1865 ia i ka mea e "Lūkini hua'ōlelo" ka mua manawa i loko o ka loio i ahakanaka o ko mākou'āina i kau mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE ia hoʻi o Marx pili me ka materialist ka hapai ana o ka moolelo, ka mea āna i hoʻolauna i loko o ka kakaʻina a hiki i ka "Critique o Kalaiaina hoʻokele waiwai". It E e kaulana ia ma keia manawa Tkachev ua mua he mau hui kōkoʻolua i elua kemokalaka Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke ( "Business" a me ka "Russian Word"). He nae mahope like Pisarev, ka mea i hoonoho ia ma ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili. Ka mea ma luna o ia hoʻi Peter Nikitich aliʻi ma loko o ka wā e hiki mai, ka pono? i loko o lākou ka hoohalike ana, i kekahi mau mea Nohie.

E hoolilo ana i Tkachev manaʻo

I ka makahiki 1868, Tkachev P. N. au i paiia i kaʻo Samuel o ka International ma ka unuhi (i loko o ka i paiiaʻi i ka puke Bekera), e like me ke kanawai o ka National Bank o Proudhon. Peter Nikitich manao ma ka hopena o ka 1860s nui ana i kēia manaʻo. He kapa no ka pili aupuni a me ka nohona kipi i loko o ke aupuni. Kēia manaʻo ua hoikeia ma ka paʻi kaiapili o Tkachev a me Nechaev "Program o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni 'ana."

Aku la o Petero a me Paul hūlili

Au pono aku nei au i ka nui o ka mea i palapala mai Tkachev PN hookolokolo ole mai kekahi, ma ka censorship keia, a ua koho 'ia i loko o ka lehulehu o ka hopu' ana. Ka wā, i ka mea e hiki mai ana haumāna unrest (i loko o March 1869) Ua hopu hou Tkachev, oia pahu hookahi 3 ka palapala, ai 'āhewa' ana. I ka mua o ia - no ka mea i hanaia a me ka paʻi ana o ka hoʻopiʻi kū'ē 'ana "a hiki i ka hui!", Ka mea hoʻolauna i nā koi o ka haumāna; ka lua - no ka puke o ka ohi ma lalo o ka inoa "Ray", paʻiʻia ma kahi o ka papaia "Lūkini hua'ōlelo"; ke kolu - no ka mea i ka mea, paʻi i ka puke "Ka hana nīnau" E. Bekera. I keia manawa o Petero a me Paul hūlili Peter Nikitich ua no he wahi o ka hoʻopaʻahao, no ka aneane eha makahiki. I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1873 Tkachev hoouna mai i loko o ke pioʻana i loko o Great Luke ka home. Mai laila, a laila holo akula kahi'ē me ke kōkua o M. Kupriyanov, he hoʻokahuli aupuni.

E noho nei ma kahi e, i ka hakakā me Engels a me Lavrov

Magazine hana, keʻakeʻa'ēʻia mai ka hopu, i hana hou ia i loko o ka makahiki 1872. hoomaka hou Tkachev, e kala aku i ko lakou mau 'atikala i loko o ka "I mea e". Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole ia i haʻalele ia i kona inoa a me ka likeʻole pseudonyms (a pau i ka ia, P. Grachioli, P. Gy Lee, Lean PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

I London a me Geneva Peter Nikitich hana me P. L. Lavrovym kekahi manawa (ua haawi mai ma luna o kona kiʻi) i hoomakaukau ia no ka puke o ka puke pai "mai!". Aka hoi, ka mea, o ua i ka mua me ke kapuai hookahi ia i loko o ke pio, ia i ka hakakā nui me Engels a me Lavrov. I ka 1874 ma Zurich, a Lādana i paʻiʻia Tkachev palapala "hoʻokahuli aupuni propaganda hana ..." a me ka "Open palapala Fridrihu Engelsu." I ka hakakā i kēia koke i Peter Nikitich i loko o ka noho kaʻawaleʻana kūlana'āina'ē.

Emigrant me Moʻolelo Engels, Lavrov a me kekahi poe e ae kū ma luna o ka iki okoaʻoihana ma mua o Peter Nikitich. Ke ae pā o ka hoa pāonioni ma waena o nā nā mea i Tkachev noʻonoʻo i ka pili aupuni paio me ka nui elue o ka wā e hiki mai kipi. Naʻe, i ke kūlana o nā nā paʻi hua i loko o ka mea ana i underestimated mea hiki ole eʻae he nui Lūkini emigrants. E like me ia ia ia, e loaa i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni 'ê mana, e hookupaa i ka hou ana, e lawe mai i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hou, ka haʻiʻana i ka pono o na kanaka. hiki wale pōmaikaʻi ai i ka la mahope mai o ka hopena. Peter Tkachev lalau i kona manao i ke aupuni mō'ī, aole nohona ka lepo i loko o Rusia, i ka mea 'aʻole no ka pono o kekahi papa. Friedrich Engels, ma ka huli, i loko o ka 'atikala i kākau ai nema aku ana Tkachev olelo mai manao ana aole ia i manao haʻahaʻa.

lehulehu ākea o ka puke pai "Alarm"

Peter Nikitich, hele mai mai o "! I mua", Found kākoʻo i waena o ka pōʻai o ka "Cercle kauā" (ma ka unuhi - "Slavic kaiapili"), i hui Lūkini-Polish nā meaʻeʻe moku. Me kā lākou kōkua, Tkachev, i ka 1875, hoomaka ae la e hai aku i ka puke pai "Alarm" i loko o Geneva. Ma keia Magazine, lawe iho la ia i ke kūlana o ka hoʻoponopono. Kēia paiia i ka Jacobin hui, ma amau kokoke ia Blanquism, i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni populism. Tkachev i loko o kēia wā ma ke akeaʻia maila kona mau Socialist wale, ana i ke kumuhana o kaʻimi naʻauao e hoaponoia o socialism, nā kaʻa mokulele a me kou akamai o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni paio. Ma ka puke pai "Alarm" Peter Nikitich alakai polemics me P. L. Lavrovym a me M. A. Bakuninym. Kona manaʻo, a ma mua i ole i ka hopena, a me ka pinepine o keʻano ukiuki, hoomaka ae la e loaʻa kākoʻo o ka pau ana o na 1870s. A i like ka mea, ana, haliu ae la ia i ka Lūkini revolutionaries i pili aupuni a me ka nohona hana, a me nā koi o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni paio.

"People ka Liberation Society"

I ka makahiki 1877, Peter Nikitich pu me kona mau kanaka e hoʻokele e hoonohonoho i ka "National Liberation Society." Kēia mea pololei i hana conspiratorial 'ē aʻe me ka hoʻohana' Blanquist Communards mai France (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant listen'ōlelo.). Ke Company waihona ipu kona hana ma kekahi Lūkini koʻikoʻi a hanohano (e like, I. M. Kovalskogo ma Odessa, a Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, i ka 1880, hana i loko o ka nūpepa "Aole hoi au e ke Akua, aole hoi i haku" Blanqui.

Eia naʻe, loa ikaika pāʻewaʻewa e ku e ia Peter Nikitich koe. No laila, i ka "Narodnaya Volya" (i loko o nā hua'ōlelo V. I. Lenina, kona hana i ua hoomakaukau ideology Tkachev) hoomalau oia i kuikahi me ka "Alarm", i i mua manaʻo. "Nebata" oki ae la ka paʻi ma hope o ka manawa pōkole hookuu i ka makahiki 1881 ma ke ano o ka Nupepa.

Puke ma lalo o nā pseudonyms

Tkachev, e noho ma kahi e, hoomau iho la oia i ke paʻiʻia ma ka loio i Lūkini kaomi ma lalo o kekahi mau pseudonyms, a (a pau i ka ia, Grachioli P. listen'ōlelo.), Mākou i ua helu. E like me kekahi o na ki hana "e hana" Peter Nikitich Ua paʻi nui 'atikala ma akeakamai, kānāwai, mōʻaukala, nā kiʻina aʻo,? Aneia iainiiaaiea a me na mea e ae, naʻe, koke ka hoʻoponopono o keia Magazine, GE Blagosvetlov make, ke alu like i ole pela maʻamau. All 'atikala kākaʻikahi ikea Tkachev. Ua manao i ka palapala, ai 'a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni aayoaeuiinoe Petra Nikiticha mae, akā, maoli,ʻaʻole ia i ai.

I ka lā, ua aʻo kekahi hou kūʻiʻo e pili ana i na makahiki hope o kona ola i loko o ke pio Tkachev. Ka mea, paipai i ka palapala, ai 'Lūkini manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hoʻomau i ka' Imi hana. Nei au e hoʻokele i loaʻa i kekahi Socialist Nupepa "Alarm" ( "Le Tocsin"), i i paʻiʻia ma ka hema o Farani, (ma Narbonne) i ka 1882. Manaʻo Luna Hoʻoponopono no ka mea, ua palapala Tkachev, ka mea i huna iho la oia i kona inoa ma lalo o ka pseudonym "Gracchus". Loa paha, me ka hoakaka ana ma ka ahakanaka hiki ke noʻonoʻo hope.

No ka November 1882 Tkachev, ka maʻi i holo, a me ka hopena e ia i loko o ka haukapila. Peter Nikitich make ia ma Palika ma December 23, 1885. Mai i nā hana mea mau loa i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke kipi.

Philosophical wale Tkachev

Ma mua kilohi, i loko o ia i ka waiwai a me nā hana lunatausani-kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa-politician mea, aole wahi kaawale no ka mea kālaiʻike ole ia ua haawiia mai he subordinate, hoʻokahi wale nō accidental kūlana. Aia hoʻi, mai ka oleloʻoi ia iho Petr Nikitich Tkachev, apparently, ka mea i hāʻawi mai i ke kumu no keia mea mahuʻi mākou. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, oia ua he inaina manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni o nā mea a pau philosophical nenoai.

Eia naʻe, i loko o kekahi o kona mau 'atikala mua (i paʻiʻia ma ka 1863 "kanawai metaphysics") Tkachev kona polokalamu o ka mihi kālaiʻike. I mai la ia i ka pono e kūkulu i ka oiaio, hoʻomāhuahua ai, e ola ana i ke akeakamai, i ka malihini i kekahi ano o ka metaphysics. Ua pono kuhikihi ana mai i nā māhele o ka nohona sciences, limanui mea hoʻoheheʻe. Kēia akeakamai o ka nohona, 'epekema kaiapili. Ua pono pōmaikaʻi ai i ka lehulehu.

Tkachev like me ka mea kākau moʻolelo pinepine hele mai hoʻi i ka pilikia o ka maikai kālaiʻike. I kona manao, he mea pono ia i ke kumu no ka hou 'ana o ke ao nei,' epekema mea, i ka 'ōlelo o ka honua oiaio. E like me ka politician Petr Nikitich Tkachev pela hoʻomohala pilikia o ke kipi, sociology, nani a me ka pono nohona kauoha. He kapa i kona philosophical hoʻomoana o "realism" (ole rationality).

Eia kekahi hana akamai no kanaka o Petr Nikitich Tkachev. Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi e pili ana ia ia, aneane pau loa e pili ana i ke kipi, i ka mea ana i hoolilo i kona ola holoʻokoʻa.