Education a me ka 'epekema ma ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia

19th kenekulia no Rusia i ka huli wahi, ka wā ma ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia mana hala i Alexander I ma hope o ka regicide Paul I, ka wā 'epekema a me ka hoʻonaʻauao hoomaka ae la e hoʻoikaika i hoʻomaka koke, i koi' ia i ka nui loli. A pau kēia mau loli o ka 19th kenekulia hiki ke maheleia i mua a me ka lua o ka halves.

Rusia ma ka paepae puka o ka 19th kenekulia

Ka hoʻoilina opiopio Emperor loaʻa moku'āina, a i undergone nui loli i like i ka mua manawa. He mea hiki, e hoailona oukou i kekahi mau mea nui aʻe e hōʻike i ka'āina o ka grandeur:

1. Mahuahua wahi aie i ka hoʻohui'āina o Crimea, aneea oneiaey, ka Baltic States, ke Maikaʻi-Bank Ukraine a me Western Belarus. E like me ia i kaʻilihune, a ua lilo ka heluna kanaka nui ma kahi o 40 miliona. People, o ka mea a 90% he kauwa. I nui ae, a me ka hoʻokiwikā heluna kanaka, o ka oi aku ma St. Petersburg a me Moscow, a, o ka papa, i alakaʻi ai i ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ma ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia.
2. Romanov lilo ka nui ona, a i kekahi Kuokoa, mai ka 'ē aʻe aina aina.
3. Ke Bedroom, a mahuahua nui aku ma mua o threefold hoʻohālikelike i ka 18th kenekulia.

Naʻe, i ka manawa o ka hōʻeaʻana mai o ka mana o Alexander I, Rusia i ka aina kahi i ka holoʻokoʻa modernization papahana no ka hoopahele ae la i-mai ana i ka lilo ana o ko lakou mau kanaka, a me ka 'epekema, ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka moʻomeheu i ua haawiia loa uuku manawa.

Ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ma ka hapa mua o ka 19th kenekulia

Kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema ma ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia hiki ke loaa ma ka hualoaʻaʻikeʻia e kānakaʻepekema i ka manawa, ma muli o ia i keia la ia mea hiki ke ike i na poʻokela e piʻi like.

'Epekema ma ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia - mea, ma luna o nā mea a pau, makemakika, ke kālaikūlohea a me ka kemika.

Ma Kazan University makemakika Kumu ua hiki ke kūkulu i ka hou pähola ma ka anahonua, i kapaia "ole-Euclidean" Nikolai Lobachevsky. Kauka Nikolai Pirogov ua hiki e pani aku ma ka lapaau no ka lōʻihi manawa ana e noonoo pono iʻoki kino. He ua hiki ke pili ia i loko o ke kaua, mua hoʻohana Etera anesthesia, a me ka puna e kipaku.

Ma ke kālaikūlohea, ke kumu nui pulakaumaka o ke kuka nei lakou i keia manawa ua i ka uila, a me keia mea ma ke loaʻa i i. Boris Jacobi wehe i ka electroforming hana, a laila, hana kekahi mau uila Hawaii a me telegraphs. A physicist Vasily Petrov ua hiki ke hōʻike pehea 'oe ke hana uila no ka kau iho a me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia nui ilpko o, hoʻokolokolo i ka piʻo a me ka mālama i loko o ka rarefied kinoea.

Ua hoʻomohala i keia manawa, a me ka 'epekema, kilohōkū, nolaila, i weheia i ka makahiki 1839, Pulkovo Observatory, kahi āna i hana astronomer Vasily Struve, ka poe i loaa i ka lehulehu o ka hoku i loko o ka nō hoʻi pelane.

Schools a me nā kulanui

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 'epekema a me ka hoʻonaʻauao' ia 'ana o ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia i loli, a ma ka 1803 hoʻopuka i kekahi kauoha, e puunaue i ka aina i loko o hoʻonaʻauao apana eono, kela mea keia mea o ka a ua, e kūkulu i kekahi kulanui. Naʻe, ka mea i ikeia maluna o 20 makahiki wale ekolu kiekie ae hoʻonaʻauao kulanui, a me Moscow, Kazan a me St. Petersburg University. Ma Rotehama au i i kākoʻo i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a meʻaʻohe kulanui i ole e hamama ana ma lalo o kona malu. Eia hou, ka mea manaoio i na keiki e ole e aoia serfs like me nā mea a pau.

A hoʻonaʻauao maikai hiki ke loaa, akā, wale i ka hanohano i loko o ka maka, e like me Tsarskoye Selo kokoke St. Petersburg, a me Demidov, ka mea i loko o Yaroslavl.

Maikaʻi na mea a pau me nā kulanui hoʻonaʻauao o iiaie oaoieei holoʻokoʻa. I ka hoomaka ana o ke kenekulia, ka mea, uaʻike wale nō Mountain Institute, he uuku hope ikea ka Forest Institute. Ma Rotehama I ka pono e hana 'enekinia, a me ka koa, ka hoʻonaʻauao, no laila, ina ka mea, ua weheiaʻanoʻenehana kulanui ma St. Petersburg, a Moscow, e like me ka mea kaua a me ka hana' enekinia Academy.

Education no na wahine

A maikaʻi ka welelau o, e noonoo i ka mau nō lā hoʻi o nā wāhine o ka hoʻonaʻauao 'ana, i i waihoia ma Ekaterina II, e mahi i ka maikai, a me ka maikai na wahine a me ka makuwahine. No laila, Ua ua wehe kulanui ma na kulanakauhale he nui no ka kaikamahine o ka hanohano me Kinohi: Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan, Saratov, Irkutsk, o ka papa, Moscow a me St. Petersburg.

humanities

Humanities 19th kenekulia ma Rusia, ma ka hapa mua, he kiʻekiʻe lehulehu hoihoi me ka hoomaka e hoʻomohala i ka mōʻaukala, a ua hoʻokumuʻia ka Moscow Society o History a me Antiquities. No hoi o ka hoihoi i hōʻike ai i ka nui mōʻaukala a me linguistics, ke komo pu Slavonic, Pākē Hawaiʻi, a ua ka Launch o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka buke, a me periodicals.

Publishing Ua lilo loa kaulana, a ma ka 1809 pai ia 68 Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke o kekahi mau kanaka, a 9 nūpepa. ua unuhi hana, a me ka poe kanaka, e lilo i poe ike me ka haole moʻokalaleo like me ka hopena o ka loaʻa a me ka hooulu ana o ke pai ana.

Mākou e hoʻi e hōʻike 'ia i ka Lūkini moʻokalaleo, ke aupuni aʻo ana Pushkin, Nekrasov a me Turgenev ia. Iloko o keia manawa, ua hoala hou mai nīnūnē e like me ka plight o ke kanaka iki, mai ka lalo papa, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, mele hoolaʻi kuʻuna ma ka moʻolelo a me ka palapala ano.

Science, ka hoʻonaʻauao (19th kenekulia, i ka lua o ka hapalua, Rusia)

Ka lua o ka hapalua, ka wā feudalism i ke ala e capitalism, pono he nui oi aku o ka? Acaeoey,ʻaʻole wale nō i waena o ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i kanaka, akā, i waena o maʻamau poe hana, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao ma o ka wahi mua ua e hoopa aku i ka poe nāʻoihana i i pili me ka maʻamau ke ola.

Naʻe, ua paʻa i ka hooulu ana i ka noho pilikia rula, i ka wa a ka wahi ua malamaia a hiki feudalism, i hoomaau ia e ka autocracy, a me ka Lūkini epekema, kākau moʻolelo a me nā Artists i ka hana nui.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana i kokua mai ai i mua o ka' epekema loa mamua wā Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, Herzen a Oni, ia ka manawa e kuu kanaka, mai serfdom. A pau keia i na kepa i kānakaʻepekema e e nui discoveries no ka pomaikai o na kanaka.

kaulanaʻepekema

I ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia ua wehewehe aku, mai ka wahi o ka Hawaii o ka 'epekema e like me ka ulu ana o na sciences maoli, e like me ke kālaikūlohea, makemakika, kemika, zoology a me ka hana kemika. Oia koi ua nānā 'ana i ka pono o ke ola, modernization o? Iecaianoaaiiuo, a me ka makemake e hoonani aku i nā kānakaʻepekema moku'āina e piʻi like me discoveries i ia mea kēia i ka moʻolelo o Lūkini' epekema. 19th kenekulia, mua o nā mea a pau, "a hoike aku la i ka" epekema e like me Pafnutii Chebyshev, ka mea i ho'āʻo e kuhikihi ana i ka pilikia o ka makemakika, a me nā sciences maoli i ka loaʻa mai o ka pähola 'ana o machines a me maomeka.

A koʻikoʻi 'elele o ke ao ana o ke nä känaka' epekema i ka wahine, Sofia Kovalevskaya, ka mea hiki ole kiʻi i ka pono ka hoʻonaʻauao ma Rusia, a hele aku la i waho, kahi i loaa i ka doctorate ma ka makemakika. Eia naʻe, ua poe Rusia, a me kona mau hana i ua ike a puni ka honua.

'Epekema ma ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia i loaʻa''he pomaikai i loko o ke kālaikūlohea, i ke aloha a hiki i nä känaka' epekema e like Alexander Stoletov, ka mea i aʻo magnetism a me photoelectricʻike manaʻo, e like me i malamaʻi, me ke kumu no maluna o kanakolu makahiki, ke poo o ka Oihana o Moscow State University.

Mākou E hoʻi e hōʻike 'Lūkini chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, ke nä känaka' epekema ka poe i loaa i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika kānāwai o Nine Inch hehee wale.

Nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao

Once i loko o ke aupuni, ua nui na mea kanu a me nā hale hana, i pono kupono kanaka, ka poe i hiki ke heluhelu, kākau, maopopo i ka machines pono hoʻololi i loko o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

ka helu o nā mea hoʻololi i lawe mai, a kokua mai i ka hana ma ka ekalesia kula, elua-makahiki a me eha-makahiki, iniiaiie kula. Zemsky i wehe iniiaiie kula, ma laila ua he oi nui polokalamu o ke ao, a me Sunday kula no nā mākua, ka poe i aʻo i ka palapala ma hope o ka hana.

Ka 'epekema no ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia i kapaia i? Anoe? O ka mea ulana pukapuka, o ke aʻo i loko o nā haumāna a me ka tertiary hui. Ma nā kūlanakauhale (Tomsk, Odessa, Riga, Kharkov, Kiev) i wehe kulanui, oaoieei-kulanui, a me kekahi mau mahiʻai ahahui 'imi naʻauao.

Akā, i ka tsarist aupuni keakeaia'ku, ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me ka loa uuku ua hamama, a hiki ma iniiaiie kula, no laila Rusia i kekahi o na wahi hope maʻike heluhelu. Ma ka pau ana o ke kenekuliaʻike heluhelu uku o 28 wale%, oiai iwaena o na wahine ka mea, ua 17 wale%.

Schools no na wahine

E like me ka olelo ma luna, wale na elele o ke alii ko lakou i loko o ka hapa mua o ke kenekulia i loaa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa kekahi hoʻonaʻauao, kahi a lākou i aʻo aku i nā 'ōlelo, maikaiʻano a me ka housekeeping. 'Epekema ma ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia no ka wahine, he mea unreal a me ka incomprehensible, o ka oi aku no ia ua - e aʻo i ka heluhelu, kākau, a me ke aloha i kaheaia.

N me ke kula kiʻekiʻe no ano o na wahine kokoke i ole nei a hiki i ka 60-ies. hoomaka Educational kulanui, eʻikea au i loko o ka 70s, akā loa lohi, a me ke komo ana i kulanui loa Hoopaa iho la ia i na wahine o kekahi papa.

Aie i ka nohona neʻe, ka mea i weheia kekahi mau wahine o kiʻekiʻe kula, 'inikua mau papa, akā, ma mua o ka kipi ana o ka 20th kenekulia nā wāhine,ʻaʻole e noho ana i loko o ka like kūlana.

Ka hooulu ana o na humanities i loko o ka 19th kenekulia Rusia

A hoailona hiʻona o ka aina ua i loko o ke kāʻei kua o illiteracy hapanui o ka heluna kanaka i ke kiʻekiʻe uku o ke? Acaeoey o ka 'epekema, kahi he mau poʻokela weheʻana i ke ao nei i loko o kekahi mau.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea mea i hanaʻia i loko o nā humanities, e like me ka ka mea i hanaia o ka hoiliili ana o na hana ma ka mōʻaukala o Rusia, mai ka wa kahiko a hiki i ka keia manawa (i ka lua o ka hapalua o ka 19th kenekulia), ka mea i hoopaaia e Academician Sergeem Solovevym, i loko o 29 puke. Keia ohi , a me keia mea i ka 'oi kelakela ma ka mōʻaukala o ke aupuni.

I loko o kēia wā, ma laila iʻikeʻia i nā mea a pau Dictionary Vladimira Dalya, a ua hoala hou aku 200.000 hua'ōlelo. Ma waho aʻeo ia i nā hua'ōlelo i loko o ka puke, ua komo pū'ōlelo akamai a me ka olelo, e like me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'terminology.

Këia Russian moʻokalaleo hoʻoili mea kākau HE Afanasiev loaa kaulana a me ka hana ana o Lūkini poe akeakamai, ka mea i aʻo i ke kahiko Lūkini moʻokalaleo a me nā loina, nā academician Buslaeva.

Humanities ma ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia i hele mai ma lalo o ka aoao o ka luna 'o Socialist keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ka wā ua pili aupuni instability, ke ano o ka loli o ke aupuni, a me kanaka i huli no ka aoao o ka hou? Acaeoey o ka aina, i ka lewa i loko o ka moʻokalaleo, i ua maheleia i ekolu mau mea: noho pilikia realism, proletarian moʻokalaleo a me ka modernism .

Hopena o ka 19th kenekulia

No ka Rusia, ka mea 19th kenekulia ua he eventful, loa ka nohona, heterogeneous a me ka contradictory i loko o nā mea a pau spheres o ke ola, mai ka ola o na kauwa, nana i lilo noa wale a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia, a pau a me ka noho alii ana o na'lii eha, kela mea keia mea i loko o kekahi hana i hana pono, akā, i loko o kekahi mea ka mea, ua he piha ole. Naʻe, ka 'epekema o ka hapa mua o ka 19th kenekulia i loko o Rusia, e like me ka lua, wehewehe aku ma ka makemake o nā kānakaʻepekema, e hiki launaʻole kiʻekiʻe, hoʻowahāwahā a pau nā hihia i hampered ka ulu ana. Ma ke kenekulia e e discoveries mea e i kēia lā i loko o nā wahi o ka 'ike loea hou nō ma waena o nā kulanui.