Ka mua hanana o Soviet mana i loko o ke kula o ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai: mōʻaukala, hōʻikeʻano a me ka' ole

Lōʻihi ma mua, ka wā o nā kora mua o Soviet mana i lawe mai i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai, konaʻimi naʻauao kālai'āina polokalamu ua hele ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o? Acaeoey. Na Bolsheviks poe ma ka lokomaikai o ka loa hema-eheu manao, a me kā lākou mau manaʻo i ole i ua hoʻokō ma kekahi aupuni i loko o ke ao nei. No laila, kā lākou mau hana a pau i loko o ke 'ano o ka hoʻokolohua.

Ideology kū'ē i ka hoʻokele waiwai kahiko

Na Bolsheviks poe ma ka helm o ka moku'āina ma hope o ke kipi i loko o Petrograd. I ka hopu ana o ka Winter Palace, a me ka holoʻokoʻa Lūkini kapikala i ukali pūʻia repression e kū'ē i nā kākoʻo o ka repubalika. A hiki i ka pau ana o ke Kanawai War, ka ki hoʻoholo ia ma ka aoao, Vladimir Lenin a Leon Trotsky. Ka mea, ua i ia lākou ke keʻena luna Smolny, kahi, a i kahi kūlike o kā lākou mau hana.

Ka mua hanana o ka Soviet mana i alakaʻi i ka ia la ae, ma hope o ka coup. E like me ka hou 'alemanaka, a i hoʻolauna i kekahi mau mahina ma hope, ma ke alanui ku November 7, 1917, ka wā e i kūkala e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka o ka nationalization o hana, a me ka aina o kumu waiwai.

E like me ka Leninist a me Marxist ideology, i ka waiwai a pau, pela i hala i loko o ka lima o na kanaka (a, e, i ka proletariat). I mea, ia mea, o ka papa, ua i ka hihia. Ka waiwai lilo lehulehu. Ka mua hanana o ka Soviet aupuni i ua hoʻomōhala ma ka pono, e mobilize i na waiwai o Petrograd, a kekahi lāʻau 'panalāʻau e hōʻoia i ka lanakila o ka Bolsheviks ma ka paio ku e pili mau hoa paio lākou.

Repressive a me ka confiscatory hana ia i wahi i ka Kanawai War, i kapaia "kaua communism." Ka mea, uaʻAʻole wale i nā kānāwai pili i ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā, i kanawai, manao no ka poe kaua, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Nationalization o na kapa

Ka luahi mua a hai mai nationalization kila la e hiki ai. Party ua mea nui e kiʻi like ka nui o ke kālā i hiki, i hiki laila, e hoolilo ia ma ke kaua. State Bank ua ke aupuni 'o St. Petersburg, i pio i ka po mua o ke kipi, ka wā o ka poe koa, a me nā luina wawahi i loko o ka hale o ka hui, a confiscated a pau ke kālā. Ka mahina mua o kaʻinoʻino kiʻi hiki ke ike ia ma nā wahi o ke kulanakauhale alii.

Na Bolsheviks hoomaikai aku la lakou i ko lakou mau hana ma kānāwai hookama retroactively. Wale ma December, ua he manao paa o ka 'Aha o People ka Commissars, e like me ka i kauoha aku hoopau ia i ka nui loa kapa - lakou ano hanohano Land a me kua'āina Land. Ka mea, o ka hoonohoia'na o ka manawa o ka noho alii ana o Alexander III, a haawi aku la loan i landowners a me nā kama'āina. Me kēia mau loan, ua hiki ke hana mai kūikawā i kou mau aina nuiʻauhau a me ka neʻe i Siberia no ka Stolypin polokalamu. 'Lii puʻu e kū pono ke ola hou no ka poe noonoo ole kumu i ka hanohano me ka nohona maʻamau i hoopau ia e kekahi manao paa o ka SNK. Loan no ka mahiʻai i lilo lākou pilina i loko o ke kaua.

dala withdrawal

Loa koke, ua oki na kapa e ia i kahi o nā dala no ka 'aoʻao. Nolaila, o ka mua hanana o ka Soviet? Eia ma hope o kona hoʻomaopopo i ka waiwai pilikia waiho i loko nui ka haoʻana o ka dala, mai ka mau heluna. Mai ka buke o nā kanaka i hele ai nui kupono, e like me confiscated mea maikai i eliiaʻi - ke gula a me ke kala. State Bank haawiia'ku mai i ka huina i oi aku 500 rubles.

Naʻe, i keia "ʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai" me ka heluna huli mai e e meaningless. No ka mea, o ka First World Kaua a me ke Kanawai hookuku kaua ana ma Rusia, hoomaka ae la hyperinflation. Ruble devalued i loko o ka maka, no laila,ʻaʻohe hoʻohana ana i na dala mai ka heluna kanaka i koe ua ole hou.

hana hoʻopio aku i

Kekahi mea nui kumuhana i ka nationalization o ka aina i ka hana. Eia, i ke kahua ua hiki hou huikau. Ka pilikia ua ia i ka Tsarist Lūkini hana i loko o ke aupuni mō'ī hana a hoʻomohala i ka lilo o na kulanakauhale alii. Ua ua he maʻamau kŰia pili i ka hoʻohui 'ia o ka hoʻokele waiwai wahi lulu ma ka global kuai. No ka laʻana, ua ua hoʻopuka kālāʻelemakule na nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā Pelekāne i loko o ka ulu ana o ka Donetsk lanahu kīʻaha, ma kahi he mau kēia mea kanu me ka helu nui o ka hana.

Ka First World War hiki ole Alert i ka Manufacturers haole, akā, ka mea, ua he mau kŰia. FebruaryʻOiʻenehana hope ke olonā wāwae hilinai i loko o ke kumupaʻa o ka moku'āina nona. Ua hoomaka ae la i ka mahuka ana o kumukuai, i hiki ole i pau i ka lucrative hiʻona o ka Lūkini kuai (no ka laʻana, nike hana).

o kekahi poʻo puupuu

I ka malama ekolu o kona noho alii ana mua, ka Communists nationalized aneane he tausani hana. He nui no ia i makua, a haalele. I ka hopena o kēlā me kēia poepoe o? Iecaianoaaiiuo i ua kūkākūkāʻia kaawale ma ke kauoha. Ma May hele mai na olelo kupaa ma ka nationalization o ke kō hana, a ma June, i lawe i ka like hoʻoholo ma luna o ka aila poʻe. Ma o ka haule ana o ka helu o nā hale hana a me nā mea kanu, loaa ma Soviet mana, ka mea, kokoke i ka hoailona he umi tausani.

Ka mea mua a pilikino nona i i loaa i kekahi uku ma hope o ka haoʻana o kona waiwai. Keia ua paipaiʻia na nā mea hoʻopukapuka kālā i aole i hiki mai maka no he maka me ka hoʻokumu 'Aha Economic Council, wale e holo i pakele ai i ka aina. Kēia capitalist panic alakaʻi i ke ana mua o Soviet mana. I ka moolelo o ka waiwai pāʻoihana ma Rusia mea ma luna, e ka manawa e rigidly centralized hoʻokele waiwai.

Food allotment

Ka First World War Hoʻokē akula ka tsarist ke aupuni e akoakoa ai i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o ka mōhaiʻai monopoly a me ka loaʻa pākeu. Ka mua hanana o ka Soviet mana i loko o kēia wahi ua ulu keia kulekele, e lawe mai ana i ka aina i ka pololi. Food allotment kauwa nae, e haawi aku i ka hapa moku'āina o ko lakou ohi ana. Mea hōʻemi o ke kahua ma ka alo, a me ka outbreak o kivila kaua hoemiia na rations koe mau kama'āina. Na kanaka o na wahi, kahi kauaʻulaʻula me keʻokeʻo, ua ae aku e aku. Aia he mau manawa ka wā hoʻokahi hoʻokele waiwai kekahi mau manawa lawe pio ia e kekahi mau aoao a hiki i ke kaua.

Ua hiki anei i ka toughest puke maʻamau, no ka issuance o ka berena a me ka mānoanoa. Ka mua ana o ka Soviet ke aupuni i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai i alakai ai i ka mea i na kauwa koe wale no ka lilo o ke ola. Vintage 1919, waiho wale aku, a hiki aku i ka wa confiscated uala. Eia hou, i aku la i ke kauwa i kaʻiʻo, a me ka pepehi holoholona. I ka 1920, i hooneleia i nā kama'āina o aneane pau meakanu. Ka hapa nui o ka confiscated huahana ua i loko o ka poʻe kaua, i ka wā o ka 'ē aʻe ua hoʻolilo, a loaa mai ia ia i ka pomaikai hou lilo i koa pono.

I ka hewa ma ka mahiai

Me kela a me keia wa e ohi ai kauwa ke kāʻana ikaika. Eha ma ka naau poipu ana i loko o ke kipi, a i brutally uhi pūʻia ka Red Army. Instigators a i komo ana o ka palapala i pana like me ka ee-revolutionaries. Ka loa mea kua'āina ke kipi i ke Kanawai Kaua a me War Communism ua Tambov, a Antonovskoe uprising (no laila, i kapaʻia ma ka inoa o kekahi o na luna o ka neʻeʻana). I nā kama'āina hui i ka Red Army mahuka, a demobilized koa. Ma ka suppression o ke kipi i loko o 1920-1921 GG. Ua kiola nui koa koa, alakaʻi Mikhail Tukhachevsky. I Tambov ka mea i hoʻohana muaʻia e nā wahi lulu Nine Inch mea kaua. Pepehi oi ma mua o 10 tausani mahiʻai.

Ka mua aneiai ana o Soviet mana i loko o ke kula o ka mahiai alakaʻi i ke ao pololi ma ka aina. Ke catastrophe loa weliweli, ma ka Volga'āina, ma loko o 1921-1922. starved 40 miliona kanaka, ua make no 5 miliona.

Ka mua aneiai ana o ka Soviet aupuni i loaa mai i ke ano o ka aina malihiniʻana. Ua hiki no ka mea, o ka Bolsheviks i oi aku'ano'ē nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ke Kanawai War. Repartition o ka mahiai, i ka nationalization o mau kapa a pau a me nā hana a pau ma lalo o ke kanana 'ideological slogans. i No sane kū'ē i kēia papa i loko o ke aupuni, a ua hōʻaʻa eha ma ka naau heluna kanaka ma ka repression. Kekahi Komisina i loaa ae i ka e pana aku la ia me ka hookolokoloia no ka hewa ana i hoopiia mai o "loan".

Ka haoʻana o ka waiwai o ka ekalesia

'ōpā pū i ka waiwai o ke aupuni, me ka Bolsheviks akoakoaia no ka haoʻana o ka mea a pau e hiki ke kūʻai. No ka mea, o ka kaua kipi pololi, hoomaka ae la ke kai eʻe, e hopu ekalesia waiwai. Ma keia kahua i na kora mua o Soviet mana mea ole wale laha looting, akā, i ka maoli ka make ana o ka maha. Aneiai ana i pu ma ka propaganda, a ideological kaua ku e "kahuna."

ua Confiscated waiwai, e hele i ke kōkua o starving kanaka o ka Volga māhele 'āina, eia nae ka mea, ua i mau pela. ua Mass make ana o ke kua'āina heluna mai ka pololi i ka culmination o oicyenoaaiiie kulekele, ka mua loa o ka communism kaua.

NEP

Disastrous kahua o ke aupuni ma hope o ke Kanawai War alakai i Lenin ma ideologicalʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai. He ua ka initiator o ka hou oicyenoaaiiie kulekele, ʻikeʻia me ka New Economic Policy. Ka papa i kauoha aku aponoia ma ka aoao ma ka X Ahaolelo Lahui i ka 1921.

Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, i ka manaʻo o "na ana mua o Soviet mana" pili koi pohō a mihi. Mahalo i kona hou ruble lilo convertible kālā. No hoi requisitioning Ua hōʻoki aku - ka mea i UAIAaIN ma ka auhau ana ma keia ano. He Ua kapa hoʻohanohanoʻia ma ka mea i kēia manawa,ʻaʻole hopuia ua 70% o ka hua liilii, a me ka 30%. Mau ana kōkua e stabilize i ka nalu p kulana ma ka mahiai.

He aha e noho ana i ka mea mua ana o Soviet mana laila? Na poʻo Ua o Laielohelohe, e like me ka manawa ae kekahi market aneiai mea hana (likeʻole ano o ka poe liilii, pāʻoihana). NEP i lawe mai ka aina mai o ka hoʻoponopono ulia. I ka makahiki 1924, Lenin make, a me ka Hekikai o ka "hou papa" o ka mana o Stalin i hōʻoki aku. Aia i kekahi ? Oaony hoʻokele waiwai , a me ka elima-makahiki manao, a lilo i ka kumu o ka Soviet nenoaiu.