Ke anatomical 'ole o ka hakuʻala, a me ka nephron

Urinary kanaka i nā excretion o nitrogenous wahi neoneo ua loaʻa i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka pūnao, a me ka loli, regulates ke koko, o ke koko ka leo,ʻakika-kumu kaulike a me ka electrolyte koena. Central nā loko o ka urinary'ōnaehana i nā puʻupaʻa.

E noonoo i ka 'ole o ka hakuʻala. Puʻupaʻa i ke aupuni 'symmetrically ma na aoao a elua o ka spine i ka pae ana o ka umauma i XII I-II o ka lumbar vertebra, retroperitoneal, hoopuniia e ka mānoanoa ahu iho la ka momona'aʻaʻa. Kēlā me kēia hakuʻala hoomaopopo i ka mua a me ka hope surfaces, ka luna, a malalo auamo, a me ka kīloi paʻewa medialʻaoʻao. Ma ka puka i loko o ka hakuʻala ia komo, a koe ka neurovascular laulau. Ke hakuʻala'ākau ua aia iki ma lalo o ka hema, a ua pili i ke akepaʻa ke aupuni 'ma luna. Hakuʻala 'ole apono' ia i kaupalena 'ia ana i loko o ka vertical kūlana. Ke kulana o ka puʻupaʻa hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ke kanaka Kumukanawai (hypersthenic, asthenic ole normosthenic). Hakuʻala puka o pele i loko o ka ʻaʻa puʻuwai pelvis, nui a me ka uuku ipu, kahi o ka piko o kaʻaʻa puʻuwai pyramids i loko o ka palapala o ka papillae. Ma ka ili o ka papilla mai he uuku puka ma i mimi ua hookuu.

Kūloko hakuʻala kanu'ōiwi nā meaʻano huikau. Nephron - walaʻauʻana mall pa alima o ka hakuʻala, ina kā lākou hana. Ka helu o nā nephrons i loko o nā puʻupaʻa mea 3-4 miliona. Ke nephron Ua haku o vascular glomeruli,ʻaʻa puʻuwai tubules a me capsules.

Ka 'ole o ka hakuʻala, a me ka nephron

Aia he mau ke ano o ka nephrons - superficial paha cortical a me ka hohonu a me juxtaglomerular. Ke juxtaglomerular glomeruli mea he loop lōʻihi o Henle, i na welau o kaʻaʻa puʻuwai papilla. Glomerular capillary endothelium uhiia me ka ili ma i ka ultrafiltration mimi. Capillaries i glomeruli hale ilaloʻili lahilahi. Epithelial aeee e hoohalike ai nā pale poʻohiwi me ka spike in e uhi i ka waho o ka capillary. Keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana i ka hale ilaloʻili lahilahi, ka mea, i ka pilikia kūlana i loko o nā kānana mimi a me nā konāhua hana.

Vascularʻaʻa puʻuwai glomerulus hana capillaries, a i hookaawale ia e ana i ka moku mākeke capillary arterioles a me nā haumāna maka aha lako tubule. Ke juxtaglomerular i hoʻomākaukauʻiaʻeleu kūikawā aeee i paka renin. Kēia waiwai i ua 'Imi' ole ma o ka mālama 'ana i ke koko, pae. Hapanui tubule ua aia i loko o ka medulla o ka hakuʻala. No ka mea, o ka hookuuia moku ka nuiʻololī i hiki aku ai, i loko o ka glomeruli, he kŘpa a kiʻekiʻe puʻe (ma kahi o 60 mm o Hg) a me ka kānana ia lŘlŘ ma ka waikahe e koko. I ka loiloi mua loa o ka tubule glomerular mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku ano puni Shymlanskaya-Bowman. A poepoe me ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kapaiaʻaʻa puʻuwai a Malpighian corpuscle.

Urinary tubule i ka luna '' ole. Hike pauku tubules, loop o Henle, a sbornve urinary Tube aia i loko o ka medulla, a o Kahualoa Kokohi omo pauku aia kokoke i ka glomeruli a me ke ano me ia hakuʻala cortex.

Hakuʻala 'ole e hōʻoiaʻiʻo kona kākoʻo mau hana. Ma keia hapa o ka glomerular hana, a me ka mea 'ē aʻe - ia mea ma ka maha. A pau i ke koko i mea i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, kahe ana ma nā puʻupaʻa i loko o hoʻokahi hola. No ka Sutoki hele ma nā puʻupaʻa 1500-2000 nā lika o ke koko. Ahupapa hehee wale mimiʻano nui hāʻule i loko oʻaʻa puʻuwai koko, akā, kekahi mau hana 'ana i loko o ka hakuʻala, e laʻa me, ammonia a me ka gipurovayaʻakika.

Ua nānā 'mākou i ka' ole o nā puʻupaʻa - i ka papa kuhikuhiE hui, o ka urinary'ōnaehana, hoʻolako excretion o metabolic huahana a me ka liki ole loli, e like me hooponopono ana i na kipi homeostasis o ke kanaka kino.