Ka mawaho ahu iho la ka keena. Kālaimeaola: ka 'ole o ka mea kanu aeea, ka huakai kaapuni

Ke keena i lilo i ka'aʻaʻa o flora a me? Aaoa, i nui oko ao ka nui, shape, constituent hehee wale. Naʻe, ka mea a pau i aʻo Kīwala'ō i ka nui outline o ka ulu, haawi o ke ola, irritability, akamai i ka variability ulu. Next, noonoo nui i ka 'ole o ka mea kanu aeea (Table ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou e e hāʻawiʻia ma ka pau' ana o ka 'atikala).

Pōkole Historical Ka Ike

Ka lilo ana o osmotic hawewe i loko o ka makahiki 1925 Gorter a Grendel loaa kaʻawale leho oʻulaʻula koko keena, i ko lakou ai-kapaia "malu". Ka mea, i paila loko o ka noae, wā i ko lakou ili honua wahi. Ua kaawale Lipids hoʻohana acetone. Nō hoʻi, i ka helu o kaʻulaʻula koko keena no pa alima āpana ua manao. I loko nō o ka maopopo 'ana ma o nā helu i lawe mai accidentally pololei result, a wehe i ka lipid bilayer.

kekahi mau 'ike

I ka like o ka'aʻaʻa? Acaeoey a me ka ulu ana o na kumu o flora a? Aaoa epa me ka kālaimeaola. Ka 'ole o ka mea kanu aeea mea he luna' o ekolu inseparably e pili ana me ka kekahi i kekahi eiiiiiaiou:

• Kora. Ua Ua kaawale mai ka cytoplasm ma ka mea o ka porousʻili lahilahi. Ua loaʻa ka nucleolus, ka nukelea SAP a me ka chromatin.
• Ke cytoplasm a me ka luna 'hana kūikawā hale - organelles. Ka hope, i loko o 'ana, loaʻa ka plastids, mitochondria, lysosomes a me Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, ke kelepona hele waena. Organelles i mau manawa. Kaawale mai kēia mau mea, eia no hoi? Aiaiiuie ho okumu, kapaʻia inclusions.
• Ke 'ole, a' ano apau loa o ka 'ilikai - i ka iwi o ka mea kanu aeea.

Hiʻona o ka mea 'ilikai

Hana leukocytes a me nā keena o unicellular meaola lākeke hoʻolako i ka anal o ka wai, Ion, liʻiliʻi nā lātoma o nā hui. A kaʻina hana ma i he mea anal o paa (particles), kapaʻia phagocytosis. Inā mākou e kiʻi i kekahi kulu o ka wai i huiʻia, ke olelo nei makou o ka pinocytosis.

organelles

Ka mea, a pau loa imua i loko o eukaryotic keena. Me organelles e pili pū ana liluwelo loli 'e ana i loko o ka halepaahao. Lākou poi papalua diaphragm - plastids a me mitochondria. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila kā lākou mau DNA, e like me ka mīkini e synthesizes ke kumuʻiʻo. Propagation ua lawe mai ma ka mahele ana. Ma ka mitochondria, koe wale no ka ATP, ke kumuʻiʻo ua synthesized ma ka liʻiliʻi mea. Plastids a pau loa imua i kanu keena. Lākou nā'ōlelo ua hana ma ka mahele ana.

ʻili lahilahi

Manaʻo kuhihewa kuhi i ka pā, ahu iho o aeee - he cytoplasm. I kaʻili lahilahi Ua laholio hakakino 'ole. Ka mawaho ahu iho la ka aeee i kapaia o kaʻilikai i hoʻomākaukauʻia, ma i kahi o ka pahu, mai ka mea mawaho kaiapuni. Aia i kekahi mau oihana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. Kekahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE hana mea e hōʻoia i ka pono o ka hehee ai holoʻokoʻa. Loko o ka 'ole mea i ike, kaʻana i ka halepaahao i ka ai-kapaia compartments. Mau paa wahi kapa organelles paha compartments. Loko ia i kākoʻo 'ia e kekahi mau rula. Ke aeeaʻili lahilahi oihana nā rula hooponopono o ka wehe aʻe ma waena o ka meakino, a me ka halepaahao.

ʻili lahilahi

He aha ka ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi? Cellʻili lahilahi - he bilayer (papalua) o na nā lātoma o ka lipid ka papa. Ka hapa nui o ia ho i ka luna 'type lipids - phospholipids. Ma nā lātoma keia hydrophobic (huelo) a me ka hydrophilic (poo) hapa. I ka aeee i hana iwi, huelo loko a me ka poo - i loko o ke ku pono ana i ka ao ao. ʻili lahilahi - Ua invariabelnye 'ole. holoholona aeea pōkā pū i ka puu o ka mea like me ka hehee ai o flora. Kaʻili lahilahi mānoanoa - i ka mea o ka 7-8 HI. Liluwelo mawaho ahu iho la ka aeee nā likeʻole proteinaceous hui: poluintegralnye (kekahiʻaoʻao bapetizo i loko o ka pā lipid a loko, ahu iho), integral (permeates) i ka 'ilikai (e pili ana i ka pā aoao o kekahi i ma luna o ke waho). Mau nā polokina ua abutting maka o kaʻili lahilahi, a loko o ka halepaahao cytoskeleton a me ka pā paia (ina paha lakou maanei). hana kekahi mau integral pilina i ke kūlana o ka ion auwai a, heʻano o receptors a me transporters.

aiiay hana

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi pili kēia hoʻoholo kona hope. Ma 'ana, i kaʻili lahilahi i kekahi e wae permeability. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka degere o ka permeability o nā lātoma ma kaʻili lahilahi hilinaʻi nui ma luna o lākou nui, Nine Inch waiwai, uila kauoha. I ka papa kuhikuhiE papa hana ma ka pā, ahu iho o aeee, i kapaia o ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai. Ma muli o ia mea, ua hoomakaukau i kekahi e wae, hoʻoneʻe,ʻeleu a me ka hoonohonoho hou OE? Aneie i huiʻia. No ka laʻana, peroxisomes lākeke hoʻolako 'ohana ka palekana mai hoʻopōʻino peroxides cytoplasm.

amo

Ma ka pā halepaahao, ahu iho o ka hoʻololiʻia. Aie i ka amo hoakaka haawi ana o ka mahuaola, ka hoʻopau o ka hopena huahana o ke kaʻina hana o ka launa like, ka secretion o nā waiwai, i ke kahua o ionic nā mea hoʻohui. Eia hou, o ka halepaahao mālama i ka pono ai ka pH a me ka lehulehu o ka Ion e pono ai no ka'ūhū. Inā koi 'ia ka (particles) no kekahi kumu, hiki ole hele ma ka bilayer o phospholipids, no kekahi laʻana, ku i ka hydrophilic waiwai, no ka meaʻili lahilahi mea hydrophobic i loko, a no ka mea, o ko lākou nui nui, ka mea hiki ke kapa i kaʻili lahilahi ma ka mea o kūikawā transporters (transporters nā polokina) ma ka endocytosis a me nā polokina kaha. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka OE amo hui ho'āʻo mawaho ahu iho la ka keena me na lilo o ka ikaika ma ka maholahune ia i ka lehulehuʻano piʻina. Kekahi Lolina o kēia kaʻina ua manaoia e kōkua i ka manaʻo. Ma keia hihia, i ka waiwai e kokua na keena e aku i kela kapa o ka pā, ahu iho i kekahi mau 'lātoma. Ua hiki e ike Kanal i ka mea hiki ke pū i hiki i kekahi wale 'ano o ka waiwai. No kaʻeleu amo pono i ka ikehu. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka neʻeʻana i loko o kēia hihia i wahi hoʻi i ka lehulehuʻano piʻina. Ma kaʻili lahilahi i loko o keia hihia he mea kūikawā EII ni nā polokina, a me ATPase, a ua 'Imi EII ni i loko o ka halepaahao, a potasiuma Ion, paʻakai EII ni.

nā hana

Ke pā, ahu iho o ka halepaahao hoʻokō iho au i kekahi kuleana pili i mua. Kēia hualoaʻa ma ka kekahi aeʻoihana, a kohoʻia o kaʻili lahilahi kumuʻiʻo i huiʻia a me kā lākou kaʻoi loa AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. Aie i ka mea me mechanical kuleana pili i ua hoʻolako 'ia e hana nona iho keena a me na hale, e like me ka pono i pili i nā keena. O ka nui i loko o keia hihia na elele o na flora i hale pā pōhaku. Ma na holoholona, kaulike i ke ÿano hana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka intercellular waiwai. Nā membranes hana a me ka ikehu ho'āʻo. Ma ke kaʻina hana o ka kāʻamaʻai ma chloroplasts a me ke kelepona hele ka hanu ma ka mitochondria i loko o ko lākou mau pā pōhaku, ua ho'ā 'ia paha ma ka ikehu hoolilo nenoaiu. Ma kēia mau, e like me ka nui no hoi na hihia, nā polokina e hoʻomau ana. Ua Ua manaoia kekahi o ka mea loaʻa kuleana pili iʻano nui. Kekahi nā polokina e i loaʻa i loko o kaʻili lahilahi i receptors. Ma muli o ia mau mea nā lātoma ka halepaahao keʻae i kēia mau 'ole' ē aʻe no lepa. No ka laʻana, steroid, ai hoʻolahaʻia ma ke koko, keiki wale ma luna o ia mau keena ka pale kaua i loaʻa receptors e like me kekahi 'ole i ka' ē aʻe hormones. Aia mau no hoi neurotransmitters. Mau Nine Inch i ka impulse EYI. Lakou no hoi i ka loulou i kekahi pale kaua nā polokina. ʻili lahilahi eiiiiiaiou i pinepine nā'ūhū. Nolaila i ka enzymatic hana o ka halepaahaoʻili lahilahi. I ka wai koko membranes o intestinal epithelial keena noho digestive i huiʻia. Ka mawaho ahu iho la ka aeee ua loaʻa, a paa biopotentials.

I ka lehulehu o ka Ion

E ho ohana iʻili lahilahi kākoʻo loko maʻiʻo o K + Ion ma ka oi aku ma mua o waho,ʻilikai. I ka lehulehu o Na + ka nunui haʻahaʻa ma mua ma luna o ka waho. Kēia mea a pau nui mai i ka Loaʻaʻiaʻana ma laila, i hoakaka ia ma luna o ka pā pōhaku, a me ka hanauna o ke aʻalolo impulse.

omaka

I hiki mai ma luna o kaʻili lahilahi antigens, a hana e like me kekahi mau "papa pihi". Peni apono 'oe e kuhikuhi i ka halepaahao. Glycoproteins - nā polokina docked ia ia oligosaccharide manamana aiʻaoʻao kaula hao - pāʻani i ke kūlana o ka "antennas". Mai ka olalo i kŰia ke kau o kaʻaoʻao kaulahao e ia no kela a me keia pae ana i keena, e hana i kā lākou mark. Me ke kōkua o kēia hana, 'o kekahi kumu'ē aʻe mea, ma ka huli, mau hiʻohiʻona nō ia e hana ma ka Concert. Kēia hana, no ka mea hoike, i ke kahua o nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko. E like me ka hiki i keia iaʻano papa hana ua hana hana o ka'ōnaehana paleʻea'ōnaehana eʻike haole antigens.

Haku mele 'ana a me ka' ole

E like me ka olelo ma luna, aeea membranes iloko o phospholipids. Eia naʻe, heʻokoʻa ia i loko o ka 'ole mea noho naʻokoko a me glycolipids. Ka hope nō lipids docked ia me carbohydrates. Glyco- a me phospholipids,ʻano nui ho okumu i ka halepaahao paia, i haku no 2 carbohydrate lōʻihi hydrophobic "huelo". Ka mea, i pili me ka hydrophilic, papa mai "poʻo". Aie i ke alo o ka naʻokokoʻili lahilahi i ka pono nui o ka rigidity. Ke huiia ninoaaeyao i ka makahiki ma waena o ka hydrophobic lipid huelo, pela pale lākou anuenue. Ma keia manao, ua mau membranes ma i emi naʻokoko, oi'ōlewa a me ka palupalu, a me kahi mea hou, ma ka mea ku ole, nui rigidity a me fragility i loko o ka pā pōhaku. Eia kekahi, o ka hui hana like me ka holo ana pale ana o na keena ma ka halepaahao Polar nā lātoma. A mau mea nui i nā polokina e komo iloko o kaʻili lahilahi, a he kuleana no kona waiwai likeʻole. A i ka iwi o ka mea kanu aeea ua ho'ākāka 'ia e kona haku mele' ana a me ka moe ana o nā polokina.

o annular lipids

Mau hui e kokoke ana i ke kumuʻiʻo. Eia naʻe, no annular lipids oi Hoʻoponopono a me ka emi lawe lima. I kā lākou haku mele 'ana he momoma nāʻakika me kiekie ae saturation. Lipids mai, mai na membranes me proteinaceous hui. Me ka hehee ai o annularʻili lahilahi nā polokina e Aʻole e holopono ana. Pinepine asymmetrical iwi. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, 'o ia hoʻi kēia i nā papa i kaʻokoʻa haku mele' ana o nā lipids. Ma ka waho kekahi mauʻano nui glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. Ma ka loko, ahu iho o ka keia fosfatidilnozitol, phosphatidylethanolamine a me ka phosphatidylserine. Ke hoʻololi mai kekahi 'ilikai a hiki i kekahi manaʻo nā lātoma hou pilikia. Aka hoi, ka mea e pono hana spontaneously. Kēia ka hana e pili ana i kekahi manawa, o kela mea keia eono mahina. Ke hoʻololi hiki e hooko i hoʻohana kumuʻiʻo-Flippase a me skramblazy. A hiki i ka pahale mawaho, ahu iho fosatidilserila, macrophages lawe i ka aiiayʻoihana, a ua hānai mai iā lākou aayoaeuiinoe ma luna o ka halepaahao i ka make.

organelles

Mau wahi i ke pani a hookahi a me ka palapala hoopaa i kekahi i kekahi, i hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e membranes hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi organelles noonoo periksisomy, vacuoles, lysosomes, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum. By dvumembrannym nā plastids, mitochondria, nucleus. Like no me ka 'ole o membranes, organelles e i okoa paia oko i loko o ka haku mele' ana o nā polokina, a lipids.

e wae permeability

Ma aeea membranes lohi eiei? Momoma a me ka'amino nāʻakika, Ion a me glycerol, monakō koko. Ma ke aha ka paia lakou iho 'Imi hooponopono i ke kaʻina hana ma ka hele kekahi a me ka hoʻokaʻuluaʻana'ē aʻe waiwai. No ke komo i ka hui, he mau eha ka papa kuhikuhiEʻano papa hana i loko o ka halepaahao. Mau nā endo- paha exocytosis,ʻeleu amo, osmosis a me ka maholahune. Ka mea hope elua i ka OE, a 'aʻole i koi ikehu dala. Akā, i ka mua elua - e hana. No ka ia, ikehu ua pono. Ma OE amo e wae permeability, kena ae la integral nā polokina - kūikawā kaha. I kaʻili lahilahi ua permeated e ia ma. Kēia mau auwai a hana i kekahi ano o ka hele. Nā polokina i ko lakou mau oihana mua Cl, Na, K. pili i ka lehulehuʻano piʻina, ka lātoma lawe neʻe nā kumumea i loko o ka halepaahao mau mea. E kū'ē i ke kāʻei kua o ka loa, he mea ka puka o ka paʻakai ion kaha. Lakou, ma ka huli, hoʻomaka e hoʻomaka koke komo i ka halepaahao. Keia ua pu ma ka imbalance i loko o kaʻili lahilahi Loaʻaʻia. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kona ola anei. Potasiuma auwai a noho wehe i nā manawa. Ion komo i ka halepaahao ma ia lohi.

ma ka hopena

Aia ma lalo nō pōkole hana a me ka 'ole o ka mea kanu aeea. I ka papaʻaina i kekahi mau 'ike e pili ana i ka haku mele' ana, a me ka liluwelo hehee ai.