Ke nānā nei'o Yeasts i nā ha'ina o ka 'Oihana o ka aha? 'Alepona: ka hale, nā'ano

'O ka nui o ka weuweu he mea nui ka'ike. A pehea e pili ana i ka ho'onui hou'ana o nā'elele o ke aupuni? Ua'ike'ia'o ka lewē nā mea no nā mele o Ascomycetes a me Basidiomycetes. He aha ke'ano o kēia? E ho'ā'o e ho'ohui pū.

Wehe - nā halaha

A'o nā ha'alulu he mea nui'ole. Ua lilo aku lākou i ka mycelium ma muli o ka ho'omohala'ana o ka ho'olālā, e like me kā lākou e hilina'i nei, e pili ana i ka ho'ololi'ana i ka noho'ana i loko o nā waipi'o wai e waiwai ai i nā mea ola a maika'i loa no ka hana ola o kēia mau meaola. 'O ka nui o ka leka i kahi o 1,500 mau'ano. 'O nā'aha'aina a pau nā pū'upu'u'ole.

Nā Palena

'O nā pūnaewele like'ole o kēia mau ha'iki e pi'i i ka 7 μm ke anawaena, akā pi'i kekahi i 40 μm. Naʻe, kekahi hū nō kuahene ma luna o ke kuʻina o ke ola kalapona o ka mycelium, a ma kekahi mau hihia - a me ka fruiting kino. I kēia wā,'o ka la'a, ka palaoa a ka mea kahu'ai ke'ekoripo mua loa i'ike'ia ai kona kino a ho'opau'ia.

He hapa o ka mo'aukala

'O nā mea he welo, he mau kalo, "hā'awi'ia" e ke kanaka, a ma mua. Ua lō'ihi lākou i ho'ohana'ia no nā makahiki he nui no nā kumu kīhāpai: ka kuke, ka hana'ana i nā'ano no ka ho'opunipuni'ana. I ka wā kahiko ma'Aigupita, aia he mau mea'ai mea'ai, a'o ka ho'oma'ema'e maoli nō i ka ho'ohana'ana i ka hū. A ma kekahi mau'āina i ka wā kahiko loa, me ka kuke'ana i ka'aila (e like me ka la'ana, ka pala, a me ka waiho),'o ka lawe'ana i ka mea hū he mea i kaulana. Mahalo i ka hū ua ike i ka Aigupita oi aku mamua o eono tausani makahiki aku nei, ua, a me ke kōkua o kēia mau meaola, moʻa kanaka keia foamy inu.

'O ka mea e mahalo ai, no ka mea hū hou i loko o nā'āina he nui mai ka wā kahiko mai, ua ho'ohana'ia ke koena o ka mea kahiko. No laila, e like me ka po'e'epekema, ua koho'ia ka hū, he'ano'ano'ano'ole ka mea e ulu'ole ana i loko o ka nāhelehele. He nui nā manaʻo kekahi mauʻano o ka hū huahana wale nō kanaka hana (e like,ʻano likeʻole o ka mahi kiliala: palaoa, ka rai, a 'ē aʻe).

Kaupapa Zymology

'O ia ka inoa o ka'epekema e ho'ākāka nei a nānā i ke ola a me ka hana o kēia mau meaola. Ke nānā nei'o Yeasts i nā mele, ua ho'oka'awale'ia ko lākou'ano mo'omeheu ma 1881 ma Denmark, a ma ka makahiki 1883 ua ho'ohana mua'ia no ka hana o ka beer. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, ua ho'okumu'ia ka papa le'a, a'o ka hō'ili'ili'ana i nā mea i'ike'ia ma ka 20th century a me nā ho'oholo'ana o ka mo'omeheu. 'O ka mea'alo i pili i nā hakina o ka'oihana Ascomycete a hiki i ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia. ʻepekema mālama lākou reproductive kalapona, generalizing me he taxonomic pūʻulu (Fish marsupials). Akā, ma Iapana, ua ho'okumu'ia kekahi o nā kānaka'epekema i ka hana hou a me nā lelo-basidiomycetes. No laila, ua ho'oholo ka po'e akamai i ka mea ho'onani i ka mea'ala (photo ma lalo) i ho'okumu'ia i ka wā o ka ho'olālā'ana o kēia mau māhele'elua o ke aupuni (ascomycetes a basidiomycetes). Ua ho'opa'a pū'ia ka'ikepili e ka'ōnaehana ho'ohālikelike kino honua no nā meaola. 'A'ole lākou he taxon, akā, he mea nui, he'ano ola kūikawā.

Ascomycetes a me Basidiomycetes

No laila,'o ka mea hū he pili i nā hakina o ka Ascomycete a me Basidiomycetes ('oi aku i nā ke'ena'ē a'e'elua). 'O lākou a pau he sub-aupuni o nā hauhi ki'eki'e. Hiki iā'oe ke ho'omaopopo iā lākou e pili ana i nā'ano o ke ola a me kekahi mau hō'ailona'ē a'e: nā pālua i loko o ka DNA, ke kū'ana o ka urease. A me nā mākena, nā māka'ika'i - kahi'oihana nui loa,'o ia ho'i he kanakolu kaukani mau momo (ma ke ala,'o nā loiloi kaulana a pau e pili ana i kēia'oihana, a me nā pi'i a me nā ku'iku'i). Ma waena o nā mea a pau - a me ka palaoa hūna, i mana'o'ia he po'e'epekema ma ka manawa'elua ma o nā mea ulu ho'okahi.

Habitat

'O ka mea ma'amau, ola kēia mau mea i nā wahi waiwai nui i nā suga - nā kumu ma luna o ka hua o nā hua a me nā hua. Hiki iā lākou ke'ai i nā huahana o ke ola mea kanu: nāu, huna, nā wai'eha. Mai hō'ino i ka phytomass a make. Hiki iā lākou ke noho i loko o ka lepo lepo mai nā mea ulu, a ma nā wai wai maoli. Aia kekahi mau leu i loko o ka'ōpū o nā mea'ele'a e hānai ana i ka lā'au. 'O ka nui o ka mea hū a ma nā lau e pili ana i nā aphids.

Ka ho'ohana

'O kekahi'ano o nā'ano mea kanu kalo ua lō'ihi ka makemake i ka kuke'ana, ka hana'ana i ka mea'ai a me ka ho'oikaika'ana i ka wai'ona. Kvass, berena, pia,'a'ole hiki i ka waina ke hana me ka'ole o kēia mau kōkua kōkua. 'O kēia mau hū malo'o a pau, i'ike'ia e nā keiki a ka manawa lō'ihi, no nā hakina o ka'oihana Ascomycete. No ka hana'ana i ka wai'ona ikaika e komo ana lākou i ka ho'opunipuni'ana ma ka papa hana. I kēia mau lā, ho'ohana'ia nā'ano kalo i ka nui o nā kumuhana biotechnoho: ka hana'ana i ka mea'ai a me nā mea'ai a me nā enzymes. A ma nā'ike'epekema i ho'ohana'ia e like me nā ho'okolohua ho'okolohua no ka noi'i'ana i nā mo'o'ōlelo.

'O nā hua'ōlelo'o Saccharomyces

• Māhana'ia ka lawai'a i ka mo'omeheu o Saccharomyces cerevisiae, i kapa'ia ka hūna baker. Ka mea, ai kaʻawaʻawaʻana kanakaʻona mau ano, hoʻokāʻoi aʻe ana i kaʻono a me aroma o ka berena huahana (ka waiʻona, ma hope, ma ke kāluaʻia kaʻina evaporates). Eia kekahi,'o carbon dioxide, ka mea i loko o ka pāpili, e ho'oulu i ka palapalapala, e hā'awi i ka porosity test and softness.
• Ma ke'ano, e ulu maoli nā lāhui kalo i ke'ano o nā hua waina, e hiki ke'ike'ia e like me ke ki'i ke'oke'o. Akā,'o ka waina kaina waina i kapa'ia'o ia'o Saccharomyces cerendiae, he mau lālā'ole ia i nā hu'i. 'O kēia ke'ano e ho'ohana'ia no ka hapa nui o ka hana waina. No ka hopena o nā mea'ai kalo i loko o ka wai'ona, ho'opuka'ia ka ethanol, a me ka hūna me ka degenerate'oi a'e. A no ka ho'oulu'ana i ka pāmera, ua ho'omo'a pinepine'ia ka waina'ona i ka waina, me ka ho'okomo'ana i kahi mo'omeheu.
• Ma ke ano ka hoʻohana germinated mānoanoa ko o ka bale (malt), a me ka hū a kaʻawaʻawaʻana lalo. Ho'opili'ia'o Malt, kāpaila'ia, i hui pū'ia me ka wai a me ka mīpī, e ho'ohana ana i ka Saccharomyces cerevisiae ai'ole kekahi mea le'a'ē a'e. Ua hana'ia'o Kvass ma ka like'ana o ka'ao'ao like, akā, me ka ho'ohui i ka mea hū, ho'ohana'ia ka lactobacilli.
• 'O nā lepe i'ōlelo'ia ma mua, ho'ohana nui'ia i ka ho'okele waiwai o ka'āina, aia i ka'āpana o nā hala'i Ascomycete. A kaulana ka mea inu 'ē aʻe o ka hū, a koʻohune, no kekahi laʻana, kombucha a Kipeka Fish. He mau waiwai maika'i no lākou no ke kino o ke kanaka, a'o ka ho'ohana mau'ana i kēia mau mea inu e pale aku i nā ma'i a pau o ka'ōpū o ka ma'i o ka lolo a me nā mea i loko.