Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o ka wai a me nāʻakika

Ke kumu o ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka hapanui oihana mua o kā lākou hana, e hoike mai i loko o ka koʻana koko meakino a me nāʻakika. Study o nā 'ano pili me ka haʻahaʻaʻeleu keleawe kanawai ma lalo o maʻamau ana. A hiʻona o kona Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke kahua o ka i huiʻia me ka ammonia, o Hereme, nitric a me sulfuric nāʻakika. Low keleawe solubility i loko o ka wai ka mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke i ka popopo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. S hoʻomaopop 'ana i kekahi Nine Inch ka waiwai, i hiki ke hoʻohana i ka hui i loko o nā hana.

Description hehee ai

Ke keleawe ua manaoia ka mea kahiko o na mea hiki ke hooheheeia, aʻo a pehea e e kanaka nui BC. Keia mea ua hoomakaukauia mai maoli kumu i loko o ka palapala o ka mea e hoohehee ai. Keleawe-kapaia Nine Inch hehee ai papaʻaina, a me ka Roma inoa cuprum, nona ka kaʻina helu mea like me 29. I ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika'ōnaehana, ka mea, ua aia i loko o ka ha o ka manawa a me ka pili ana i ka pae mua.

Natural waiwai o kekahi a pink-ulaula kaumaha metala me ka pahee a me ka malleable 'ole. I ka wela o kona baila aʻela i a me ka mahele heheʻe i ka kumu i - 1000 ° C. He He alakaʻi mele maikai.

Ke Nine Inch 'ole a me ka waiwai

Inā e nānā i ka lolouila haʻilula o ke keleawe'Ātoma, he mea hiki, e huai ae i ka mea i 4 pae. Ma ka valence 4s-orbital mea wale kekahi huina'ine. Ma Nine Inch reactions i e pipili mai ka'Ātoma o 1 i 3 negatively hoopiiia (particles), a laila, i ka loaa keleawe i huiʻia ma ka'okesaside moku'āina +3, +2, +1. Ua i kona nui kumupaʻa divalent nā mea loaʻa.

Ma Nine Inch reactions, ka mea hana me ka haʻahaʻa-ha awina mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Ma lalo ano o na kumu o ke keleawe solubility i loko o ka wai ua nalowale. I ka maloo ea ka popopo ua i malamaia, akā, ma ka paio hahana maoli nō ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia 'ilikai kapa komo iā ia me ka eleele tinge o ferrous'okesaside. Nine ia'ku o ke keleawe ua hoikeia mai ma ka hana o anhydrous kinoea kalapona helu o ke aloha i huiʻia, phenol kēpau, a me ka waiʻona mai ke kino. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka naoh o complexation me ke kala o nā pōpō i huiʻia. Keleawe ka mea, he haʻahaʻaʻo Solomona me ka mekala 'åkilikai metala pae nakinaki aku la ia e lilo i ka helu o nā mea loaʻa o ka monovalent.

He aha ka solubility?

Kēia kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o ka homogeneous nenoai i loko o ka palapala o nā pāʻoihana ma ka reacting kekahi hui me nā waiwai. Lākou mau eiiiiiaiou i kanaka nā lātoma, nā'ātoma, Ion a me nā (particles). Ke degere o ka solubility ua nānā 'ia e ka lehulehu o ka waiwai, a i mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka makaukau ana o ka paʻa kūhohonu loa pāʻoihana.

Ke pa alima o ka mahele loa pinepine pakeneka, ka leo a me ke kaumaha hapa. Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o ka wai, nā hui e like paa palapala, malalo wale i ka loli ma ka ana wela ana. Kēia pilina ua hoikeia ma na curves. Inā ka huahelu mea uuku loa, i ka waiwai ua manaoia e e insoluble.

Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o ka koʻana koko meakino

Metal hōʻike nō ka popopo ia'ku ma lalo o ka hana o ke kai. Kēia proves kona inertness ma maʻamau ana. Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o ka wai (hawaiian) ua kokoke i ka malamaia. Akā, i loko o ka pulu 'ia, a ma lalo o ka hopena o ke kalapona'okikene lua ma luna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ili honua e hana uliuli leki i mea he kumu o kalepona:

Cu + cu + O ₂ + H ₂ O + CO ₂ → cu (OH) ₂ · CuCO _2.

Inā kona monovalent hui mākou noonoo like me ka paakai, ka mea, ua mālama lākou hōʻemi iki noho male 'ana. Oia mea e malalo iho i kokololio'okesaside. I ka hopena o ka divalent keleawe hui. Mau paʻakai i maikai solubility i loko o koʻana koko Media. Ua lākou piha dissociation i Ion.

ʻakika solubility

ʻike mau naoh kumu percolation keleawe me ka nawaliwali a nāu kekahi nāʻakika e ole he hoʻonui i kā lākou mau hana kūleʻa. Aia i Ua i Nine Inch kaʻina metala me alkalis. Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o nāʻakika hiki, ina ka mea, e ikaika oxidizing konohiki. Wale i keia hihia, ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i wahi.

Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o nitricʻakika

Kēia naoh He hiki no i ka mea i loaʻa mea he ikaika metala'okesaside mea kemikala. Nitricʻakika nāu kekahi i kiaʻana i kāna palapala, a hōʻike mai ka waiwai a me oxidative noho male 'ana o ke keleawe.

Ma keʻano mua ua loaa i ka naoh o ke keleawe a me ka nitrate bivalent naikokene'okesaside i loko o ka lākiō o ka 75% e 25%. Kaʻina me ka dilute nitricʻakika hiki ke ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka helu kaulike kēia:

8HNO ₃ + 3Cu → 3Cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO + NO + 4H ₂ O.

I ka lua o ka hihia, he keleawe nitrate a me ka naikokene oxides divalent a me ka tetravalent nona ka lākiō o ka 1 a hiki i 1. kēia kaʻina komo ai 1 kameleona o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, a 3 iole o kia nitricʻakika. Ma ka noho male 'ana o ke keleawe o ka ikaika hahana maoli nō kēia o ka pāʻoihana, kūpono ma thermal decomposition o oxidant ia lŘlŘ a hou hou ka leo o ka naikokene oxides:

4HNO ₃ + cu → cu (NO _{3) 2} + NO ₂ + NO ₂ + 2H ₂ O.

Ke naoh hoʻohana i ka poe liilii,-unahiʻole, i? Iecaianoaaiiie, pili me ka aaioee o ka hamoʻia a wehe ka penaʻana neoneo. Eia naʻe, e like me ka ano o ka mea hoʻoheheʻeʻia ke keleawe mai i ka helu o ke keakea pili me ke kala o ka nui dala o ka naikokene oxides. I paʻa 'ole neutralize ia pono kūikawā lako a pan. Mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loa pipiʻi.

Keleawe noho male 'ana ua kuhi piha ka wā malaila mea he piha cessation o? Iecaianoaaiiuo o yiaeaiiacaaeneiie naikokene oxides. Ke naoh ka mahana papa koa mai ka 60 a hiki i 70 ° C. I kekahiʻanuʻu o ka hookuu ana o ka pāʻoihana o ke Nine Inch mīkini'ātoma. Ma ka lalo he mau'āpana liʻiliʻi o ka metala i i ole reacted. I ka mea kūpono wai i hoʻohuiʻia ka wai, a ua lawe mai kānana.

Solubility ma sulfuricʻakika

Maʻamau keia naoh 'aʻole i kānāwai. Determinant keleawe noho male 'ana i loko o sulfuricʻakika, ia mea he ikaika lehulehu. Nāu kekahi meakino hiki ole oxidize mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Noho male 'ana o ke keleawe i loko o kia sulfuricʻakika puka me ke kala o ka sulphate.

Ke kaʻina hana i hoike ia e ka mea kēia helu kaulike.

Cu + H ₂ ¶ ₄ + H ₂ ¶ ₄ → CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + ¶ I _2.

Nā waiwai o ke keleawe sulufahate

i kapaʻia Salt dibasic sulufahate, i hoʻokohu 'ia ia e like me: CuSO _4. He He waiwai ole kekahi ano ala, hoike ole volatility. Ke anhydrous ano o ka paakaiʻaʻohe kala like 'ole, ia mea opaque, ua kiʻekiʻe hygroscopicity. I keleawe (sulufahate) maikai solubility. Wai nā lātoma, e pili ana i paʻakai i hana mea pōaka hydrate hui. Lakou i mea hoike o ka sulufahate o ke keleawe, i mea topotecan uliuli. Kona haʻilula: CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O.

Mea pōaka hydrate hoʻomaopop 'ana i bluish tint aniani moakaka' ole, ka mea, ho'āʻo i kaʻawaʻawa, mea haoʻaiʻana. Nā lātoma ke lilo aku i ko lakou hui ka wai ma luna manawa. Ma ke ano maoli, i loaʻa i loko o ka palapala o nā minelala hao, i nā chalcanthite a me ka butit.

I hooleiiaʻi mawaho keleawe sulufahate. Solubility mea he exothermic NaI. he nui nui o ka wela ua ua loaʻa i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka hydration paʻakai.

Ke solubility o ke keleawe i ka hao

E like me ka hopena o kēia kaʻina pseudoalloys hana o Fe, a cu. I ka mea hao hao a me ke keleawe hiki ke kaupalena 'ae solubility. I kā mākou ana o kona waiwai i malama i loko o ke ana wela anakahi 1099,85 ° C. Ke degere o ka keleawe solubility i loko o ka paa palapala Ua like ia 8.5% hao. Mau mea uuku nā hoailona. Noho male 'ana o nā mea hao hao i loko o ka paa ano o ke keleawe mea ma kahi o ka 4.2%.

mea e hōʻemi iki ae keʻano o ka hanaʻana ua hakumakuma i ka mahana i ka lumi loina. I ka maule iho la metala keleawe, ia mea hiki ke pono hoopuluia i ka hao ma ka paa palapala. I ka makaukau ana o Fe, a cu pseudoalloys hoʻohana kūikawā preform. Ua hanaia lakou ma ka ua e a kālua hao pauka makana i loko o ke gula a me ka oka a palapala. Oia preform ua impregnated me ka wai a keleawe, ho okumu i pseudoalloys.

Noho male 'ana ma ka ammonia

Ke kaʻina hana pinepine puka ma ka hele i ka NH ₃ i loko o ka gaseous ano ma ula-wela metala. Ka hopena o ka noho male 'ana o ke keleawe i loko o ammonia, hoʻokaʻawale cu ₃ N. kēia hui Ua haawiia i like monovalent nitride.

Paʻakai o kona hooleiiaʻi mawaho ammonia pāʻoihana. Ka hou ana o ka mea kemikala a hiki i ke keleawe koloriside hele aku ai i ke kimu ole i loko o ka palapala o ka hydroxide:

CuCl ₂ + NH ₃ + NH ₃ + 2H ₂ O → 2NH ₄ Cl + cu (OH) ₂ ↓.

Oi ammonia ka paipai 'ana i ke kahua o ka luna'ʻano hui me ka pouli-uliuli coloration:

Cu (OH) ₂ ↓ + 4NH ₃ → [cu (NH _{3) 4]} (OH) _2.

Kēia kaʻina ua hoʻohana 'ia ka hoʻoholo' ana i ka cupric Ion.

Ke solubility o ka hao

Ma pearlitic malleable hoolei hao 'ole he okoa ka walaʻauʻana eiiiiiaiou o ka hou hehee ai ka makana i loko o ka palapala o kaʻike mau keleawe. O ka mea maoli he graphitization o kalapona nā'ātoma maoli ka fluidity, ikaika a me ka paakiki o na oka a pau. Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia i ka maikaʻi ia ma luna o ka iliwai o perlite i loko o ka huahana hope loa. Ke solubility o ke keleawe i ka hao ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka doping o ka loiloi mua haku mele' ana. O ka papa kuhikuhi hana o keia kaʻina mea i loaa i ka malleable oka a pau. He E i hou me mechanical a me ka popopo ka waiwai, akā, hoemiia embrittlement.

Inā ka ke keleawe maʻiʻo o ka hao mea e pili ana 1%, ka uku o ka ikaika i hohola mea like i 40%, a me ka haawi aku, piʻi pū i 50%. Kēia me ka nui loa EUIAaIN na ano o ka oka a pau. Mahuahua i ka nui o ka metala dopant ia 2%, e hiki aku ai i ka loli ma ka ikaika i ka waiwai 65% a me ka kahe ana, i like i ka 70%. Ma Contents kiekie o ke keleawe i loko o ka hao haku mele 'ana o ka spheroidal graphite hana paʻakikī. Introduction i ka 'ole o ka alloying hehee ai' aʻole e hoʻololi i ka 'ike loea hou a ho okumu i ka h ÷ a me ka pahee oka a pau. Ka manawa i loaʻa no ka annealing e coincide me ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ka naoh ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka hao me impurities ke keleawe. Ua mea e pili ana i 10 hola.

E ho ohana i ke keleawe no na hana o ka nou ana la o ka hao a me ka lehulehu kiʻekiʻe o ka silikone mea,ʻaʻole hiki ke loa hoʻopau i ka ai-kapaia ferrugination ukuhiia i annealing. E like me ka hopena, he huahana ka haʻahaʻa resilience.

Solubility i loko o Hereme

I ka wa i hui pūʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia Hereme'ē aʻe hehee wale loaa amalgam. Kēia kaʻina hana e lawe wahi i mehana ea, no ka mea, ma lalo o na rula o ke kinowai PB. Ke solubility o ke keleawe i loko o ka Mercury i wahi wale nō i paio hahana maoli nō. Metal pono mua kua. Ma ka wetting wai Hereme paa ke keleawe o ka ae anal o kekahi waiwai i loko o kekahi kaʻina a maholahune. Ke kumukuai o ka solubility ua olelo like me ka pakeneka, a he 7.4 * 10 ^-3. Iloko o ka naoh paa ua loaa i ka mea amalgam i like i ka lepo pipili no hoi. Inā ia mea he wahi wela, e hoopalupalu mai la i. E like me ka hopena, e like me ka läÿau, ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka hoʻoponopono' ana i porcelain. Aia Ua hoi he luna 'amalgam me ka e pono ai ka maʻiʻo o ka metala i loko o laila. No ka laʻana, i loko o ke kahua niho oka a pau i na kumu mua kala, ke tina, ke keleawe a me ka kiniki. Lākou ka nui ma ka pakeneka pili i nā 65: 27: 6: 2. Amalgams me ia i ka haku mele 'ana i kapaʻia i ke kālā. Kēlā me kēia oka a ke keʻena hanaʻia i kekahi papa, a e leie aku e loaa kbps sila.

Kekahi laʻana o ka amalgam oka a pau i loko o a he mea he kiʻekiʻe keleawe maʻiʻo. Ua ua i kapaʻia ke keleawe oka a pau. I ka haku mele 'ana o ka amalgam Ua makana mai ka 10 a hiki i 30% cu. High nā hoʻohui like o keleawe ua ālai 'ka piuta reacted me Hereme, a' aʻole e hana i loa nawaliwali a me ka corrosive oka a pae. A, hoemi i ka nui o ke kālā i loko o ka wepa i nā hualoaʻa ma ka ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o kumukuai. E hoomakaukau ai i ka amalgam mea pono e hoʻohana i inert lewa paha he aiiay wai a 'ano apau loa i ka manaʻoe kūkulu. Mea hiki ke hooheheeia e e i ka oka a hiki o ka hoʻomaka koke oxidized ma ka lewa. Ka hahana maoli nō kēia kaʻina Cuprum amalgam ma ke alo o ka hydrogen hiki aku ai i kekahi o Hereme distillation e hoʻokaʻawale i ka elemental keleawe. E like me 'oe ke ike, i kēia pukana mea puni hoʻi e aʻo. Ano, e ike i ke keleawe hana ole wale me ka wai, akā, pū me nāʻakika a me nā kumu mua.