Biopolymers - Ua ... Plant polymers

A nuiʻano o kekahi Nine Inch 'ano o ka hui ua hiki ke synthesize ke kanaka i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Eia naʻe, no ka mea nui a me kaʻiʻo i ke ola o nā mea a pau nenoai e ola ana i noho ai, a e noho pono maoli, kūlohelohe waiwai. Ia mea, nā lātoma i ka pae'āina ma na tausani o ka biochemical reactions i loko o ke kino, a ua kuleana no lākou maʻamau functioning.

Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ia e pili ana i ka pūʻulu i loaʻa ai ka inoa "liluwelo polymers."

Ke mau manaʻo o biopolymers

Ka mua ka mea e olelo aku i ka mea a pau kēia mau wahi i pili - High, ai nuipa a, hiki i ka miliona o Daltons. Mau waiwai - holoholona, a me kaʻai polymers, a hoʻohālike me he kuleana kūlana ma ke kukulu ana i keena a me ko lakou mau hale, ka hoʻolako 'pūnao, kāʻamaʻai, ka hanu, ka ai, a pau nā pōʻino oihana o kekahi meaola ola.

Overestimate i ka manaʻo nui o ia mau hui pilikia. Biopolymers - e maoli waiwai o maoli ka molekumu o, a i hanaʻia i ka noho meaola, aʻo ke kumu o nā mea a pau ke ola ma luna o mākou Honua. He aha kēia nui o ka pilina ka mea, loaʻa?

aeea biopolymers

A hailona no ia. Penei, o ka nui biopolymers i na kēia:

• nā polokina;
• polysaccharides;
• nukelea nāʻakika (DNA a me ka RNA).

Ma waho mau mea, eia ka mea i hiki ke komo i loko o na mea he nui i hui polymers mea i hanaʻia mai ka hui pu ana mai o ua helu 'ia ma. No ka laʻana, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, glycoproteins a me na mea e ae.

Common waiwai

Aia i kekahi mau hiʻona i meaʻole i nā mea a pau i nā nā lātoma ma ka nīnau. No ka laʻana, ka mea i kēia mau waiwai o biopolymers:

• nui hakakino kaumaha no a hiki i ke kahua o ke alahula mau macrochains me ramifications ma ka Nine Inch 'ole;
• 'ano o nā linkages ma macromolecules (hydrogen, ionic hana kūleʻa, electrostatic attraction, disulfide linkages,ʻakika'amino mea paa, etc.);
• ka mall pa alima o kela a me keia huakai kaapuni a - monomeric pa alima;
• stereoregularity ai kona wa e kaawale aku i loko o ka 'ole o ke kaula.

Akā, me ka mau, mea no a pau o biopolymers oi oko ao i loko o ka 'ole a me ka mana, aole i ka mea like.

nā polokina

O ka nui i loko o ke olaʻana o nā mea ola i kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma. Oia biopolymers - o ke kumu o ka biomass. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, a hiki i ka kumumanaʻo o Oparin-Haldane ka ola ma ka Honua originated mai ka coacervate droplets, i mea ka kumuʻiʻo.

Ka 'ole o kēia mau waiwai malalo iho i ka ikaika regularity i loko o ka' ole. Ke kumu o kēlā me kēia kumuʻiʻo hoʻohui pū'aminoʻakika residues i ka mea hiki ke ai pili aku me kekahi i kekahi i loko o ka mana loa kaula lōʻihi. Keia ua hana ia e ho okumu i kekahi kūikawā pilina -ʻakika'amino. Oia ka hoopaa ua hanaʻia ma waena o ka eha hehee wale: kalapona, oxygen, naikokene a me ka hydrogen.

Ka 'ole o ka kumuʻiʻo lātoma ke komo i loko o ka hailonaʻana no'aminoʻakika residues like me ka ia a me kekahi mau (he mau na umi o na tausani a oi). All 'ia i loko o ka haku mele' ana o kēia mau'aminoʻakika? Ueony o i huiʻia, ma laila nō 20. naʻe, kā lākou likeʻole ana e leie aku ka kumuʻiʻo eʻike i ka nui a me ka? Ueo haku mele 'ana.

nā polokina, biopolymers i okoa māhele conformation. No ka laʻana, he 'elele e nei i loko o ka palapala o ka iniiaiie, kiʻekiʻe, tertiary a quaternary' ole.

I ka loa a me ka poe noonoo ole laina hoʻokahi - iniiaiie. He wale i ka helu o ka'aminoʻakika kaʻina hui pu.

Secondary conformation i ka oi luna '' ole, mai ka huina o kumuʻiʻo macrochains ka helical Ka hoʻomaka 'ana, ho okumu i coils. Mau ke aupuni 'kokoke macrostructures i paa e hiki mai ana i kēlā me kēia' ē aʻe ma muli o i ka hydrogen a me ka covalent hana kūleʻa ma waena o nā pūʻulu o nā'ātoma. Hoomaopopo Alpha a me ka Hoʻokolohua helix haumāna 'ole o nā polokina.

Tertiary 'ole o ka wili'ōwili hao i loko o ka macromolecule (polypeptide kaula) kumuʻiʻo. Loa eiiieaena pukapuka o hana kūleʻa i loko o ka globule keia e leie aku ia ia auanei ko lakou ku paa auanei, a malama hoi i ka mea i loaa ia palapala.

Quaternary conformation - Ua oi polypeptide kaulahao a me ka wili spirally swirled'ōwili hao a pela no hoi ua pu kuahene mau loulou o acee? Iuo oeiia. Ka loa eiiieaena globular 'ole.

Na mana o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma

1. Ka halihali. Ua ua lawe mai i kekahi hapa o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi nā polokina keena. Ka mea, hana ion auwai a, a e hiki ke hele i kekahi mau nā lātoma. Nō hoʻi, he nui nā polokina i kekahi hapa o ka neʻeʻana o nā organelles o protozoa a me koʻohune, nolaila, i pili 'ole i loko o kā lākou mau ana.
2. Ka ikehu hana ua hooko aku la i ka ikepili ka loa kaila nā lātoma. Kekahi gram o ke kumuʻiʻo ma pūnao kūpono ai 17,6 kJ. No laila, i ka hokii o ka mea kanu a me ka holoholona i loaʻa nā huahana mau hui, ia mea e pōʻino ke ola meaola.
3. ? Ieoaeunoai hiʻona o ke komo ana o kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma i loko o ka hana ana o ka hapanui o ka ke kelepona hele nā hale o na keena lakou iho, nā'aʻaʻa, nā loko, a no laila, ma luna o. ʻaneʻane kekahi aeea ua holo nōhie kūkulu mai kēia nā lātoma (cytoplasm cytoskeleton, wai kokoʻili lahilahi, ribosome, mitochondria a me nā hale i komo i loko o ke kahua o ke kumuʻiʻo i huiʻia).
4. Ke catalytic kuleana pili i ua lawe mai ma nā'ūhū, a, ma kā lākou mau Nine Inch ke ano maoli, i mea e like nā polokina. Me nā'ūhū makemake e hiki ole loa o ka biochemical reactions i loko o ke kino, no ka mea, he - liluwelo catalysts i ola nenoai.
5. Mea loaʻa (i peʻahi), i ka papa e kokua na keena e ka hoʻokele, a pane i kekahi loli ma ke kaiapuni, nā me mechanical a me ka Nine Inch.

Inā ke kumuʻiʻo ma ka ninau ana nui hohonu, e mea hiki ke kālā līkaia no kekahi hou kiʻekiʻe i hana '. Eia naʻe, i kāheaʻia e walaʻauʻana.

nukelea nāʻakika

Oia biopolymers - mea nui he hapa o na halepaahao, ina prokaryotic paha eukaryotic ia. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, nukelea nāʻakika nā DNA (deoxyribonucleicʻakika) a me RNA (ribonucleicʻakika), kela mea keia mea o ka i mea he mea nui hehee ai no ola mea.

Ma kā lākou mau Nine Inch ano o ka DNA a me ka RNA kaʻina mea nucleotides ua hoʻopili ma ka hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa a me ka posapahate na alahaka. I ka haku mele 'ana oia o ka DNA nucleotides e like me:

• adenine;
• thymine;
• guanine;
• cytosine;
• pyatiuglerodisty kōpaʻa deoxyribose.

RNA ua wehewehe aku i loko o ia thymine ua auou caiaiai ia uracil, a me ke kō - ribose.

Aie i ka mea kūikawā mall hoʻolālā o ka DNA lātoma hiki ke hana i ka helu o vitally nui i hana '. RNA Radio i nui ka kūlana i loko o ka halepaahao.

I hana 'ia nāʻakika

Nukelea nāʻakika - biopolymers i nā kuleana no ka mea kēia i hana ':

1. DNA o ka malama a me ka lēkio leo o aaiaoe 'ike i loko o na keena o ko ola meaola. Ma prokaryotes, ka lātoma ua māhele aku i loko o ka cytoplasm. Ke eukaryotic aeea mea i loko o ka Kernel kaawale karyotheca.
2. Menina-ili DNA lātoma ua maheleia i na pauku - na nā'ōewe mea e mai i ka 'ole o ka chromosome. Nā'ōewe o kela a me keia i kekahi kūikawā ano he aaiaoe kivila ma i na hoailona a pau hoʻopā'āluaʻia meaola.
3. RNA mea o ka ekolu ano - mua, ribosomal a me ka amo. Ribosomal komo i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala a me kaʻaha kanaka o ke kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma ma o ka lakou mau hale. Mua a me ka hoolilo ike heluhelu mai o ka DNA, a decipher kona liluwelo manaʻo.

polysaccharides

Mau hui - o ka hapanui nō polymers,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka mea, ua loaʻa i loko o na keena o flora. He oi loa waiwai i loko o polysaccharides o ka halepaahao pa, i maupaʻa kelulose.

Ma kā lākou mau Nine Inch ano, polysaccharides - he macromolecule luna '' ole o carbohydrates. Hiki e laina, pona crosslinked conformations. Monomers i ka elima poe noonoo ole, pinepine eono-kalapona kōpaʻa - ribose, monakō koko, fructose. He mea nui no ka ola kanaka, no ka hapa o na keena i kanu nutrient hookoe e hoopili lakou i ka hookuu nui dala o ka ikehu.

Manaʻo nui o kekahi mau 'elele

Loa nui liluwelo polymers e like me pia, kelulose, inulin, glycogen, chitin a me na mea e ae. I ka mea, e nui kumu o ka ikehu i ka noho ana meaola.

Penei, kelulose - he OAXA ke keʻena o ka mea kanu aeea pā o kekahi mau koʻohune. Ua hāʻawi mai ikaika, he kekahi shape. I ka hana, he kanaka hoʻohana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka pepa, no'ākeka olona.

Pia - hookoe nutrient mea kanu, i mea hoi i waiwai ai huahana no kānaka a me nā holoholona.

Glycogen, a holoholona momona, - hookoe māhuaola i ka holoholona a me nā kānaka. Ua hanaʻia ka hana o thermal'īpale, ka ikehu kumu, me mechanical hoomalu.

Hui biopolymers i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka poʻe e ola ana mea

Ma waho aʻeo ka poʻe mākou i i manaoia, he mea likeʻole me ka hui pu ana o kiʻekiʻe-hakakino i huiʻia. Oia biopolymers - he poʻe'ē he luna '' ole o nā polokina, a lipids (lipoprotein) ole o polysaccharides a me nā polokina (glycoproteins). he huihui 'ana o lipids a me polysaccharides (lipopolysaccharides) e no hoi e hiki.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau biopolymers he nui konaʻano likeʻole e hana i ka mea i ola, mea i ka helu o ka nui oihana: amo, ka hōʻikeʻana, mea loaʻa, hoʻokonukonu, enzymatic, kūkuluʻia a me na mea e ae. Lākou 'ole ka chemically loa eiiieaena a me ka ole a pau lunamakaainana decrypted, no laila, i ke kuleana pili i ka i maopopo i ho'ākāka'. Ma keia, ka mea, ua ike wale i ka loa, he pono ole, akā, he nui no ka i koe mai o nā palena o ke kanakaʻike.