Nikolai Kondratiev, Soviet economist: Kawaihae, na makana i ka hoʻokele waiwai

Notorious landfill "Kommunarka" i ka wahi o ka make ana o na mea he nui Sovietʻepekema hoʻowahāwahāʻia. Kekahi o ia mau mea i ka economist Nikolay Dmitrievich Kondratev. I ka makahiki kakahiaka nui o ka Soviet Union, ua alakaʻi 'hoʻolala agrarian aupuni. Ke kumu nui loa o kaʻimi naʻauao hooilina Kondratieff i ka puke "Big pōʻaiapuni conjuncture." Nō hoʻi, ke nä känaka 'epekema kākoʻo kulekele o NEP, e hoʻihoʻi aku i ka hoʻokele waiwai Soviet ma hope o ka kŘpuna kivila kaua.

Wā kamaliʻi a me ka adolescence

Economist Nikolai Kondratiev Ua hānauʻia ma luna o March 16, 1892 ma ka kauhale o Galuevskoy Kostroma'āina a pau. Me ka 13 makahiki, hele aku la i ka ekalesia, a Kulanui 'o ke kumu. Iloko o ka mea mua Lūkini kipi, i ka haumāna i lilo i ka M., a kōkua i ka lole hahau kōmike. No keia mea, i kipaku mai i ka Kulanui, a hiki hoouna aku la i ka halepaahao.

Hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope, i hoʻokuʻu Nikolai Kondratiev, a helu i ke kula o ka horticulture a me ka mahiai i loko o ka Ukrainian kūlanakauhale o Uman. I ka makahiki 1908 ua neʻeʻo ia i St. Petersburg. I ke poʻo Kondratyev pili ana i ka lumi me nā haʻawina moʻomeheu a me ka pilina nä känaka 'epekema Pitirim Sorokin - i ka wā e hiki mai i hoʻokumu o ka pähola' ana o ka lawelawe ka hoʻoneʻe.

Ka hoʻomaka o ka 'epekema ha awina

I ka 1911, Nikolai Kondratiev komo i ka St. Petersburg University. Ma hope o ka puka, alaila wae iho i ka Oihana o pili aupuni hoʻokele waiwai a me ka 'ikepili helu, a hoʻoholo, e hoomakaukau e loaa i ka inoa o ke Kumu.

I kēia manawa,ʻo ia i alakaʻi i ka ikaika Kondratiev ka palapala, a me kaʻepekema hana. He hana pū 'ana me ka "KA LAHUI o' Eulopa", "berita" a me nā Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke, a ua haawi aku ka nui haʻi'ōlelo. Young i ka 'imi naʻauao ma ka' epekema koʻikoʻi a hanohano Mikhail Tugan-Baranovsky a me Lva Petrazhitskogo. Kumu Maxim Kovalevsky i aku la ia ia i kona kakauolelo. I ka 1915, Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich paʻi i kona mua monograph hoolilo ai i ka hoʻokele waiwai 'ana o kona poʻe maoli panalāʻau o Kostroma.

Komo i loko o nā hanana hoʻokahuli aupuni

E like me hapa o ka 'epekema kaiāulu o St. Petersburg, Kondratiev koe he lâlâ o ka Socialist hoʻokahuli aupuni Party. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi no ia i alakai aku ia malu hoʻomakākiu o ka malu makai. I ka 1913, ka wā Rusia kaulana i ka 300th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka Romanov i nohoaliʻi ai, Kondratyev hoolilo i loko o ka hale paʻahao i ka mahina.

Pili aupuni ha awinaʻoi loa ma hope o ka economist ulia hanana o ka Feberuari kipi. Ka mea opiopio nä känaka 'epekema i ka elele i ka Ahaolelo o ka Socialist-hoʻokahuli aupuni Party III, mālama' ia ma Moscow ma May - June 1917. Aiaʻo ia i kekahi'ōlelo i loko o kākoʻo o ke Aupuni Kūikawā. A laila, he economist lilo i kuhikuhi i Kerensky ma ka mahiai. Nikolai Kondratiev komo i loko o ka hanaia'na o ka 'Aha o kauwa' lunakanawai, a ua ua ulele iā ia i loko o ka All-Russian kemokalaka hālāwai kūkā ma Kepakemapa. Economist koho ia i ka Kuikawa Council o ka Lepupalika. Eia hou,ʻo ia e hoʻokele e komo i loko o nā hana o ke Main Land Komite, a me ka ke Kuʻikahi o Agrarian mihi.

Kokua i ke aupuni o Kerensky, Kondratiev hana paakiki e lanakila i ka meaʻai pilikia i i kaua kipi ma muli o ia i ke kaua loa e ku e ia Germany a me kona allies. I ka nele o ka hale o Nyos i ka naʻau i loko o ke kaiāulu. E pili ana i ka pilina paʻa lako hou'ōnaehana makemake e ia i hiki i nāʻalā i ka nui lawelaweʻokoʻa, a loaʻa i ka ulia kālai'āina. Ia Kondratiev ua he kākoʻo iā ia, no ka manaʻo o ka moku'āina mōhaiʻai monopoly. He i hoonoho ai i kona manao ma ke koi, nae i ka 1917 ka mea i ole hoʻoholo i ka meaʻai pilikia - ka make māinoino o ka nui-unahiʻole, i ka wī hoʻomau e loom ma mua o ke Aupuni Kūikawā.

A hele mai ke kulekele

Ka OctoberʻOiʻenehana i kekahi Kondratieff i loko o ke kue i hoomoanaʻi. He lilo i lâlâ o ka Constituent Ahaolelo o ka Socialist-Revolutionaries. A pau keia kino i wāwahiʻia, ke nä känaka 'epekema hoʻoneʻe e kū'ē i ka Bolsheviks "Russian hou Union". I ka 1919, i na hoopai ana i ka Socialist-hoʻokahuli aupuni Party i hope pio. Kondratev Nikolay Dmitrievich haʻalele kālai'āina, a hoolilo ia ia iho loa i ka 'epekema.

Ma hope o ka HoʻokahuliʻOiʻenehana Kondratyev neʻe i Moscow. Aia ia i hoomaka ai e ao ana i kekahi mau kulanui - ke Kulanui o Shanyavsky, Free Institute, Petrovskaya Mahiai Academy. No kekahi manawa i ka wahi o ka hana o ka economist o ka Moscow Narodny Bank. I ka 1920, ua hopu Kondratiev, a lilo i ka hoopii ma ka hihia o ka "Union o hou o Rusia." Mua M. hoola i ka uwao o Alexander utopian Chayanov a koʻikoʻi Bolshevik Ivan Teodorović.

Hana i loko o ka State Planning Hoona Kuleana

Hana Kondratieff Ua hoʻokumu Conjunctural Institute ma ka People ka Commissariat o Waiwai. Soviet economist alai ae la ia i loko o ka 1920-1928 biennium. He i hana no ka makahiki ekolu i loko o ka People ka Commissariat o mahiai. Ka USSR State Planning Komite Kondratiev ua hapa o ka mahiʻai 'Oihana. Ke nä känaka 'epekema alakaʻi i ka Anoanoaaiii-o ka hooulu ana kou akamai o ka mahiʻai kaiaulu.

I ka 1922, Nikolai Kondratiev, nana na makana i ka hoʻokele waiwai i mua o ka opiopio Soviet moku'āina me ka nui loa, hookahi manawa hou i ka pale o ka repression. Ua Ua hookomoia i loko o ka papa inoa o undesirable kanaka, e hoomakaukau ana no ka expulsion mai ka Soviet Union. Kondratieva kokua i ka People ka Commissariat o mahiai. E like me ka hoʻomalu, e kū mau nui keʻano o ka hanaʻana, i wehe 'ia mai ke blacklist i kona inoa.

huakaʻi i ke kai

I ka makahiki 1924, Kondratiev hele huakaʻi i ke kai noiʻi huakaʻi. He kipa Germany, Canada, i ka UK, a me ka 'Amelika. Economist ua pono e hele ike lea ia me ke kuai maomeka o Western'āina. Kēia ka hoao ana ua pono ia ia, i loko o ka Anoanoaaiii o na kumu mua o ka NEP. Ka mea, ua Nikolai Kondratieff (1892-1938) i kekahi o na kumu nui ukali o ka hou oicyenoaaiiie kulekele, e a ka Bolsheviks i hele mai ma hope o makahiki o ka puu kaua communism. E like me ka Soviet hoʻomalu i ke Loiloi i ka ka manaʻolana 'ia no ka waiwai hoʻolilo o ka USSR.

Kēlā me kēia Kondratieff, Pitirim Sorokin i ka manawa i mua e noho ana i loko o ka United States. He mohai Nikolayu Dmitrievichu e noho ma Amerika, he mea he kulanui noho e alakai, a hoʻopale ai oe ia oe iho a me kou poʻe hoahānau, e hele pū me ia wale aku no. Eia naʻe, Kondratiev hoole e hina ka hale. He Ua manawa e na kūpono hou i wehe i ka mua o ia NEP.

Ohana

I ka makahiki 1924, ka mea i ole i hoʻomaka i ka Stalinist repressions. No kekahi hiki i manao wale ia, aole e e weliweli i lulu aku i ka Soviet Union ma na 1930s. O declassified palapala ma waena o Stalin a me kekahi o na organizers o ka weliweli Yakovom Agranovym i keia mea, ua ike ia ma ka hopena o Kondratieff ke alahouana, ma pilikino kauoha o ka alihi kaua. Oiai ma ka US, ke economist hiki apuepue manao wale kekahi mea e like ia.

Hoi mai, mai kahi'ē, Kondratiev Hooloihi hoi i kaʻeleu hana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o oicyenoaaiiie hoʻolālā - ka mea i manaoia, a hana mai i ka ai-kapa elima-makahiki au 1923-1928 mahiʻai makahiki.

Na makana i ka hoʻokele waiwai

ka mea nuiʻimi naʻauao hana Kondratiev i paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 1925 - "Big pōʻaiapuni conjuncture." Ua kena ae la he ākea ka hoopaapaa nā loko o ka USSR, a ma kahi e aku. Aia He He hou kau mea i kaumaha aku Nikolai Kondratiev -. 'Economic ulu pōʻaiapuni "

E like me ka pähola 'ana o ke nä känaka' epekema, ke ao nei hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻomōhala ana i loko o kaʻoni iho. i auou caiaiai UPS cyclical downturns, a me ka hope versa. Noiʻi manaʻo i ka lōʻihi o kēia wā - ma kahi o 50 makahiki. Ma ka USSR, he nui kanaka e ole e like me nā manaʻo i mua Kondratiev. "Kondratieff pōʻaiapuni" i noʻonoʻo i ka mea kākau o ka holo mai Marxism.

Interestingly, ka economist i waiho aku i kekahi kuhiakau me kekahiʻimi naʻauao kumu. Kondratyev nanea wale ma kā lākou mau empirical loina. He ua kālailai i au mamuli o ka huahelu, mai ka pau ana o XVIII a me US nā noʻeau hoʻokele waiwai i loko o Western Europe, a me ka hoʻomaka o XX kenekulia. I hana i keia hana, ua kukulu epekema kiʻi a me repetitive loaʻa synchronicity. Kondratiev hōʻike i nā kēia kūlana o ka ulu ana o kekahi pōʻaiawaiwai: ulu, luna, hoole mai oia, kaumaha.

Inā ka Soviet Union wiwo kumumanaʻo iʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka palapala, alaila, lulumi mai ka mea, ua mahaloʻia he nui economists me ka hualoaʻa a kūlana. Kondratieff manaʻo & ucirclana poʻokela i ka'Aukekulia, a me ka Amelika nä känaka 'epekema Yozef Shumpeter. Ke Lūkini lahui hooilina hoʻokolokolo 'ana i laila, i wale ma hope Perestroika. Eia hou kekahi, haʻalele Kondratiev hope kumu o noiʻi i nāʻano o nā kumukūʻai o ka mahiʻai a me ka hanalima waiwai.

Kue i ke aupuni

"Large pōʻaiapuni rula" kena ae la i ka rejection o ka Soviet alakaʻi. Mahope o ka lehulehu ākea o ka monograph hoomaka badgering Kondratieva Magazine, ka hoʻokuhikuhi o i ua Grigory Zinoviev. Ka mea, ua i scientific hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Noʻonoʻo loi ua e like snitching. Oiai ka Soviet alakaʻi Lenin ka make ma hope o ua he kakini biting mana o ka Bolsheviks, ia mea kokoke loa,ʻaʻole iʻae aku Kondratiev.

Ke koe ua Mikhail Kalinin. Stalin hope blackmailed ia ia i ka lōʻihi 'ē aʻe me Kondratyev. Nikolai Bukharin kākoʻo i kaʻimi naʻauao i ka manaʻo nui o ka nä känaka 'epekema (i ka wā Bukharin i ho'āʻo a me ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make, a me ka Bolshevik i hoopiiia ma ka pili aupuni hui ana me ka makaia o economist).

hilahila

ʻOiai ka Kondratieff "Kondratieff pōʻaiapuni" a pau kona nā aneiai i hāpai 'i, ua hoouka ia ma waena o nā kulanui, ke nä känaka' epekema i ole ana, e lawe i ko lakou wahi me ka kaua. Kokua aku la oia i kona iho pū i loko o nā puke a ma halawai. Maopopo luku ana ua i ka olelo ana i loko o ka Communist Academy, a i wahi i loko o November 1926. Eia hou kekahi, palapala iho la Kondratyev nā hōʻike a me nā Memo i ka CC.

I ka makahiki 1927, i loko o ka puke pai "Bolshevik" ka nui me ke kuleana "Manifesto o ka kulak aoao" ikea ka ae 'atikala o Zinoviev. Ua hoʻonoho ke kamaʻilio ma i ka hope ona a kui mai i hanaia mai hope e Kondratiev. ole e hāʻiliʻili aku o ka makemake a me ko lakou mau puupuu lima a me ke olonā wāwae socialism he pono olelo hooweliweli, i ukali ia e maoli hana o ka KGB.

Pule i kōkua

ʻimi naʻauao epa a me ka puke Nikolaya Kondrateva ka hoʻomaka 'ana mai o ka manao i ka hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻomōhala i nā. Keia rula mea ku i ka Stalinist wikiwiki me ka a ka flywheel milo Soviet industrialization. Pili no keia i ka 1928, ua wehe 'Kondratiev mai ke alakaʻi o ko lākou brainchild - conjunctural institutes, a ua kiola mai o kālaiʻike ke ola.

I ka 1930, Nikolai Sorokin i kākau ai i kekahi hoa o ka palapala, i i haawi ai i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia illegally ma Finland. Ma ka memo i ke nä känaka 'epekema pokole hōʻike i ka ulu, weliweli o Soviet ike maopopo: i ka dispossession o na kulaks i loko o ke kula, i ka puʻe ma ka intelligentsia. Me ka hana ana o Kondratiev au ua ma luna o ka maka o ka pololi. He noi no ka kōkua Sorokina. He huli i Samuel Harper - Kumu, University o Chicago, pinepine kipa i ka Soviet Union.

Hopu a me ka paa

I loko o kekahi huakaʻi i ka Soviet Union kekahi mau manawa halawai Harper me Kondratyev. Kekahi lā i ka mau o ka ia a hiki i kaʻae mālama '-kuai, kahi a lakou e kali ana no ka GPU konohiki. Kondratiev Ua hopu. Ka makahiki i 1930.

E noho ana ma ka halepaahao, economists e hoʻomau i kona 'epekema hana. Ma ka hopena, palapala iho la oia mau hana. Formally, Nikolai Kondratiev, kona Kawaihae ua ua hoʻopili i ka Socialist-Revolutionaries a hiki Kerensky, Ua ho'āʻo i 'āhewa' ana o ka hana i 'a kauwa' Party. I ka 1932,ʻo ia ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka makahiki ewalu i loko o ka hale paʻahao. Kondratiev hele aku la i Suzdal kālai'āina isolator. Aia ae hoomau ana i kākau.

Mea laʻa a nunui kumu hoʻohālike o oicyenoaaiiieʻano ua ola hoʻokahi wale nō hana Suzdal wā. Oiai ma ka paehumu, ka nä känaka 'epekema, ua like ka mea i honua kaulana monograph a? Aneiai ei hele oiaio. Ia manawa,ʻo ia ua oi awaawa hana o koi kaawale ana mai i ka piha 'epekema haʻawina.

I ka pana a me ka hoʻopulapula

'Oiai,ʻewalu makahiki i ua waiho, Kondratiev i ole kali no ka liberation. I ka 1938, ma ke kiekie o ka weliweli Nui, ka mea i hookolokoloia mai ai au e ke koa Collegium o ka Aha Kiekie o ka USSR. 17 September nä känaka 'epekema pana aku la ia. Place wale ua lilo i iieeaii "Kommunarka". Aloha no hoi kekahi repressed, a kanuia iho la.

I ka makahiki 1963, ma hope o ka XX Ahaolelo Lahui o ka CPSU, Kondratieff i rehabilitated, eia nae i keia mea ia i lehulehu. ʻepekema'āina hoʻoili economist no na makahiki i koe iho i ka mea o ka defamation a me ka noʻonoʻo loi o kūhelu Soviet 'epekema. Eia hoi, ua hoihoi hou ia i ka inoa maikai o Kondratieff i perestroika, i ka 1987, ka wā ka mea, ua i ka lua o ka manawa rehabilitated (i kēia manawa me hōkaiʻia counterpart Aleksandrom Chayanovym).