Hoʻomohala a me ka 'ole o ka gametes

Ka 'ole o ke kane, wahine gametesʻo hoʻokō i kā lākou mau mea nui wale kuleana pili i - hoʻokō generative nā'ōlelo. He nona i ka 'elele o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Mall hiʻona o ka germ aeee e e kūkākūkā i loko o kā mākou 'atikala.

Gametes: i ka pilina o ka 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Hana kūikawā keena undergoing i ke kaʻina hana o ka generative nā'ōlelo i kapaia gametes. Male a me ka wahine ke keka keena - sperm a me ka hua - i haploid, oa hookahi kau o chromosomes ... Oia ka 'ole hoʻolako gametes genotype o ka meaola, a ua hanaʻia ma kā lākou hoʻokuʻi pū. He He He diploid, a papalua. Penei, ka hapalua o ka aaiaoe 'ike o ka meaola loaa ana mai o kona makuwahine, a me ka kekahi hapa - mai o kona makua kāne.

I loko nō o ka mea like, me ka 'ole o ka wahine keena o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona ma na mea he nui Oko mai kekahi i kekahi. Ua pili pakahi aku la ia i kekahi mau wahi o ko lākou mau ho okumu. No laila, i loko o angiosperms sperm aia i loko o ka anthers o stamens, oiai hua - i loko o ka ovary o ka pistil. Multicellular holoholona i kūikawā kino - ka prostate, i mea ke kahua o gametes: pio - ma ka ovaries a me ka sperm keena - i loko o ka testes.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu i gametes

'Ole a me ka hooulu ana o ka germ keena me ka nānā' ana i ka papa o ka gametogenesis - ke kaʻina hana o ko lākou mau kahua, a lawe wahi i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Iloko o ke? Aneii pae o ka iniiaiie gametes i puunaueia kekahi mau manawa ma mitosis. Oiai ka malama ana i ka papalua kau o chromosomes. I kanaka o okoa sexes, keia kahua i kona oko. Pela, i kane mammals, oia hoʻomaka me ka hoouka kaua o ka puberty a mau a hiki i wa elemakule. Ma ka wahine mahele o ka primordial germ aeee ia lŘlŘ wale i ka fetal kūpono 'ana o ke fetus. A puberty, e noho moe ko.

Ke ulu pae o ka eia. Ma keia manawa i ka iniiaiie gametes ulu ma ka nui, replication ia lŘlŘ (a pāpālua hoʻi) DNA. An nui kaʻina mea i ka papaa o ka māhuaola, no ka mea, ka mea e pono ai e no mahope mau papa.

Ka hope kahua o ka gametogenesis ua kapaia ka ulu pae. I kona ihu i ka iniiaiie ke keka keena puunaue ma meiosis - meiotic. Kona hopena mea eha haploid keena loko mai iniiaiie diploid.

spermatogenesis

E like me ka hopena, i ke kahua o ke kane gametes, 'ole. E. Spermatogenesis hana eha'ālike a me ka piha' ole. Ka mea, i ka hiki e fertilize. Ka 'ole o ke kane reproductive keena, nui kaʻoi loa, kona hiʻona o ke ano o ka hana i ho'ākāka' adaptations. Ma 'ana, ka flagellum, i ka pāʻana i ka neʻeʻana o ke kāne gametes. Kēia kaʻina hana i wahi ma ka hope pae o ka hou ho okumu, i mea ano wale no ke kaʻina hana o ka spermatogenesis.

ovogenesis

'Ole wahine germ keena, e like me ka pono me kaʻina o ko lākou ho okumu (oogenesis) i ka helu o ke ano hiʻona. Me ka maturation o oocytes i ka meiotic cytoplasm wā e hiki mai unevenly māhele ma waena o na keena. Wale kekahi o lakou, i ka hopena o ka noho ia i hua manu hiki o ka hāʻawi ala a hiki i ka wā e hiki mai ke ola. ʻO nā ekolu e huli ai i ka bipi kāne o ka alakai, a ua lukuʻia i ka hopena. Ke liluweloʻano o kēia kaʻina mea e emi i ka helu o ka oo, hiki ke fertilize wahine gametes. Wale nō ma lalo o keia kulana, wale i ka hua manu ke kiʻi i nā koi 'ia ka nui o ka mahuaola mea nui no ka wā e hiki mai kūpono' ana o ka meaola. E like me ka hopena, iloko o ka manawa ia i ka wahine i hiki ke loaa na keiki, ke hiki i ka lilo i ka huina o ma kahi o 400 ke keka keena. Oiai i loko o nā kānaka o ka huahelu mea mau haneri miliona.

Ka 'ole o ke kane germ keena

Sperm keena, ua uuku loa keena. Lākou nui mea māhunehune he mau micrometers. Ke ano o ia Ana, o ka papa, compensated ma ko lakou helu. Ka 'ole o ke kane ke keka keena o ke kino i kona mau ano.

Spermatozoon ninoieo o ke poo, a me ka'ā'ī huelo. Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau māhele hanaʻia kekahi hana. Ke poo i ka mālama 'ke kelepona hele organelle o eukaryotes - ka Kernel. He ka lawe ana o aaiaoe ike na ma ka DNA nā lātoma. Ua hoʻolako ka 'ōlelo o ka EYI a me ka waiho waho pūnaewele o hereditary mea. Ka lua o ke keʻena o ka sperm poʻo o ka acrosome. Kēia 'ole ua Hoʻololi' Golgi eiiieaena, a allocates ho'ākāka nā'ūhū hiki o mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia i ka iwi o ka hua. Ole ia, i ke kaʻina hana o ka fertilization mea hiki ole. Ka'ā'ī organelles i mitochondria, a i holo o ka huelo. Ma keia hapa o ka sperm a me nā centrioles. Mau organelles hula he nui kūlana kālī ho okumu i cleavage o ka fertilized Kepakailiula. Ka huelo o ka sperm ua hana microtubules i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ikehu mitochondria i holo o ke kane gametes.

Ka 'ole o ka hua manu

Female germ keenaʻoi aʻe ka nui ma mua o sperm. Lākou anawaena ma mammals mea mai ka 0.2 mm o. Akā,ʻo ia huahelu ma Crossopterygii He 10 knm, oiai ka porbeagle -. To 23 knm i Akä naÿe i ke kane ke keka hua keena i paa. Ka mea, i ka poepoe shape. Ma ka cytoplasm o kēia mau keena loaʻa he nui nui o ka waiho waho me ke koe o nā māhuaola i loko o ka palapala o ka hua yolk. Ma waho aʻeo no ka kāna mau 'ōlelo DNA lawe ana i ka aaiaoe ike, he mea kekahi nukeleaʻakika - RNA. Ua kekahi mau 'ike e pili ana i ka' ole o ka nui nā polokina o ka wā e hiki mai meaola. Ke yolk o ka hua manu i e waiho ma ka haoʻa. No ka laʻana, ka mea Amphioxus ia mea i loko o ka-oaio? A, a me ka ia lawe i kokoke i kaʻili a pau, e hookuke ka nucleus, a me ka cytoplasm hiki i kekahi o nāʻauamo o ka halepaahao. Mawaho o ka hua leho ua hoomaluia: yolk, a me ka mea owaho no ka aniani moakaka. I ka mea, i e hoike mai i ka acrosome o ka sperm poʻo, e lawe mai i ke kaʻina hana o ka fertilization.

fertilizationʻAno

'Ole a me ka hana o ka germ aeee i kuleana no ka hoʻokō' ana o ke kaʻina hana fertilization - ka hoʻokuʻi pū o gametes. Ma kēia kaʻina hana, ka aaiaoe nā o gametes hui a hiki i ka hookahi kāna mau 'ōlelo, a ua hana zygote. Ua o ka mua aeea o ka hou meaola.

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka wahi o ka hooholo ana o ke kaʻina hana e hanohano mawaho (mawaho) a me na fertilization. Keʻano mua ua lawe mai o ke kino i loko o wahineʻiole. He ana ka hana i loko o ka wai kaiapuni. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka meaola no i ka mea, mawaho fertilization, nā lālā o ka papa o ka iʻa. Lākou mau wahine i ko lakou mau hua i loko o ka wai ma kona kane, a hooinu aku la i seminal loli. Ka helu o nā hua o ia mau holoholona i ai i kekahi mau tausani, a i ola mai a ulu ole ka nui o kanaka. Ka hapa nui o ia iʻai ma ka wai holoholona. Akā, no ka mea a pau mammals ua wehewehe aku ma na fertilization, a ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka wahine kino me ke kōkua o ka hana kūikawā kane copulative nā loko. Ka helu o nā hua makaukau no ka fertilization, mea uuku.

Ka 'ole o ka kane a me ka wahine reproductive keena o ka reproductive nenoaiu o ka mea kanu mea me ka nui loa okoa mai ia o ka holoholona. No ia mea, gametes merge kaʻina mea okoa. Male anal keena o ka mea kanu e ole i ka huelo a me ka mea i hiki ke neʻe. Nolaila, fertilization ma mua o pollination. Kēia kaʻina hana no laila 'o ia pollen mai anther i stigma stamens. Ua Ua hana ka makani, nā mea kolo a me kānaka. Paʻa ihola iā ia i loko o ia ke ala ma ka stigma, i kuʻu iho sperm germ şarkı i loko o kona hoopomaikai io haʻahaʻa - ovary. Aia o ka hua. At confluence gametes i hana hua embryo.

I ka manaʻo o ka parthenogenesis

Ka 'ole o ka germ keena, ma ka nui o na wahine, i hiki i kekahi o ka loa hana ano o generative nā'ōlelo. Ua kapa parthenogenesis. Kona liluwelo o Mānoa, ke moe i loko o ka makua ulu o ka unfertilized Kepakailiula. Kēia kaʻina ua ike ia ma ka ola kalapona o crustaceans Daphnia ma i 'ē aʻe moe a me ka parthenogenetic hanauna. Female reproductive aeea he lawa ka mahuaola, e haawi ala i ka hou ke ola o ka. Naʻe, ka wāʻaʻole hoʻi he parthenogenesis o ka hou ana o ka aaiaoe 'ike, a no laila, i keʻano o ka hou huapalapala i hiki. Eia naʻe parthenogenesis mea o liluwelo manaʻo nui, no ka mea,ʻo ia ke kaʻina hana o ka 'īnea i nā'ōlelo hiki a hiki ole i ke alo o na kanaka o ke ku pono ke keka.

Pae o ka menstrual pōʻaiapuni

Ma ka wahine germ aeee i ole mau mākaukau no ka fertilization, akā, wale ma kekahi kūlana o ka menstrual pōʻaiapuni. I loko o keia physiological kaʻina hana i loko o ke kino i hoʻomaka ai cyclically maʻamau loli i loko o ka mana o ka reproductive nenoaiu. Kēia kaʻina Ua hooponopono e humoral kahua. Ka lōʻihi like 'ole o kēia pōʻaiapuni mea 21-36 lā me ka awelika o ka 28. ka wā hiki ke maheleia i ekolu kūlana. Ma ka mua (menstrual) i kŰlń ao ka hola o ka mua 5 lā, ua haʻalele mai ke endometrium. Kēia Ua ukali ma rupture o ka liilii, na moku koko. 6-14 lā ma lalo o ka aoao o ka pituitary follicle ku nei ma ka hua oʻoʻana. Naʻau o ka uterus iloko oia kau hoʻomaka e ola. 'O kēia ka o Mānoa, poslemenstrualnoy pae. Mai 15 la a hiki i 28 la lā o ke kahua o ka momoma connective'aʻaʻa - ke kino luteum. Ua lawelawe 'ana me ka? Aiaiiuie endocrine gland e malū hormones i inhibit ka maturation o follicles. I ka wā mai 17 la a hiki i 21 la lā o ka likelihood o fertilization o ka lani kiekie loa. Inā keia 'ole e hana, ke keka aeea ua luku, a ua ihi ka mucousʻili lahilahi hoʻi.

He aha ka ovulation

Ma ka 14th lā o ka menstrual kalapona ka 'ole o ka wahine reproductive keena hoʻololi iki. Ka hua manu iwi, mai hemo mai follicular, a hookuu mai ka ovary a hiki i ka fallopian Tube. Ma laila i loaʻa i ke hoʻoholo 'ia kona maturation. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia ovulation. Kēia mea he mea nui i hala, i ka wā a ka uterus loaʻa iā ia kekahi o ka hiki, eʻae i kekahi fertilized Kepakailiula.

Chromosome 'ia paha o nā gametes

Hua a me ka sperm i hookahi kau o aaiaoe 'ike. No ka laʻana, kanaka keka keena pihaʻi me 23 chromosomes, a me ka zygote - 46. I ka confluence o gametes hapalua na nā'ōewe o ka meaola loaa ana mai o kona makuwahine, a me ka lua o ka hapa - mai o kona makua kāne. Ua pili kekahi i ka papahele. Mawaena o ka hanohano chromosomes autosomes a me kekahi paʻa o ke keka. Ka mea i hoʻohikiʻia ma ko Roma palapala. Ma kānaka, wahine keena ke komo nā'ālike ke keka chromosomes, oiai na kanaka -ʻokoʻa. Germ keena ke komo i kekahi o ia mau mea. Pela, ke keka o ke keiki o ihola ia e kaukaʻi ma ka kāne kino a me ke 'ano o ka chromosomes i hāpai sperm.

Hana o ka germ keena

Ka 'ole o ka wahine reproductive keena, e like me ka pono i na kanaka, ua interconnected a me ka mana e hana. E like me kekahi hapa o ka reproductive'ōnaehana, ka mea hana generative nā'ōlelo kuleana pili i. Haʻalele asexual, a e mālama ana i ka pono o ka aaiaoe 'ike o ka meaola, moe nā'ōlelo e leie aku i ka mea i hanaia o ka hou hiʻona. He He pono ana no ka hanana o ka hoʻololiʻana, a no ia mea, i ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ola meaola.