Red Army: ka hanaia'na. I ka moolelo o ka Red Army

Initially, ka Soviet Red Army, no ka hanaia'na o ka a i wahi e kū'ē i ka backdrop o incipient kanawai kaua, i he utopian kāna moʻolelo. Ka Bolsheviks manaoio aku i ka poe kaua o ka Socialist'ōnaehana E e nānā 'ana i ka mohai manawa. Kēia papahana He pahuhopu nei me ka Marxist ideology. Oia ka poe koa e kū'ē i ka mau puali o Western'āina. E like me ka meaʻimi naʻauao ao ana i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, hiki wale nō e "ka ao mākaukau aku nō mākou o na kanaka."

hanaia'na o ka Red Army

Ka mea mua a me ke kapuai o ka Bolsheviks kamailio e pili ana i ka mea maoli e makemake, e haawi aku i ka mea kahiko tsarist nenoaiu. December 16, 1917 He kauoha i hooholoia e hoopau i ke kaua luna. Luna i kēia manawa koho ma kā lākou mau subordinates. E like me hāpai aʻela ma na aoao elua, i ka lā o ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army ka hou kaua ua ia e io kemokalaka. Manawa i hōʻike i kēia mau manaʻo,ʻaʻole i hiki ke ola i ka hoao ana o koko'āina.

ua hiki ke hopu mana ma Petrograd me ke kōkua o ka Red kiai, aʻaʻole lehulehu kanaka hoʻokahuli aupuni poe o na luina a me na koa The Bolsheviks. Ke Aupuni Kūikawā, Ua maʻi lōlō e ia obscene kōkua ai i nā ka hana o Lenin, a me kona kākoʻo. Akā, mawaho o ke kapikala koe i ka nunui aina, he nui no i ua ole i nā mea a pau oluolu i Party radicals, o kona mau luna i hele mai i Rusia i loko o ka huakaʻi silaia mai Germany ka enemi.

Ma ka hoʻomaka o ka piha-pālākiō Kivila kaua, ka Bolshevik koa oko ao ilihune koa aʻo a me ka nele o centralized ana ka pono. He mālama lākou i loko o ka Red kiai alakaʻi hoʻokahuli aupuni chaos a me kā lākou mau mau ka hoahewa ia, a ma kekahi manawa ke hoʻololi. Ke kulana o ka lānai hou kūkala Soviet mana ua oi aku naueue. Ua pono ka radically hou Red Army. Creation o na puali koa i kekahi mea o ke ola a me ka make no na kanaka e noho ana i loko o Smolny.

He aha ho'āʻo iʻalo e ka Bolsheviks? Ka aoao hiki ole hana i kona poe koa e iho ma luna o ka mea hookahi mīkini. Top maoli au o ke aupuni mō'ī a me ka Aupuni Kuikawa aneane makemake no ke kōkua 'ana me ka hema-'ēheu radicals. Ka lua o ka pilikia i ka mea i Rusia no kekahi mau makahiki kaua mai ai kaua e ku e ia Germany a me kona allies. Nā koa ua luhi na hoewaa - ka mea, i demoralized. I mea e hoopiha i ka poʻe kaua o ka Red Army, ua hele mai i kona Mamua me ka nationwide stimulus i makemake e kumu lawa i hookahi manawa hou lawe i na mea kaua.

Bolsheviks, ka mea, aole e pono e hele loa. Ka mea, ua i ke kumu nui holo ikaika ana o kona poe koa, ka loina o ka papa paio. Me ka Hekikai o ka RSDLP (B) Ua hookuu lehulehu kānāwai. E like me ka slogans o na kauwa la i ka aina, a me ka hana - mea kanu. Ano ka mea, he e hoomalu aku i ka mea i waiwai ai o ke kipi. Inaina aku i ka poʻe kaua nō (konohiki, capitalists a me ka 'ole. D.) He ke kumu ma i hoomaha Red Army. Hanaia'na o ka Red Army i wahi January 28, 1918. Ma kēia lā i ka hou aupuni i loko o ka maka o ka 'Aha o People ka Commissars hoohana i ka AYEIE paʻa.

Ka mua successes

No hoi ia hookupaaia Vsevobuch. Kēia'ōnaehana ua manao ia no ka paʻa koa aʻo o ka makaainana o ka RSFSR, a laila, i ka USSR. Vsevobuch ikea April 22, 1918, ma hope o ka March hoʻoholo ma luna o kona hoʻokumu i ia ma ka VII Ahaolelo Lahui o ka RCP (B). Ka Bolsheviks manaolana i ka mea hou'ōnaehana, e kōkua iā lākou e koke hui i ka poʻe kaua o ka Red Army.

Ho okumu ana i makaukau pūʻulu hoʻoili pono aha hookolokolo ma ka kūloko kiʻekiʻe. Eia hou kekahi, no keia mea ua, ua hoʻokumu 'ia hoʻokahuli aupuni Komite (hoʻokahuli aupuni Komite). Ma mua, ka mea, nanea nui kū kaʻawale, mai ke kikowaena aupuni. Mai ka mea i ka laila Red Army? Ka hanaia'na mai o kēia 'ole alakaʻi i mākaukau influx o ke ākeaʻano o ka pana pua aku makou. He mau poʻe i hoʻokauwā ma ke kahiko tsarist kaua-militia kauwa, i na koa, a me nā luina, mai waena Red kiai. Ke heterogeneity o ka haku mele 'ana he kūlana e loli ai i ka hakakā mākaukau o ka poʻe hao wale. Eia hou, nā pūʻulu pinepine hana inconsistently manawa a hiki i ke koho ana i luna, a me ka rallies like'ōnaehana.

I loko nō a pau ka hewa, ke Army Red i loko o ka mahina kakahiaka o ke Kanawai Kaua i loaʻa nui successes mea i lilo i ke ki i kona wā e hiki mai unconditional lanakila. ua hiki ke malama Moscow, a Ekaterinodar Ka Bolsheviks. Local uprisings Ua uhi pū ma muli o ia i ka nui laulā pono, e like me ka laulā mahalo kākoʻo. Populist kānāwai o ka Soviet aupuni (ka oi aku i loko o 1917-1918.) Anei kā lākou hana.

Trotsky alakai i ka poe koa

Iloko o ke Kanawai War i nāʻanuʻu a e pili ana i ka Red Army koke hahai kekahi i kekahi. April 22, 1918 luna o na ke koho ana i hōʻoki aku. Ano, i hoonohoiaʻi i poe luna māhele, brigades a me nā papa, ma loko o ka People ka Commissariat no koa Affairs. Ka mua poo o ka 'oihana i loko o November 1917 ua Nikolai Podvoisky. Ma March 1918 oia i UAIAaIN e Leon Trotsky.

Kēia kanaka i ua ma ke alo o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana ma Petrograd. Hoʻokahuli aupuni alakaʻi i ka hopu ana o hoʻokiwikā palapala, a me ka Winter Palace o ka Smolny, ma ka ke keʻena luna o ka Bolsheviks. Ma ka pae mua o ke Kanawai War Trotsky huahelu i loko o ka unahiʻole, a me ka nui o nā manaʻoi hoʻoholo 'ia ma ole ala e emi ai i ka huahelu Vladimira Lenina. Ia mea i kahaha ko oukou naau i Lev Davidovich i koho like People ka Commissar no koa Affairs. Konaʻaha hui talena ma nā mea a pau kona nani ua hoikea mai oia, i loko o ka pou. Ma ka mole o ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army ua ka loa mua elua Commissar.

Tsarist luna i loko o ka Red Army

Theoretically, ka Bolsheviks i kona poe koa e halawai pu me ka stringent e pono ai o ka papa. Eia naʻe, no ka nele o ka hana o ka hapa nui o nā hana a me nā kauwa hiki i kena ae la i ka pio ana o ka aoao. Nolaila, i ka mōʻaukala o ka Red Army kekahi huli ia Trotsky kona makemake nui e hoʻokō kona kaua mua tsarist luna. Kēia mau 'Oihana i nui ka hoao ana. A pau o ka ia i hala i ka First World War, a me kekahi i hoomanao, a me ka Lūkini-Japanese. He nui o ia mua, he mau aliʻi.

Ma ka lā o ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army, ka Bolsheviks hai aku i ka mea e e mao, mai na landowners a me nāʻenemi o ka proletariat. Naʻe, ka mea hiki pono o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka like o ka papa o Soviet mana. Ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka pilikia, ua hala loa'ōlewa i loko o kā lākou mau olelo. Lenin ua nui oi pragmatic ma mua o dogmatic. A ae aku oia i kaʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai ma ka pukana a me ke alii luna.

Ke alo aku o ka Red Army "counterrevolutionary contingent" Ua lōʻihi Ua he headache Bolsheviks. Mua tsarist luna i pinepine hoala mai ai i ka uprising. One ia i ke kipi alakai ma Mihaila Muraveva i loko o July 1918. Ua kohoia ka hema M. a me ka mea kahiko tsarist luna luna o ka hikina mai Front, ka Bolsheviks, i ka wa a na aoao elua e nō i hanaʻia kekahiʻahahui. He ho'āʻo e hopu ka mana i loko o Simbirsk, ka mea i ka manawa ua kokoke i ka hale kiaka o ke kaua. Ke kipi Ua uhi pūʻia e Joseph Vareikis a me Mihailom Tuhachevskim. Uprising i loko o ka Red Army, e like me ka rula, ua ukuia i hoʻohalahala repressive ana o ke kauoha.

I ka helehelena o ke Komisina

Maoli, i ka lā o ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army mea ole wale he nui hoailona ma ka 'alemanaka no ka mōʻaukala o ke kukuluia'na o ka Soviet mana i loko o ka palena o ka mua Lūkini aupuni a pau. Mai ka puali koa lilo progressively heterogeneous, a me ka propaganda o ia nei hoa paio - mea ikaika, ka CPC manao, e hookupaa aku i ka lāʻau kū o koa commissars. Ka mea, ua i hoʻomaka propaganda i waena o ka aoao i na kanaka, a me ka hoʻomalu kahiko. Komisina e nāʻalā mai i kaʻokoʻa i loko o ke kūlana politika manao o disparate na lalani. Ka loaa nui mana, i ka poeikohoia o ka aoao i wale hoʻonaʻauao, a lawe mai i ka Red Army, akā, i hai aku la i ka luna o ka unreliability o na kanaka,'ōhumu mai, a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Pela, i kanu i ka Bolsheviks ma koa naehana diarchy. Ma ka kekahi lima, o na luna, a ma ka 'ē aʻe - na Komisina. I ka moolelo o ka Red Army makemake i ua okoa ināʻaʻole no lākou mau helehelena. Ma ka pilikia, ke Komisina i ka manao wale alakaʻi hiki, e waiho ana i ke kauoha i loko o ke kāʻei kua. koa aha hookolokolo i hana i ka pāʻana i nā māhele, a nui nā pūʻulu. Ma kēlā o kēia mau kino i kekahi hapa o kekahi luna koa, a mau Komikina. Ka mea, lilo wale ka ideologically hoʻopaʻakikī Bolsheviks (e like me ka rula, kanaka, ka poe hui i ka Party mua o ka kipi). Me ka mea ulu o ka poe kaua, a nolaila na Komisina, me ka Aupuni, ua, e hana i kekahi hou hoʻonaʻauao aeuiiai ieaia? Pono no ka hana ana aʻo propagandists a me agitators.

propaganda

Ma May 1918 ka mea i hoʻokumuʻia e ka Lūkini ke keʻena luna, a ma September - o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Koa Aha. Kēia mau lā a me ka lā o ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army ua ki nei i pālahalaha a hooikaika e ana oia i ka mana o ka Bolsheviks. Koke ma hope o ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana, ka aoao alai ae no ka radicalization o ke kahua ma ka aina. Ma hope iho o ka ole o ka RSDLP (b) ke koho i ka Constituent Ahaolelo , keia kula (koi 'ia e hoʻoholo i ka wā e hiki mai ana o Rusia ma kekahi koho' aelike) Ua hooauheeia lakou. Ano, he Bolshevik mau hoa noho me ka loio i na mea paahana, e hoomalu aku i kona wahi. Koke ala ae la White neʻeʻana i loko o kekahi mau wahi o ka aina. Kaua ka mea, ua hiki wale nō ma nā luna hoʻolale mea - no keia mea, a me ka mea, i ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army.

Photos hoʻomalu mai Communist wā e hiki mai hoomaka e e pai ia ia ma ka nui e hoopuu hoi o ka propaganda nūpepa. Ka Bolsheviks i mua ho'āʻo e hōʻoia i ka pele o ka hou Hokoana me ke kōkua o catchy slogans .. "! Ka Socialist fatherland mea ma ka pilikia", etc. mau ana i haawiia mai ai, akā, ka mea, ua i lawa. By April, ua mahuahua ka nui o ke kaua a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka 200 tausani kanaka, akā, i kēia makemake ole e lawa i ka hoolilo i ka aoao o ka pau ?? eoi? O ka mea kahiko Lūkini aupuni a pau. Mai poina i Lenin moe o ka honua kipi. Rusia ua no ka nona wale nō ke bridgehead loiloi mua hoouka kaua o ka lahui proletariat. E hōʻoi 'i ka propaganda i loko o ka Red Army i hoʻokumu kālai'āina e hooponopono.

I ka makahiki o ka Red Army komo i loko o ia, ideological kumu ole wale no. Ke frazzled kaua lōʻihi me na kēia kanaka Kelemānia, o ka aina i loihi ikeia he shortage o huahana. Ka pilikia ua pakahi aku la ia i ike i loko o nā kūlanakauhale huʻi pololi. Ma ia mau olelo bezraduzhnyh ilihune eʻimi i kekahi kumukuai i ka hana (ibid kumu hoʻomalu regular ration).

I ka hoike ana o ke ao conscription

Oiai ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army hoomaka i kulike ai me ka manao paa o ka 'Aha o People ka Commissars ma January 1918, hōʻeleu i ke kukuluia'na o ka hou koa kaua i hele mai i loko o ka wā May Ku Czechoslovak mau pūʻali. Mau koa i lawe pio manawa o ke Kaua I, i kaʻaoʻao o ke keʻokeʻo neʻeʻana, a kū'ē i ka Bolsheviks. Ua Ua lilo ke fractured a maʻi lōlō ke aupuni kŘpa a uuku 40000th hale i ka loa efficient a me ka oihana kaua.

News o ke kipi, hookonokono lakou i ka Lenin, a me ka Central Executive Komite. Na Bolsheviks Hoʻoholo ihola e hele aku mamua o ka hālawa. May 29, 1918 puka mai ke kauoha, e like me ia i hoʻolauna muli o Recruitment i loko o ke kaua. Ua i ke ano o ka mobilization. I wahi lulu kulekele, ka Soviet aupuni aponoia ke kulekele o ke kaua communism. Mahiʻai ka mea,ʻaʻole wale hoʻonele o ko lākou mau hua, i hele aku ai i ka moku'āina, akā, massively piʻi pū i ka poʻe hao wale. Mundane lilo aoao e mobilize i ke alo. Ma ka pau ana o ke Kanawai War, ka hapalua o na hoa o ka RSDLP (b) i loko o ke kaua. A, kokoke pau loa ka Bolsheviks i commissars a mau hana.

Summer Trotsky Ua paionia 'o ka hoike ana o ke ao conscription. I ka moolelo o ka Red Army, ma ka pōkole, lanakila kekahi milestone. July 29, 1918 a pau na kanaka a pau i kupono no ka ola, he 18 i ka 40 makahiki, i kakau. O ka poeikohoia o ka bourgeois ka papaʻenemi (na poe kalepa mua, industrialists, a no laila, ma luna o. D.) me ia ma ka hope militia. Ua hanau ia drastic ana i ka hua. Hanaia'na o ka Red Army ma September 1918 ae, e hoouna aku ai i ka mea mua nui ma mua o 450 tausani kanaka (e pili ana i kekahi 100,000 poʻe hao wale i koe i loko o ka hope).

RVS

Trotsky, e like Lenin, i ka manawa brushed ae Marxist ideology, i mea e hoʻoikaika 'i ka hakakā ioeaie o ka puali koa. Ua i aku la ia, e like me People ka Commissar Ua hoʻokumu pū nui nā mea hoʻololi a me nā loli ma ke alo. Ke koa ua hoihoi hou ia i ka make no ka uku o mahuka a me ka hoʻokō 'ole' e hooko i ke kauoha. Hoi insignia,ʻaʻahu kinona, pau ka mana hooponopono, a me na mea he nui hoi na hana mana o ke alii o ka manawa. May 1, 1918 ma Khodynka Field ma Moscow ua hana hoʻokipa ka parade mua o ka Red Army. I piha nona iho, i ka'ōnaehana hoʻolimalima i Vsevobuch.

Ma September, Trotsky alakaʻi i ka lānai hou i hana hoʻokahuli aupuni Koa Aha. Kēia moku'āina oihana i ua i ka apex o ka pyramid o ka hooponopono ana, e alakai i ka poe koa. Lima'ākau Trotsky ua Joachim Vatsetis. He ua ka mea mua ma lalo o ka Soviet? Eia i hoonohoia he Alihikaua Nui la. I hookahi Akuma ka i hana fronts - South, Hikina a me'Ākau. i kēlā me kēia o ia kona ke keʻena luna. Ka mahina mua o ka Red Army ua i ka manawa o ka maopopo '- i haehaeia ka Bolsheviks ma waena o ideology a me ka hana pono. Ano, ua lilo i ke kulekele o ke pragmatism he nui, a hoomaka ae la i ka Army Red eʻae i kela ano i hoao kona kumu ma luna o ka mea e hiki mai ana nō oʻumi makahiki.

War communism

Me ke kanalua, na kumu no ka hanaia'na o ke Kaiʻula Army mea e pale aku i ka Bolshevik aupuni. Ma mua, ka mea uumi he uuku loa kekahi hapa o Europa Rusia. Ma keia hihia, no ka RSFSR ua ma lalo o ka manaʻo koikoi o na hoa paio, mai a pau kona aoao. Once ia i kakau inoa i ka Brest maluhia Kuikahi me ke Kaiser ka Kelemania, kaua akula Rusia ma ka Entente mana. Ke kākoʻo a ua liʻiliʻi (ka mea uhi wale i ke kūkulu'ākau o ka'āina). Ke Europa mana mālamaʻano nui keʻokeʻo i na mea kaua a me ke kala. No ka mea Red Army hooukaia mai i ka 'ōlelo Palani a me ka' ōlelo Pelekānia i wale he hou kumu no ka ka hoʻohuiʻana a me ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka propaganda i loko o nā kaua. Ano, i ka hanaia'na o ka Red Army pokole, a maopopo iho la i hiki wehewehe hoomalu Rusia e ku e ia haole kaua. Oia slogans kōkua, e hoomahuahua i ka influx o hou mau.

I ka Ia manawa ma ke Kanawai War, ua he pilikia haawi i ka puali koa a me nā'ēheu kēia'ēheu o nā kumu waiwai. Ka pōʻaiawaiwai Ua maʻi lōlō, e hana pinepine pepehi wawahi mai i loko o ka kauhale ua lilo ke kūmau pololi. I mea kū'ē i kēia kāʻei kua i ka Soviet Aupuni hoomaka ae la e alualu i ka manao o ke kaua communism.

Ke gist no ka mea, ua noonoo ole. Ka pōʻaiawaiwai ulu nunui centralized. Ke State Ua lawe loa i loko o ko lākou mau lima i ka auaaeaiea o nā kumu waiwai i loko o ke aupuni. Hanalima hana i nationalized koke ma hope o ka OctoberʻOiʻenehana. Ano, i ka Bolsheviks ua e kaomi i ka wai mai o ke kūlanakauhale. Requisitioning, haawi ana i na auhau, kanaka weliweli o na kauwa, ka poe i makemake ole e like me ke aupuni ko lakou hua liilii - hele mai a pau o ka mea i loko o hula i mea e kākoʻo a me ka puu dala i ka Red Army.

Ke kaua ana i ka mahuka

Trotsky kino hele aku la i ke alo ma ka mea o ka hooko ana o ko lakou mau kauoha e ka mana. August 10, 1918, ua hiki ia ma Sviyazhsk, a hiki mai ia i ke kaua no ka Kazan. Ma ke kaua awaawa kekahi o ka Red Army regiments faltered, a holo aku la. Trotsky akea pana aku la ia i na umi koa i loko o kēia ho okumu. Oia wale ia, hou e like me kaʻano hana, reminiscent o kahiko Roma moolelo - decimation.

Ma ka olelo hooholo o ka Commissar hoomaka ae la e pana ole wale mahuka, akā, malingerers, e noi no ka mai, mai ke alo mai o ka mea mana maʻi. Ke apogee o ke kaua e kū'ē i ka poʻe i ka mea i hanaia zagranotryadov. Iloko o ka mua o ka papa koa ma hope o ka līlia pela koho koa i pana aku la ia menina pono i ke kaua. No laila, me ke kōkua o draconian ana a me ka hiki oleʻino, ka Army Red lilo i maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻopaʻi '. Na Bolsheviks i ke koa, a me ka pragmatic cynicism i mea na luna i aa i ai i ka White poe koa. Trotsky i i hoʻowahāwahā maila kekahi kiʻina hana e hohola i ka Soviet? Eia koke i kapa ia "ka daimonio o ke kipi."

Ke unification o ka puali koa

Ua hoʻololi a me ke ano o ka Red Army. Ma mua, ua i ae nei i ke Army Red he hookahi ano o ka lole. Koa kamaʻilioʻana e hoʻomau komo ana i kona kahiko koaʻaʻahu a sīwila kapa. No ka mea, o ka mea nui influx o kauwaʻaʻahuʻia i loko o kamaa, ka mea, ua nui aku ma mua o ka mea mau hōʻaʻahuʻo ia iā loko o nā kamaʻa puki. Oia anarchy ana a hiki i ka hopena o ka unification o ka puali koa.

I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1919 hoʻolauna loʻi oko ao e like me ka olelo hooholo o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni Koa Aha. I ka Ia manawa ka Army Red la kona iho, inaina akula, a i kapa popularly me Budenovka. Shirt a me ka overcoat loaʻa nā pōpō kiwikā. Recognizable hōʻailona ua he ulaula hoku; akeke nui ma luna o ka headdress.

I ka hoike ana o ka Red Army i loko o kekahi o na ano hiʻona o ka poe koa kahiko alakai aku ai i ka mea i loaʻa i kū'ē mokuahana ma ka aoao. Kona mau lala ka i loko o ke aloha o ka rejection o ideologicalʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai. Lenin a me Trotsky, ua hiki e hoomalu i ko lakou hana ana hui koa ma March 1919 ma ka VIII Ahaolelo Lahui.

Ke fragmentation o ka White neʻeʻana, i ka propaganda ikaika o ka Bolsheviks, kā lākou mea e manaʻo ai ma ka lawe ana mai repression e hālāwai hoʻeuʻeu kona kaua, a ua nui no hoi na kumu alakai aku ai i ka mea i i hoʻokumu i ka mana Soviet i loko o ka palena o kokoke i ka pau ana o ka mea kahiko Lūkini aupuni a pau, koe wale no ka Poland a me Finland. Red Army lanakila i ke kaua kūloko. Ma ke kahua hope o ke kaua o kona ikaika, ua, ua 5.5 miliona kanaka.