Kuekene chemist Nobel Alfred: Kawaihae ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o dynamite, i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka Nobel uku

Nobel Alfred - ka poʻokela Kuekene nä känaka 'epekema, ka inventor o dynamite, academician chemist experimenter, Ph.D., academician, i hoʻokumu o ka Nobel uku, ua kena ae la ia i nā hualoaʻa a kaulana.

kamaliʻi

Alfred Nobel, o kona Kawaihae mea he maoli hoihoi i loko o ka he hanauna, i hānauʻia ma Stockholm ma October 21, 1833. He ua he kanaka maoli o ka Apana hema o ka Kuekene kauwa Nobelef, a i ka derivative inoa ia mea ma ka honua. Ma ka 'ohana, ke ole ia, he mau keikikane ekolu. Makua Imanuela Nobel ua he entrepreneur ka mea, i hōkaiʻia,ʻaʻa e ho'āʻo i kona pōmaikaʻi ma Rusia. He hoʻoneʻe i ka makahiki 1837 a hiki i St. Petersburg, kahi ia i wehe i ka Workshop. Ma hope o 5 makahiki, i ka wa a na mea hele smoothly, oia hoʻoneʻe i kona i kona ohana.

Ka mua hoʻokolohua o ka Kuekene chemist

Once ma Rusia, 9-makahiki-kahiko Nobel Alfred koke E ke Kumu i ka 'ōlelo Lūkini, a ma ka hou e poeko English, Ikalia, Kelemānia a me Palani. Education keiki loaʻa ka hale. I ka makahiki 1849, me kona makua kāne hoʻouna aku iā ia ma luna o ka huakaʻi o Amerika a me 'Eulopa, a mau ae la elua makahiki. Alfred kipa Italy, Denmark, Germany, France, Amerika, akā, ka hapanui o ka manawa he opiopio hoolilo ia ma Palika. Aia la oia i kekahi mea hiki papa o ke kālaikūlohea a me kemika i loko o ke kaulana nä känaka 'epekema Jules Peluso Keʻena, hoʻokolokolo i ka aila, a wehe ae nitrites.

Manawa Imanuela Nobel ka hana - he loea inventor o ka hoʻoponopono-ao mai la ia - i like: ka hana Lūkini, lilo waiwai, a kaulana, oi loa aku hoi i ka Crimean ke Kaua. Kona hola hua mai la mines mea i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka pale o ka Pinilana pā Sveaborg, Kronstadt a mau maka ke awa ma Estonia. Kānaka apau i mākaukau Nobel Sr. i hoʻoikaikaʻia e ka imperial kâlâ keʻokeʻo, a, me ka rula, haole ka mea,ʻaʻole kumu kāki.

Ma hope o ke kaua, papani iho la i kauoha, i ka poe e ku hana ole ana, he nui ka poe e noho ana mai o ka hana. Keia mea, hoʻoikaika ihola Imanuela Nobel ka E hoʻi iā Stockholm.

Ka mua ho okolohua Alfreda Nobelya

Alfred, i pili loa i ke kaulana Lūkini chemist Nikolaem Zininym, ia manawa, e hele mai i grips me ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i ka waiwai o ka nitroglycerin. I ka 1863, i ke kanaka opiopio hoi i Kuekene, kahi ana i hoomau i kona ike maopopo ana. September 3, 1864 ua ka pōʻino weliweli: i ka ho okolohua i loko o ka Naita me 100 kilograms o nitroglycerine kekahi mau kanaka i make, i waena o lākou 20-makahiki-kahiko Emil - kaikaina Alfred. Ma hope o ka hana 'ia, Alfred ka makua kāne lolo, a me ka hope 8 makahiki,ʻo ia noho bedridden. I loko o kēia wā, Imanuela hana mau i ka hana 'Imi: kākau ihola au 3 buke, i ka i la oia i ki. I ka 1870, ia hoʻoneʻe ma ka ninau ana i ka hoʻohana wao laau hana, a me Nobel Sr. invented plywood, inventing i kekahi ano o ka tuko i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka paʻa o ka laau papa.

Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o dynamite

October 14, 1864 Kuekene nä känaka 'epekema i mai i kekahi iaoaioa i ae aku ia ia e komo i loko o ka hana o ka pōkā pahū, i komo pū' ia ka inoa nitroglycerin. Alfred Nobel invented dynamite i ka 1867; kona? iecaianoaaiiuo i loko o ka wā e hiki mai nä känaka 'epekema i lawe mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE waiwai. Ke kaomi ana o ia manawa i kākau ai i kāna loaʻa i ma ka Kuekene chemist accidentally: ina ma ke kaʻina hana o ka halihali ana i uhaʻiʻia omole o ka nitroglycerin. Ua kiki wai,ʻona nō ka lepo, kūpono ma ka dynamite. Alfred Nobel i ike i ka luna mana, a me ka Hoopaa loa i consciously hoʻoili i loko o ka huli 'ana no ka' ona i ka wā i hui pūʻia me ka nitroglycerin e emi i ka pilikia o ka Naita. Ka makemake mīkini hoʻololi lilo diatomaceous honua - pōhaku, i kapaʻia tripoli.

Keʻena hoʻokolohua no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o dynamite Kuekene chemist i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i waena o moanawai ma luna o ka moku, i mai nń wahi pa.

Elua mahina ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana-i o ka lana ana keʻena hoʻokolohua o Alfred ka makuahine alakai aku la ia i kekahi kālepa mai Stockholm Johan Vilgelmom Smitom -' ona 'miliona ka pomaikai. Nobel e hoʻokele e hoomaopopo mai ia Smith a me kekahi mau 'ē aʻe nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā, e hui me ka hana i ka poʻe no ka hanalima? Iecaianoaaiiie o nitroglycerine, a hoomaka iho la ma ka makahiki 1865. Hoʻomaopopo i ka mea Kuekene iaoaioa, aole ia e hoʻopale ai i ko lakou mau mea e pono ai wale aku no, Nobel Palapala Sila Nui ponoi i ka pono, e hana nitroglycerin, a kūʻai lilo aku ia a puni ka honua.

Ka wehe Alfreda Nobelya

I ka 1876, i ka honua aʻo e pili ana i ka hou hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ke nä känaka 'epekema - "pahū läÿau," - he huina lakou o ka nitroglycerin me ka collodion, i ka ikaika explosiveness. Mahope makahiki waiwai discoveries nitroglycerin hoʻohui pū 'ia me nā' ona: ballistite - mua smokeless ka pauka, laila mau kaula.

Nobel pono i ole kaupalena 'ia wale nō ka hana me ka pahū' ona: i nä känaka 'epekema manawa optics, electrochemistry, lāʻau lapaʻau, kālaimeaola, ke hoʻololi e hoopaa ieoaeunoai a me ka' akomi nā paleki, ho'āʻo e pakaʻimi hoʻopunipuni laholio, nitrocellulose a aʻo ʻimi hoʻopunipuni silika. Aia nō ma kahi o 350 Sila Nui, i hai aku i ka pono a hiki i Alfred Nobel: Dynamite, Detonator, smokeless pauka, he wai mika, he anuanu mea, he barometer, he hakakā Kao lele lako kaua e kukulu, kinoea puhiʻino,

ano nä känaka 'epekema

Nobel Alfred i kekahi o ka loa hoʻonaʻauao na kanaka o kona manawa. Ke nä känaka 'epekema heluhelu i ka hailonaʻana o nā puke ma luna o ka hana' enekinia, lāʻau lapaʻau, kālaiʻike, mōʻaukala, fiction, hoopakela aku i kona wā: Hugo, Turgenev, Balzac a me Maupassant, oia ho'āʻo a hiki i kākau. Ke bulk o na hana o Alfred Nobel (novels, ka hana keaka, poetry) a me ka ua ole, ua paʻi. Malamaia wale pāʻani e pili ana i Beatrice Cenci - "Nemizida" hoʻopau kāinoa mua ka make. He He pōʻino i ka 4 hana i halawai me ka manaʻoe hōʻeha ma na churchmen. No laila, a pau i ka paʻi Revised edition, nolaila ia i kuu ia ma ka malamalama i ka 1896, ma hope o ka make ana o Alfred Nobel ua iaʻi, ke ole ia no ekolu kope. Ka honua i ka manawa e kiʻi ike me ia huahana kamahaʻo i ka 2005; Ua Ua pâʻani 'o ia ma ka hoomanao ana i ka nä känaka' epekema nui ma ka Stockholm weliweli.

Wā kakau Alfred Nobel me he surly ke kanaka, ka poe i pili ia hoʻokiwikā hī'ō, a me ka poʻeʻoliʻoli o ka maluhia a me ka mehameha loa ikaika aku kaiapuni i loko o ka hana. Nä känaka 'epekema alakaʻi i ke olakino Aloha Hawaii, he io e pili ana i ka uiki, ka lama a me nā polokalamu.

I nui kūpono e makaʻuʻole ana, Nobel downrightʻohana i ka Spartan Aloha Hawaii. Hana ma luna o nā mea huihuina pahū a me ka waiwai,ʻo ia i kue i ka lawe wale a me ka pepehi kanaka, e hali ana i ka weliweli no 'oihana no ka pono o ka honua e malu ai.

Hana no ka malu

Initially hoʻomaka 'ana ma ka Kuekene chemist pahū i hoʻohana no ka hui maluhia' hana: no ka mea kūkulu o nā alanui a me nā aeaciui ai, hoʻouku, kūkuluʻia o nā Canal a me tunnels (me ka hoʻohana 'wiwi a mae i). Ka Nobel pahū no ka oihana hana, hoomaka e e hoʻohana wale i loko o ka Franco-Prussian Kaua o 1870-1871. Ke nä känaka 'epekema makemake e invent i ka waiwai a me ka mīkini mea i ka luku ka mana, hana me ka dukima kaua ole i ke Akua. Nobel uku congresses hoolilo i ka maluhia ma ka honua, aʻo ia i kuleana i loko o ia mau mea. He ua he lâlâ o ka Paris Society o Kanawai nā kānakaʻenehana, ka Kuekene Academy o Sciences, Royal Society o London. Au i na mea he nui hoʻolilo 'ia', a loaʻa he loa indifferent.

Alfred Nobel: aloha ke ola

Ka nui inventor - he uʻi kanaka - ua aole i mareia, aʻaʻohe āna keiki. Hoopau iho nei, mehameha, hana kupua kanaka, ua hoʻoholo iholaʻo ia i ka loaʻa i ka hope kakauolelo, a hoonoho iho la i loko o ka nūpepa i ka Olelo Hoolaha. 33-makahiki-kahiko pane Contessa Berta Sofia Felichita - i hanaʻia, pono ka hoʻonaʻauao,'ōleloʻokoʻa ka wahine, a ua ka Bespridannitsa. Ua kakau iho la Nobel, loaa i kona ia; he hoalauna ana i kena manao walohia ma nāʻaoʻaoʻelua. Soon ua he hālāwai o Albert a me Bertha; he nui ui kanaka e hele ana, kamailio pu, a me ka kamailio me Nobel Bertha lawe nui makemake. Koke Albert ua aku ma ia hana, a me Bertha hiki ole kali no ia ia, a hoi aku la i ka hale, kahi ana i kali no Graf Artur av Suttner - manao a me ke aloha o kona ola ana, a puoho i ka ohana. I loko nō o ka mea i Bertha ka hele no Alfred lilo i nunui LIKE, a me kā lākou mau mehana launa palapala hoomauia a hiki i ka hopena o ka Nobel lā.

Alfred Nobel a Sofi Gess

A nae, i loko o ke ola ana o Alfred Nobel i ke aloha. Na 43-makahiki kahiko nä känaka 'epekema, hina iho la ia ma ke aloha a me 20-makahiki-kahiko Sofi Gess - saleswoman o ka pua shop, ia hoʻoneʻe mai Vienna i Paris, eiaaioa? I keʻena aʻe a hiki i ka hale, a leie aku oe e pana aku au i like kona makemake. Sophie Ua pili wale nō kālā. Beautiful a graceful "Madame Nobel" (e like me ka mea ua kapa ia iho) Eia naʻe i ka palaualelo me ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā kekahi. Ua hoole e kū'ē i nā kumu, a ua hoʻolimalima Nobel.

Palapala nä känaka 'epekema a me Sofi Gess he 15 makahiki, a 1891 - ka manawa ia Sophie i hanau i ke keiki, mai ka Hunakalia luna. Alfred Nobel peacefully hookaawaleiaʻe la ia me ka bipi keiki hoa, a hiki hoonoho ia ia i ka loa kohu kūpono maʻiʻo. Sophie mare i ka makua kāne o kona kaikamahine, akā, Hoʻoʻeha maila mau Alfred noi no ka maʻiʻo, piʻi pū, ma hope o kona make ana i ke koi ma luna o laila, hoʻoweliweli ma ka hihia o ka hoole ana, e hoolaha aku i kana aikane oe palapala. Kauoha, ka poe i makemake ole i ka inoa o ko lākou poʻo kumu a mea'ōkalakala nupepa, concessions: kuai ka mea, Sophie palapala, a telegrams Nobel, a māhuahua kona nahae.

Mai noho 'ana kamaliʻi, i wehewehe aku e ilihune ola kino a me ka mauʻino Nobel Alfred; i loko o nā makahiki āna i ua hoomainoinoia au ma ka Pilikua. Ke kauka i hoakaka ia nitroglycerin nä känaka 'epekema - keia' ole (ke ano o ka irony) Kauikeaouli Alfred, ka mea hoolaa i kona ola ana i ka hana ana me ka waiwai. Alfred Nobel umer10 December 1896 i loko o kona Kauhale ma San Remo mai ka lolo haemorrhage. Ka lua o ke nä känaka 'epekema nui ua aia ma Stockholm ka ilina.

Alfred Nobel, a me kona uku

Inventing dynamite Nobel ike kona hoʻohana i kōkua i ke kūpono 'ana o ke kanaka holomua,ʻaʻole suicidal kaua. Akā, i ka hoomaau ana, hoomaka ae la maluna o na pilikia discoveries, kipaku ka Nobel i ka manao ana ia mea pono e haalele iho la ka mea 'ē aʻe, oi nui footprint. Penei, ka Kuekene inventor manao, e kau mai ma hope o kona make ana palena iki ka uku nui loa i kākau i loko o 1895 makemake, e like me ia i loko o ka pela i hana ai ke dala koe ka bulk o na dala i loaa mai o ka moku'āina - 31 miliona kroons. Ka uku o na waihona kālā e e anao? Aou kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o bonuses i ka poʻe nāna i lawe mai i loko o ka makahiki mua, i ka mea nui pono ma luna o känaka. Ka ukupanee ua maheleia i 5 māhele, a manao nä känaka 'epekema nana i i nui i loaʻa i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kemika, ke kālaikūlohea, moʻokalaleo, lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka physiology, a hoi i ka nui na makana no ka mālama' ana i ka honua me ka maluhia.

Special makemake Alfreda Nobelya i ka hoʻokō 'ole', e lawe i ka mooolelo o ka aupuni o na moho.

Ka mua ia nā kumu kāki no ka Alfred Nobel makana i wahi i ka 1901: ka mea, ua he physicist Roentgen Conrad no kona loaʻa o nā kukuna e kau maluna ona kona inoa. Nobel waiwai pio: i ka loa 'ihiʻihi a hoʻohanohano me ka hoʻonohonoho' hoʻolilo 'ia', i he weliweli no keiki ma luna o ka ulu o ka honua 'epekema a me ka moʻokalaleo.

¶ A i loko o ka 'epekema mōʻaukala o Alfred Nobel, i mea he berita hahau aku na mea he nuiʻepekema no lākou ka lokomaikaʻi, komo aku la e like me ka discoverer o "Nobel" - he Nine Inch hehee ai, ka inoa i loko o kona hanohano. Inoa o ka poʻokela nä känaka 'epekema o Stockholm Physico-E noa ka Institute, a me ka University o Dnepropetrovsk.