Mikhail Speransky: Kawaihae o kona ola, hana, kiʻi

A maikaʻi-ike luna a me ka reformer Mikhail Speransky (makahiki o ke ola: 1772-1839) ua ike i ka mea kākau o kekahi mau papahana ma luna o hoʻololi Lūkini kanawai i ka hoʻomaka o ka XIX kenekulia. He ola i ka piko a me ka emi ana o kona 'oihana,ʻaʻole i hoʻokō a pau o kona mau manaʻo, akā, ka mea, o kona inoa i mea synonymous me ka lokomaikai hoi o ka olelo, a hiki hoʻomōhala mākou moku'āina ma lalo o Alexander I a me Rotehama I.

kamaliʻi

I ka wā e hiki mai statesman Mikhail Speransky i hanau January 1, 1772 ma Vladimir mokuna. He ua ka haahaa kêia kanaka - kona makua kāne hana i loko o ka ekalesia, a me kona makuwahine i ke kaikamahine o ka E. He nā mākua loa i alakaʻi ai i ke ano a me ka pono o ke keiki. He koke aʻo i ka heluhelu a me ka heluhelu i ka hailona. Great keiki ma luna o ka Misha i ke kupuna kāne i na mea he nui e hele i ka ekalesia, a hoʻolauna kona moopuna me ka nui nā puke me "Book o Hours" a me "ka lunaolelo."

Oia hoi, ma hope o kona elevation Mikhail Speransky i ole hoopoina e pili ana i kā lākou mau kêia kanaka. Me Kakauolelo o State, oia ua holoiʻia i kona lumi, a nui ka oko ao modesty ma maʻamau o ke ola, aʻano.

Michael hoomaka ae la i kona mau kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana aʻo i loko o 1780 i loko o nā paia o ka Vladimir diocesan Kulanui. He malaila no o na nā mea hiki poʻokela o ke keiki no ka manawa mua i kākau ma lalo o ka inoa o Speransky mea i kekahi i carbon kope o ka Roma adjective, 'o ia hoʻi' hānai mua '. Ka makua kāne o ke keiki ua Vasiliev. koke ku mai Mikhail Speransky mai o ka lehulehu o kana poe haumana ia hoʻi, makemake e aʻo, ke aloha o ka heluhelu, me pono me ka uku akā, ikaika külana. Ke Kulanui 'o ae ia ia e aʻo he Roma, a Greek' ōlelo.

E neʻe ana i St. Petersburg

Michael ke noho ma Vladimir, a hoomaka i ka ekalesia nâ. He oiaio, lilo iho la i ka cellmate o ka kūloko'Abota. Akā, ua i ka 1788 e like me kekahi o ka brightest a loa loea nā haumāna Speransky loaa i kekahi manawa e hele aku ai i St. Petersburg, a hoomau iho la oia i kona mau haʻawina ma ka Alexander Nevsky Kulanui. Kēia kula i lalo o ka pololei ana o ka Synod. Where hou papahana i ke kino, a ao mai la ia ma ka mea maikaʻi loa na kumu.

Ke hou henua Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich aʻo ole wale theology akā naita ma Beritania, a me kahi maikai ae makemakika, ke kālaikūlohea, kālaiʻike a me Palani, ka mea i ka manawa i ka lahui. Ke Kulanui 'o ke kanana' ana i alii ai, ma a hoʻomōhala ai nā haumāna i nā mākau i na hora o ka, pili noʻonoʻo hana. Speranski aʻo e heluhelu i loko o Palani ma hope,ʻo ia i manawa e na hana o na haumana o keia aina. Komo ana i ka maikai a me ka mea hou puke i keiki seminarian kekahi o ka loa ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i kanaka ma ka aina.

I ka 1792 Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich puka 'o ia mai kā lākou mau haʻawina. He noho ihola i loko o ke Kulanui 'o, ma kekahi mau makahikiʻo ia i ke kumu o ka makemakika, kālaiʻike a me ka eloquence. I kona hoʻokoe manawa ke nânâ i fiction, a kakau iho la poetry. Kekahi o ia mau mea i paʻiʻia ma ka St. Petersburg nā puke. Kulanui 'o ke kumu i mai i ka hana i loko o ia i kekahiʻaoʻao nui ke kanaka me ka palahalaha Outlook.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka lehulehu hana

I ka 1795, he opiopio Speransky ma ka hoike o Kauhalenui Gabriel i hoʻolimalima Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Ua ua he koʻikoʻi Kauhalenui luna a me diplomats. Me ka piʻiʻana a hiki i ka noho aliʻi o Paul I, ua hoonohoia oia i Loio Kuhina. Kurakin pono i ke kakauolelo e hiki Makuakane me ka workload kaumaha. Ia ia i kekahi kanaka ua Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. I ka pōkole, wae iho la oia he naita ma nâ 'oihana i loko o ka Ekalesia. I ke Kulanui 'i makemake ole eʻuwao me ke kumu loea. Kauhalenui kono aku la ia ia, e lawe monastic mau hoʻohikiʻana, ma hope a Speransky ke helu ma ka inoa o Bishop. Akā,ʻo ia hoole, a ma ka 1797 i loaa mai i ke ano o ka titular Kuhina i loko o ka oihana o ke Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi-nui.

Loa koke luna pii o ka 'oihana hulili. Just kekahi, i lilo councilor o ka moku'āina i ka mau o ka makahiki. Kawaihae Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - o ka moʻolelo o ka kokololio ala hou ana o ka hana ma muli o ia i ke kū hoʻokahi hana a me ka tālena. Mau ano ae ia ia,ʻaʻole e fawn mua o ka mana, a alakai i kona poe unquestionable mana i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. Ua, Speransky hana kuhikuhi no ka pomaikai o ka moku'āina, a me ka wale laila manaʻo e pili ana i kā lākou mau pono.

Rise o ka reformer

I ka 1801, me ka hou Russian Emperor Alexander I. He lilo radically okoa mai kona despotic makuakane o Paulo, ka mea iʻikeʻia a hiki i ka oihana koaʻano a me ka makeʻe kulana wale. Ke hou mō'ī i he kupono, a makemake i ka hana i ko lakou aina i na nā mea hoʻololi i poe pono no ka mea maʻamau kūpono 'ana o ka moku'āina. Ma mau, ka mea mau loa no ka hōʻoi i ka lehulehu o kānaka.

ʻO ia wale nō okoa, a Mikhail Speransky. Ke Kawaihae o keia huahelu ka loa akamai:ʻo ia e hālāwai me Alexander I, ia ia i nō lei aliʻi, akā, he kūhelu limahana ma resettlement o St. Petersburg, i ka moku'āina councilor. loaʻa Young poʻe koke i kekahi mau 'ōlelo, a me ka wā e hiki mai ke alii i ole poina i ka' ano he ao alohilohi i kamaaina o ka aina o Vladimir. Me ka piʻiʻana i ka noho aliʻi, Alexander au i hoonoho Speransky Kakauolelo o State Dmitry Troshchinsky. Kēia kanaka i ka kenekoa a me kekahi o ka Auguseto ka hou kahu.

A mahope, na hana Mihaila Speranskogo huki mai i ka noonoo ana o na hoa o ka malu Komite. Ka mea, ua i ka hoʻopuniʻana iā Alexander statesmen hui i loko o hoʻokahi kaiapili no ka hoʻoholo 'ana-hana ma luna o ka manaʻo nā mea hoʻololi. Speransky lilo i Hope no ka mea kaulana Victor Kochubey.

Ka malu Komite

Kela manawa, i ka 1802, ka hoʻopiʻi i ka malu Komite, Alexander au hoʻokumu i ka oihana. Ka mea, auou caiaiai ka OOAOAaXUEIE a me ka ineffective kulanui Petrine au. Kochubei lilo ka mua Kuhina o ke Kalaiaina, a me Speransky - kona Kakauolelo o State. He ua ka hemolele clerical limahana: hana me ka pepa no kēia ōlaʻi i ka hola o ka lā. Soon Mikhail hoʻomaka e kākau i ko lakou mau memo kiʻekiʻe aoao elua, e holo mai ana kona manao ma ke kikoo ana o kekahi mau nā mea hoʻololi.

Ia mea i hewa i kekahi manawa hou hōʻike i ka manao o Speransky i hanaʻia ma ka heluhelu i ka Farani poe akeakamai o ka XVIII kenekulia: .. Voltaire, etc. Liberal manaʻo State Kakauolelo resonated me na Aupuni. Soon, ua hoonohoia oia i ke poo o ka oihana ma ka malama ana i ke kūpono 'ana o ka mihi, i ke kumuhana.

Ka mea, ua ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Mikhail Mikhailovich ua kālaiʻia i nā mea i ho'ākāka 'walaʻauʻana o ke kaulana "manao paa o ka noa poe mahiai." Ka mea, ua ka mua hopohopo,ʻanuʻu o ka Lūkini Aupuni ma ke ala o ka abolition o serfdom. E like me ka paa, i nā kaukaualiʻi ke manawa e na kauwa a me ka aina. I loko nō o ka mea i keia Initiative i Ua loa uuku pane a mai ka aeia no papa, Alexander uaʻoluʻolu a me ka hana i hana ai. He kauoha ia e hoʻomaka pilikia hoʻolālā'ano'ē nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ke aupuni. Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich Ua waiho ma ka malama ana i keia kaʻina. Pōkole Kawaihae o ka statesman mea kupaianaha:ʻo ia,ʻaʻole ka pili ma, akā, ma kā lākou mau nā mea hiki a me ka paakiki hana ke kiʻi i ka luna o ka Lūkini kālai'āina Olympus.

I ka wā mai ka 1803 a hiki i 1806. Speransky i ka mea kākau o ka helu nui o ka memo hāʻawi i ka Auguseto. Ma pepa Kakauolelo o State ua kālailai i ka laila moku'āina o ka Ahahookolokolo, a me ka hooko. I ka papa kuhikuhiE olelo o Mikhail Mikhailovich ua e hoʻololi i ke kahua kālai'āina. E like me kona mau memo, Rusia e lilo i ke kumukānāwai Kalikiano a, ma ka Auguseto i nele ka loa mana. Kēia mau papahana i i hoʻomaopopo, akā, Alexander e manao nui theses Speransky. Manawa i kā lākou hana nui keia luna i loa hoʻololi i ka 'ōlelo o ka oihana palapala i loko o ke aupuni oihana. Haawi mai la oia i archaisms lehulehu o ka XIX kenekulia, a me kona mau manaʻo ma luna o ka pepa, devoid o ka hoʻokali kūpono ', he crisp, a akaka e like me hiki.

hoalawehana na Emperor

I ka 1806 Alexander au i ka mua seminarian kona alii hope, "koho" ia i loko o Kochubey. Emperor Ua pono ua he kanaka e like Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Pōkole Kawaihae o ke kauwa kūloko hiki ole ke hana me ke ano o kona pili me ka mō'ī. Alexander Speransky kuaiia kuhikuhi no kona hoʻokaʻawale, mai kela aristocratic koʻikoʻi a hanohano, kela mea keia mea o ka i hoʻopaipai no kā lākou mau pono. I keia manawa, he makaainana Michael hoʻokani i loko o kona mau lima. Hoomaka ae la oia e loaa kauoha mai ke alii kino.

Ma kēia kūlana Speranski hoʻoikaika i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma o ka seminaries - kino a kokoke i ona lā i ka theme like. He ua i ka mea kākau o ka kanawai e hooponopono a pau nā hana o kēia kulanui. Mau rula e maluhia ana a hiki i 1917. Kekahi mea nui hana Speransky like me ka Luna Hooia o ka hoʻonaʻauao Lūkini - ke kaha kiʻiʻana i ka leo i ka i ana i ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i nā loina o ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Keia kula no kekahi mau hanauna ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ano o ke aupuni - nā kānaka uʻi o nā loa haipule aristocratic ohana. Kona puka ua Alexander Pushkin.

kalaiaina hana

I ka Ia manawa, Alexander au ua nui loa mumulu mai kuwaho. E hele ana i Europa, oia invariably i Speransky me ia. Pela no ka mea, ua i loko o 1807, ka wā Ahaolelo Lahui paa Erfurt Napoleon. Ua i laila i Europe aʻo mua i mea Michael Speransky. Pōkole Kawaihae o ka makai ua koi 'ia e hōʻike i kona mau mākau polyglot. Akā, a 1807, ka mea i ike ole e ia wale aku no.

Ano, mahalo i ka ike o ka 'ōlelo a me kā lākou hoʻonaʻauao, Speransky ke kahaha ko oukou naau a pau outlandish nāʻaha huiʻelele i a pau i loko o Erfurt. Napoleon iho unuhi ae hoʻolohe i kona kōkua Alexander a hiki supposedly haole noi i ka Lūkini ia Auguseto e hoʻololi i ka loea Kuhina o ke Aupuni "i kekahi aupuni." Akā, ma kahi e aku no hoi kaulana Speranski a me ka mea hiki ana o kona noho ana i loko o ka'aheʻelele. He i loko o ke kūkākūkā, a me ka hopena o ka maluhia ma waena o Farani a me Rusia kauwahi. Naʻe, ke kālai'āina kahua ma Europe i ia manawa ua naueue, a me ka wa ua, ua poina mau hoʻoponopono.

'oihana zenith

Speranski kana a he wahi lihi iki o ka manawa hana ana ma luna o ka pahi i na koi no ke komo ana i ka mea Kivila hana. Knowledge o na luna aupuni i ole hoʻopili like i ke kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou mau wahi. Ke kumu no keia kulana ua hana maʻamau ma ka hana ana o ka mea aloha i ka ohana pili 'o Randy. No ia mea, Speransky hāpai i ka hoʻokomo 'ia' ana o examinations na kanaka ke aikane, e lilo i luna aupuni. ʻaeʻo Alexander a me kēia manaʻo, a me ka wa mau rula i kānāwai.

Me ka ka piʻiʻana o Finland i Rusia Speransky la oia i malama i na nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ka hou mokuna. Aia i ka makeʻe kulana aliʻi, no laila ia mea i loko o keia aina, Alexander ua hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ko lakou mau puali koa lokomaikai hoi o ka manaʻo. I ka makahiki 1810, i ka State Council i hoʻokumu. No hoi ua ke kulana o Kuhina o ke Aupuni, i lilo Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. i hana reformer ua ma ka makehewa. Ano, oia kauoha aku lilo i ka lua o ke kanaka i loko o ka moku'āina.

hilahila

Lehulehu Speransky nā mea hoʻololi loli kokoke pau spheres o ka lahui ola. Somewhere loli he'ano'ē, i ku i ka inert hapa o ka lehulehu. Mikhail i i makemake i nā kaukaualiʻi, no ka mea, ma muli o ia kona mama no ka mea, o ko lakou mau kuleana i ua make ia i loko o ka wahi mua. I ka 1812, ma ka pā hale o ka Auguseto ua kekahi pūʻulu o nā lawelawe a me nā courtiers, ka poe i hoomaka e hana malu i ka Speransky. Ka mea, e halii mai i wahahee ka lono e pili ana ia ia, e like ana ia allegedly nema aku i ka Auguseto. Me ka hiki ana o na mea he nui detractors o ke kaua, hoomaka ae la e hoomanao kona pili me Napoleon i loko o Erfurt.

Ma March 1812, i hoʻokuʻu Mikhail Speransky, mai nā mea a pau i kona mau pou. He Ua kauoha, e haʻalele i ke kulanakauhale alii. I ka mea,ʻo ua i loko o ke pio, mua ma Nizhny Novgorod, a laila, i loko o ka Novgorod mokuna. A mau makahiki ma hope,ʻo ia nō e hoʻokele withdrawal Opal.

I ka makahiki 1816, ua hoonohoia oia i alii kiaaina ana o Penza. Mikhail Speransky, ma ka pōkole, i ike iki e pili ana i kēia māhele 'āina. Eia naʻe, mahalo i konaʻaha hui nā mākau, ka mea, ua hiki ke lilo i guarantor o ka mea i loko o ka'āina. Local kanaka makemake mua Kakauolelo o State.

Ma hope o Penza luna i loko o Irkutsk, kahi āna i hana ai no ka Siberian kia'āina, mai 1819 a hiki i 1821. Eia, i ke kahua i nui ka manawalea ma mua i loko o Penza. Speranski hana hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha: uluʻo Samuel no ka hooponopono ana i ke aupuni 'ê a me ka malama ana o oicyenoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe.

Hou i loko o St. Petersburg

I ka 1821, Mikhail Mikhailovich no ka manawa mua i loko o na makahiki, i loko o St. Petersburg. He loaʻa i kona halawai ana me Alexander I. Ka Emperor i mea akaka i nā lā kahiko, ka wā Speransky i ka lua o kanaka i loko o ka moku'āina, ma ke kua. Aka hoi, ua hoonohoia oia i ke poo o ke Komisina no ke kaha kiʻiʻana kānāwai. Ka mea, ua like me ka oihana i loko i ka mea i hiki i ka hapanui kuleʻa hoʻohana i ka holoʻokoʻa ka ho'āʻoʻana, iā lākou e Mikhail Speransky. Historical kiʻi o keia kanaka hōʻike iā ia me he poʻokela reformer. A hoi aku la oia i kona loli.

Ua pau keʻanuʻu mua Siberian kūhelu pāʻoihana. hoʻomalu mihi i lawe mai i loko o kona mau memo. Siberia Ua maheleia i East a me West. Ma nā makahiki, i ka noho alii ana o Alexander au hoolilo nui manawa a hiki i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o koa noho. Ano, ka mea hana a me Speransky, mea, a me Alekseem Arakcheevym poai puni ia e ka AYEIE ke aeia.

Ka wā ma Rotehama I

I ka makahiki 1825, ua make iho la ia, Alexander I. Ma ua he ino hana o ka Decembrists. Speransky Ua kauoha me ke kaha kiʻiʻana i ka Manifesto o ka mua o ka noho alii ana o Rotehama I. Ka hou kia'āina mahalo i ka pono o Speransky, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i loaʻa iā ia i ka manao pili aupuni. Koʻikoʻi kūhelu koe haawi like. A laila, ua he makeʻe kulana i ke alii, a me ke kipi o ka Decembrists, a hiki hou pila hāpa e ia e ku ei na nā mea hoʻololi.

Ma Nikolaev makahiki Speranskii ka papa kuhikuhi hana i ka makaukau ana o ka piha 'ia paha o nā kānāwai o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Multivolume Edition i lawe mai i ka nui helu o na olelo, ka mea mua o ka iʻikeʻia i loko o ka XVII kenekulia. Ma Ianuali 1839, ma muli o ia kona kānaka apau i mākaukau Speransky loaa ka inoa o ke Kauna. Eia naʻe, ma Pepeluali 11, make aku la ia ma ka makahiki o ka 67 makahiki.

Ua lilo ka engine o Lūkini nā mea hoʻololi kakahiaka makahiki o kona ikaika, a hoʻomāhuahua ai hana i ka noho alii ana o Alexander I. Ma ka zenith o ka 'oihana Speransky ua ma undeserved hilahila, akā, ma hope hoi aku la i kana mau hana. He pololei malama aku i ke State, ma muli naʻe o kekahi pōpilikia.