Zemsky mea - i ke kikowaena kino o ka moku'āina hooponopono. Zemsky mea: hōʻikeʻano a me ka mōʻaukala

Ma hope o kekahi wā o Great distemper gradual ke ola hooponopono Vladimir a me Moscow aina. Lehulehu na kaua a me insurgencies mea o ka hala, i ke aupuni ua stabilized a loaa ikaika tsarist autocracy. E hooikaika ana i ka mana hoʻomalu Ua ukali ma ke anoe o ka hoʻomalu Aupuni, i waena o ka mea ua Zemsky mea - i ke kikowaena moku'āina hooponopono a me ka mālamaʻana kino.

Ka mua hai

Iloko o ka Time o ka pōpilikia,ʻaʻohe nui ke aupuni mana e mai nei. Ka a pau ?? eoi? O Rusia i ua shattered. Akā, he gradual mahuahua ma ka aoao o ka Moscow na'lii a alakai ai i ka anoe o ka aina e hāʻule ma lalo o ka mana o ka Moscow aliʻi, a nolaila, pono ai, a oia iho'āina'ōnaehana keʻena ma lalo nei.

E like me ke kūʻokoʻa kula Zemsky mea i mua i oleloia ma ka palapala i ka 1564, eia nae kekahi? Aaiuo ka poe i kapaia zemstvo na diakono i hana i ko lakou mau hana mai 1500. Ka muli o centralized kino o ka Papa Lūkini aina mai nei ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali maoli nō aoao o ke aliʻi a me ka boyar aristocracy, e hooikaika ana i ka kikowaena aupuni. Zemsky Sobor a kauoha i na mau lala o ka mana: kau a me ka hooko. Ke kuka mua i mālama 'ana i ke aupuni Ivana Groznogo i ka 1549, a coincides me kaʻoi aggravation o ke kaua i ka "lalo" a me ka "luna" o ka manawa, i hoike mai ai ia ia iho i loko o ke kapikala o na aina Lūkini, a ma luna o nā outskirts o na alii. Mōʻaukala mālama 'ia Zemsky Sobor i mau kenekulia. Hawaiʻi nei, o ka hookohu a me na kauoha i i hana i loko o nā keʻena elua: o ka mua e hele ana i ka courtiers, aliʻi, luna waiwai a me ka lawe kīʻaha iā Iosepa, i ka lua o ka - na boyars 'keiki, i nā kia'āina, a me nā aliʻi aliʻi.

Ka 'ole o ka moku'āina Papa

Ke bulk o na luna o ka Land o ka mea i hoopuni i ke poo, i'ōleloʻia ai, mai ka kūloko hanohano. Ka mea, alakai alanui kiai, pana pua a me gunners. Ka mea, ua i malama i ka puka olu oia i clerks, ka mea uumi puka baffle alanui o ka wa kahiko Moscow, yarygi - kuleana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe? Uoeai a me ka likeʻole townspeople, ae hana i kekahiʻano o ka hana.

Kuleana o ka moku'āina Papa

Zemsky mea e hana i kona mau hana ma luna o ke kumu o na olelo lehulehu a me na kauoha o na Aupuni. ua pahu kona poʻe kauwā na kulanakauhale clerks a me tretnikov - proteges boyars a me nā aliʻi. Mawaena o ka papa kuhikuhi hana o na luna o ka oihana, he:

• landscaping ?? eoi? ma lalo o ka malu o lākou, hoʻokiwikā'ōnaehana;
• auhau haul;
• litigation a litigation me ka haahaa papa o ka heluna kanaka;
• kānāwai mākaʻi, ke ahi kaua;
• kaua kormchestvom, brothels a me nā polokalamu.

Ka pono nui o ka? Acaeoey o Moscow ua he typical medieval kūlanakauhale: ololi alanui, puka liiiU wao, puʻu o manure ma na alanui, a me ka hohono mea unbearable. No ka Kanalua a me icai hoao mai ana e lawe mai i mea i na alanui o Moscow, i ka noho ana o ke alahaka a me St. Rotehama Butcher Street, a pinepine hooauhee aku la i ke alii, kākoʻo ma ka aneane maikaʻi loa. Hope, i kaʻino hana a pau i waihoia mai ai i na kanaka o ka haahaa - yaryzhnyh. Ka mea, i kekahi kauoha, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā alanui, wehe impurities, e lawelawe i loko o ka eii? Oi? O maikai ke kula.

Moscow makai hana

Zemsky mea e uku ai no ka hana o ka Moscow makai, i mea kuleana no ke kaʻina hana a me kaʻole nīnūnē hewa. Management o ke kookoo ua ole loa. Ua koho hoopuni i ke poo, i mea i ka oihana Head o ka makai 'Oihana a me ka meaʻuʻuku oihana i anao? aou. E kōkua pana pua ku poo a me ka puka olu oia i clerks. Ka waiwai i kā lākou mau kahua a me ka maluhia hana hoʻokolokolo 'ana a me kaʻaneʻane i hui' ana me ka mākaʻi.

Development Zemsky'ōnaehana

I ke kakahiaka nui 17th kenekulia Zemsky mea i maheleia i mau kalana 'aha hoʻokolokolo, a alii iho la oia i loko o nā wahi likeʻole o Moscow. I ka helu o ka ilamuku, ka poe i malama ia i loko o nā kauoha, hoʻonuiʻia aku i hana '. A pau i ka paperwork i ua māheleʻia i loko o "moku" a me "ke kālā" papa. I mau buke i komo hoopii, hula a aponoia ma hope o noonoo ana o ka olelo hooholo.

Ma hope iho o ka HOU o Peter I, ma muli ia o ka Europa ala o ke ola, ka mea i hoopau ia, a me ka Zemsky Sobor. Ke Kuhina, a me ka Papa i hana ma ka palena Europa, ana hoʻohālike. I ka mea, ua waihoia mai ai me ke kuleana, e hookauwa aku na kahiko aupuni.

hou Zemstva

Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia, i ka emi ana o ka? Ueony nenoaiu o puʻe wale akula kēlā Tsar Alexander II nā mea hoʻololi no hoʻokele ka kūkuluʻana. Kekahi o ka mea mua i hele ai i ka mihi o kūloko ka hoʻoponopono-ke aupuni, ma ka a i nā luna i haawi hou mana, a he hiki ke e kuokoa hoʻoholo.

I keia manawa, e hoala i ke kahe ana o ka lapaau ana o na mau kama'āina, a hoʻomaka i ka polokalamu "Zemsky kauka". Papa Hanohano o ka hoʻolako 'ia o ke ola malama i alakai ai i ka remotest kihi o ka aina i ka kauka a me paramedics, ka poe i kuleana no ka pilikia mālama'.

hoʻonaʻauao papahana haawiia na kūlana pono e aʻo i ka heluhelu, a kākau i nā pūʻulu oi aku ka nui o ka heluna kanaka - na kauwa. District ahaolelo iho i lawe i ka hoʻoholo 'ana ma luna o ke kūkulu o aeaciui ai a me ke kukulu ana o ka nui hanalima hana. Ua uku ia i ka nohona kuʻuna o ke kauhale a me ka rejuvenate nui noonoo: hamama hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, na wahine o ka papa, nā hale waihona puke a me nā Hawaiʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao hui. Eia naʻe, ke kipi a me ke kaua luku a pau i ka Loaʻaʻia i laweʻia mai ai i ke ola o ka moku'āina nā mea hoʻololi o ka 19th kenekulia.

I ka keia manawa ma ka mōʻaukala haʻawina a me nā Competition hoolilo i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka hala ana o kona'āina hānau, he mau hana:? "" Papa "," Zemsky Sobor "," Kuhina "," kulanui "- e nui loa aku ia" Ka pololei pane makemake e "Zemsky Sobor", e like me ka mea i ka ahaolelo, a pau nā papa inoa lehulehu hooponopono kulanui - i ka hooko.