Valencia o ka tungsten. Nā mea a me nā ho'ohana o ka tungsten

More 'atikala e ae no ka ike lea i ke kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai o tungsten, e nānā i nā lāliʻi o kona noho ana i loko o ke ano, o ka wahi o ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, i ka weheʻana o ka moʻolelo, a me ka oi.

Ho'olaha (W)

'O ka mo'okū'au'au'o Tungsten ka pae o ke Kaula Palani o DI Mendeleev, he kanahiku kanahā kekona atomomi, e pili ana i ka hō'ailona Latina W. Ma lalo o nā'ano ma'amau, he'āpana kala-hina kona, he uila, he pa'akikī. No nā metale a pau i'ike'ia, ua mana'o'ia ka tungsten e'oi loa aku ka hana. Ma mua o W,'o ka pae ho'ohehe'e wale no ka mea'ole - carbon. He hopena ko'iko'i ko'iko'i kēia. 'O ka valence o ka tungsten he mea loli.

Ka mo'olelo o ka'ike

'O kahi chemist mai Sweden mai'o Karl Wilhelm Scheele i ka makahiki 1781, e hana ana i ka hana'ana me ka waikawa nitric, hiki iā ia ke unuhi i ka tungsten trioxide - he "pōhaku kaumaha" o ka'a'ahu melemele. I'elua mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka ho'omaka'ana o ka makahiki 1783,'elua mau kaikaina Eluard, nā mea kilokilo mai Sepania mai, ua ha'i aku i ka lehulehu i hiki iā lākou ke loa'a hou i ka mea'onika hou a me ka tungsten oxide mai ka wolframite mai.

Hoikehonua, United States, France a me Beritania hoʻohana i ka inoa o ka tungsten no tungsten, i translates mai Kuekene i "pohaku kaumaha". Mua, i ka hua'ōlelo hana wolframium mea pōhaku wolframite. Ma hope mai ua hele i ka'ili.

Ho'omākaukau ma ke'ano

E like me ka helu o Vinogradov, he 1.3 g / t ka helu o ka tungsten i ka lepo o ka honua. Ka awelika o nā'enekili ma nā pōhaku o ka nui o ka mauna, g / t: pōhaku pōhaku - 1.9, nā avera - 1.2, ka nui - 0.7, ultrabasic - 0.1.

'O nā lālā nui loa o kēia mela ua ho'oka'ina'ia ma Kina,'Amelika, Kanada a me Kazakhstan, a'o nā'āina e like me Bolivia, Pokukala, Uzbekistan, Rusia, a me Korea Hema, he mau'āpana li'ili'i loa i kūlike me nā'āina i'ōlelo'ia a'e nei. Ho'ohālua'ia nā 49-50,000 toneta i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a he 41 o lākou i lawe'ia e Kina,'o ka hapa o Russia e like me 3.5 mau kaona, Kazakhstan - 0.7 a me Australia - 0.5 mau.

I loko o nā'oihana, ua hā'awi'ia ka kuleana nui i ka wolframite a me nā mea hana. 'O nā'āmela o kahi wolframite e ho'omau pinepine'ia ma ka papa pōhaku, a'o ka pinepine kaulike e like me ka ho'okahi a'elua hapa. 'O ka hapanui o ka po'e kālai'āina e ho'okomo'ana i ka tungsten. . Ke kumukuai o keia mea hiki ke hooheheeia meaʻano kiʻekiʻe, a e oko i ka hao a me ke 'ano i loko i ka mea, ua kuai lilo (mai ka 2172 a hiki i 6250560 hamo i.). 'O nā mea kū'ai nui loa o ka tungsten,'o ia ho'i'o UK, Kina a me'Asuria. Ke lawe'ia mai nei i nā mea nui e United States of America, Kelemānia,'Enelani a me Iapana.

Ke'ano o ka loa'a'ana

'O ka loa'a'ana o ka tungsten he hanana kēia i loko o nā manawa i hana'ia. First kaʻawale trioxide Auwe _3, mai na mea i eliia noʻonoʻo me ka loaa kaʻina hana ma hope o ka hele ana i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka pauka me ka hydrogen ma lalo o ana o ma kahi o 700 ° C. Ma muli o ka wahi ho'oki'eki'e ki'eki'e loa,'o ke ala maika'i loa e hana ai i kēia kola he lepo palolo. I ka pae mua, ua ho'okomo'ia ke kalofesa tungsten, a laila ho'okomo'ia i loko o ke ea hauwai a ho'opau'ia i kahi o 1200-1300 ° C. 'O ka'ike hou aku i kahi elee elekani a me ka ho'onui i ka mahana wela i'ekolu mau'elike, ua hele pū kēia hana me ka ho'ololi'ana, a ua ho'ololi'ia ke kinona i monolith. Ma hope o ka ho'okomo'ia'ana o ka tungsten a me kona ho'oma'ema'e'ana mai nā mea monolithic i loa'a i hana'ia ma lalo o nā ka'ina ho'onāu'āina. Eia nō na'e,'a'ole ka'aila kongsten ka mea ho'okahi o ka loa'a'ana o kēia mea hao. Ke loa'a'o W iā pyrolysis mai nā chloride e hiki ke loa'a iā ia i loko o ke'ano metallic, ma mua o ka mea pa'i a me ka lepo.

Nā kūlana maika'i o ka maika'i

'O ka valekona o ka tungsten e loli i ke'ano, mai'elua a'eono. 'O ka puka pa'a loa i ke ono o ka'ike. 'O nā'ano'elua a me nā lō'ihi o ka pūpū he pa'akikī a'a'ohe o lākou kūlana kūikawā, ma ka'oihana'a'ole lākou e ho'ohana. He kū'oko'a kūpa'a ke kū'oko'a i ka'ino'ino o nā metala. 'O ka lumi pāmahana e'ae iā ia e mālama i kahi kūlana mau me ka ho'opau'ole'ia; hiki incandescence ka mahana hoʻomaka e oxidize, ho okumu i ka tungsten'okesaside (VI). Lawe'o ia i ka lua o kahi ma ke'ano o ke kaumaha a kū ma hope o ka hydrogen. 'O ka mea ma'amau ka mea ma'amau i loko o ka waiāulu a ho'okahe'ia ka sulfuric acid. 'O ka'eneki Nitric a me ka vodka ali'i ka mea e ho'opili'ia ai ka wai. Hiki ke ho'ololi'ia ka Dissolution i ka hydrogen peroxide.

'O ka hui'ana o ka waiūmā a me ka nitric waikawa e ho'opau i ka puna tungsten:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (kinoea evolution) + 7H ₂ O.

Ma ke alo o nā mea oxidants hiki ke hana me ka molten alkali:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3O ₂ à 2Na ₂ Auwe ₄ + 2H ₂ O.

Ke holo mālie nei nā hi'ohi'ona i hō'ike'ia ma luna nei, akā, ma hope o ka hiki'ana i kahi mahana o 400 ° C,'o ka tungsten ka ho'omehana'ana a ho'omehana'ia ka ho'opi'i ka'ina, a ho'olālā'ia ka nui o ka wela. 'O nā ho'ohālike e pili ana i ka oxygen e pono ai e hō'ea i ka 500 ° C i mea e hiki ai i ke kinikona ke ho'omaka i ka wela i luna pono'ī.

Hoike mai i loko o ka läÿau, o hydrofluoric a me ka nitric nāʻakika hiki aku ai i ke kahua geksaftorvolframovoyʻakika - H ₂ [WF _6]. O nā mea a pau i ka ike tungsten hui i manaoia loa nui anhydride tungsten trioxide a tungsten, tungstate, he peroxy hui me Me ₂ Auwe ka _X, he waiwai loko mai o S, C, a me ka halogen pae hehee wale.

Nā'ano o ke kino kino

'O ka'ōma'oma'a he māmā māmā ke'oke'o. 'O ka mahana o ka tungsten i ka manawa o ka melting a me ka paila hiki i nā ki'eki'e ki'eki'e o Celsius i ka ho'ohālikelike'ana me kekahi mau metala. Aia kekahi mana'o i ka nui o ka mahana o ka melborg a me ka'aila, akā, no ka mea he "ola"'u'uku loa ia,'a'ole hiki ke'ōlelo'ia me ka maopopo, no ka mea,'a'ole i ho'ā'o'ia kēia. Ho'opi'i ka tungsten i 3695 K, akā he mau ma'ihue, hiki i 5828 K. Ua kokoke ka W ma'ema'e i ke gula - 19.25 ka kekona kenetimita kupika. Hō'ike'ia'o ia e nā'ano pilikino. I kulike ai me ka huahelu kiko'î Brinell paakiki o 488 kg / mm o ^2. Ma ka iwakālua o ka kekelē Kelekia ma i ka resistivity o 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, akā, ma na olelo o ka mahana o ka 2700 ° C resistivity inideka maoli he mai i 904 m 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. Hō'ike'ia ke kani mai ke kukui tungsten i ka wēwae o 4290 m / s.

'O kekahi o nā metala nui loa me kahi helu kū'ali pa'akikī ki'eki'e a me kahi helu pale nui he tungsten. Nā'ona i komo i loko o ia mea, e ho'oholo i kona kūlana ma ka māhele honua a e ho'ohana i ka ho'ohana ākea. 'O ka hiki ke kū i nā mahana ki'eki'e e'ae i ka loiloi nui o ka tungsten. 'O Wire, nā pepa a me nā mea'ē a'e e'ae i ka hana'ana o nā lawelawe hana no nā makahiki he nui. Hiki ke'ano like me ka platinum. Ma kona'ano ma'ema'e, i ka wā e ho'onā'ia ai i 1600 ° C, hiki ke hana maika'i.

'O ka ho'ohana'ana i nā mea kila

'O ke kumu nui o ka ho'ohana'ana i ka tungsten,'o ia ke kumu e like me ka mea pale i loko o ka'oihana hanana.

Nā mea'enehana pale a me nā mea ho'onaninani -'o ia ka inoa kaulana no ka tungsten. 'O ke aho i hana'ia i kēia kila he mea kūpono'ole ia i nā hana i hana'ia no ka ho'omālamalama'ana. Ho'omaopopo pū'ia nā Kinescopes a me nā mea hana'ē a'e me ka moemoeka W.

'A'ole hiki ke hana i ka palekana o Argon me nā koho'ole i hana'ia me ka komo'ana o ka tungsten. Hiki ke ho'ohana'ia nā uila ho'olālā e like me ka ho'omehana ho'omehana, a me ke kinikini o kēia metala me ka rhenium e ho'ohana'ia me he thermocouple.

'O kona ki'eki'e nui e'ae ai ia e ho'ohana'ia i kumu no nā'alala kaumaha kaumaha e ho'ohana'ia he counterweight, he pū'ali koa kaua no ke kālaikahi-a me ka shell projectile shell, he po'o no nā kāpili kāpili kaua a me nā kikooho e ho'omaha ai i ka lele o ka pahi kaua ballistic.

Hiki i ka lolo'ano ke hana he hopena maika'i loa no ka pale'ana o ka'ano kekini. 'Oiai he ki'eki'e nui kona, ke'ole i ka ho'ohālikelike'ana i ka alaka'i ma'amau, ma ke kaupaona, me ke kaulike o ka palekana, nā lole a me nā mea hana me kona ho'ohana'ana e ma'alahi. 'O nā'āpana o ka palekana a me ka pa'akikī ke ho'opili i ka ka'ina hana, a no laila, i kēlā manawa i kēia manawa, ho'ohana i nā leka pepeiao o ka tungsten a me ka nickel, a me ka hao, ke keleawe a me nā mea'ē a'e.

Ma ka'oihana, ho'ohana'ia ka tungsten e hana i nā'ano huahana ikaika loa. Ka pepa, ka pulupulu tungsten, nā electrodes a me ka huli - kekahi o nā huahana like'ole o W.

Ka ho'ohana'ana i ka pū

'O ka hana ma'amau o nā'ano like'ole, a me nā mea hana i hana'ole'ia e ke kinikini engineering, ke'ano o ka ho'oulu'ana i kahi pūnāwai a me ka'oihana'oihana e ho'ohana i nā pāleka ikaika a me nā mea hana e pili ana i ka carbide tungsten, me nā konupona carbide, ka carbide a me ka tungsten carbide. Ho'omohele'ia nā māmā māmā o kēia mau mea i T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VK15, T15K4, VK2, VK6 a me VK4. Ho'ohana'ia nā mana o ka pū'ulu TT ma muli o ka hana ma'alahi i nā manawa o ka ho'onui i ka pa'akikī. Hiki i nā hi'ohi'ona ho'okani ke hana he papa hana ho'ohālike o ka ho'oulu'ana i kahi mea lō'ihi me kahi mea palekana a i'ole e hana i nā mea i ho'opoina'ia i ke kila me ke kūlana ki'eki'e o ke kūlana ki'eki'e. Ho'ohana'ia'o W i mea ho'ololi no ke kila a ma nā pāku'i e kau'ia ma ka hao. "Hua kila" me ke kaha palapala'ana e ho'omaka ana me P, i loko o 90% o nā hihia, aia kekahi mahele o ka tungsten.

I kekahi manawa, ho'ohana'ia nā pūpū o ka tungsten e like me nā mea ho'ohālike a me nā pua'a, nā lubricant-wela nui, no ka ho'ololi'ana o ka māmā o ka ikehu i ka ikehuumahu.

'O ka mo'omeheu a me ka biology

'A'ole i mana'o'ia ka hanana e like me ka mea nui ma ke'ano biology, akā'o kekahi mau huamēlū a me arhebacteria i loko o kā lākou mau enzymes aia kēia wahi i loko o kahi kikowaena. Ma kahi kokoke i nā punawai hohonu o ka'ano hydrothermal, aia nā archebacteria-hyperthermophiles, i mana'o'ia he kūpa'a ma luna o ka tungsten. 'O ke kū'ana o kēia mela ma ka'ōlelo enzymatic, ua mana'o'ia'o ia ke'ano o ka wā kahiko,'o ia ho'i, e hiki ai i kekahi ke mana'o e ola ke ola ma ka honua ma mua o ke komo'ana o W.

E like me ka mahele nui o kekahi mau metala, ka lepo o tungsten e ho'onāukiuki i ka'ōpū hanu.

Nā'ano o nā isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten maoli me Kinohi maupaʻa i ka läÿau, he elima kekahi mau ano o isotopes, oia hoi: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 me ka%.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) a me ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). 'O ke valekona o ka tungsten he mea ia a kūlike me kahi helu mai ka 2 a 6 ma kekahi puka isotope.

I ka makahiki 2016, ua'ike'ia he kanakolukumamāono mau'ano hana i hana'ia e nā kānaka i kapa'ia he'upiona o ka tungsten me nā heluna lehulehu: 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. Ua'ike'ia ka radioactivity o ka tungsten o ke'ano maoli ma ka makahiki 2003, akā he'u'uku loa kona kumukū'ai. Elua mau palaki no ka'elemu i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a'o ke'ano o kēia palaho,'o ia ka α-'oihana o ke kola.

I ka hopena

'O ka'oihana nui loa o nā metala o kēia manawa he tungsten. Nānā i loko o ia mea, hiki iā lākou ke huli i ko lākou wahi ma kahi hanana holo'oko'a o nā hana'enehana hana kanaka, e ho'omaka me ka'enehana a ho'opau me ka pale'ana mai ka'ike'ole. Ua wehe'ia ka mea hao, no ka'ōlelo,'elua manawa, me ke'ano like'ole o'elua makahiki, akā,'a'ole i kūpono i ka lawelawe'ana o Scheele a me nā kaikaina Eluard no kona'ike. He'ano loli ka valekona o ka tungsten a lawe i kekahi kumukū'ai mai'elua a'eono, akā, e like me ka'ōlelo i'ōlelo mua'ia,'o ke kikowaena pa'a loa he'eono o ka valence. Hiki ke kū'ē i ka corrosion, hiki ke hana me ka'ākena a ho'ohehe'e'ia i loko o ka hui'ana o ka waiūpona a me nā waikawa nitric.

Ua māhele'ia nā mākau māmā e like me ke'ano o ka ho'opi'i'ana, ke'ano i kahi e ho'okomo'ia ai ke kila, a me kahi o kāna noi. Nui nā'ano o kona isotope, a'o ka māhele o ke'ano, he'ano ho'olālā ho'onani i ho'onāwaliwali'ia a ho'ēmi ha'aha'a'ia. 'O ke kumu no ka nui o nā māhele a me nā'āpana ho'omehana, nā mea like'ole a me nā pono a nā kānaka i hana ai,'o ia ka tungsten. 'O ke kumukū'ai ho'okahi kilokika o ke kila he ki'eki'e loa ia, akā na'e,'a'ole ia e emi i ka koi'ana no ia mea, no ka mea, ua like kona mau'ano me ka uku i noi'ia.